Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 78 in total

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  1. Profiling of gene expression in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in response to cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro) and chloramphenicol isolated from Streptomyces sp., SUK 25 reveals gene downregulation in multiple biological targets
    Zin NM, Al-Shaibani MM, Jalil J, Sukri A, Al-Maleki AR, Sidik NM
    Arch Microbiol, 2020 Oct;202(8):2083-2092.
    PMID: 32494868 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01896-x
    Chloramphenicol (CAP) and cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro) were previously isolated from Streptomyces sp., SUK 25 which exhibited a high potency against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study aimed to profile gene expression of MRSA treated with CAP and cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro) compounds using DNA microarray. Treatment of MRSA with CAP resulted in upregulation of genes involved in protein synthesis, suggesting the coping mechanism of MRSA due to the inhibition of protein synthesis effect from CAP. Most upregulated genes in cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro) were putative genes with unknown functions. Interestingly, genes encoding ribosomal proteins, cell membrane synthesis, DNA metabolism, citric acid cycle and virulence were downregulated in MRSA treated with cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro) compound, suggesting the efficacy of this compound in targeting multiple biological pathways. Contrary to CAP, with only a single target, cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro) isolated from this study had multiple antimicrobial targets that can delay antibiotic resistance and hence is a potential antimicrobial agent of MRSA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol/pharmacology*
  2. Fulltext Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and in-vitro cytotoxicity screening study of Pili nut oil
    Zarinah, Z., Maaruf, A.G., Nazaruddin, R., Wong, W.W.W., Xuebing, X.
    International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(1):309-316.
    MyJurnal
    Some vegetable oils contain natural antioxidants such as beta carotene and vitamin E namely alpha tocopherol. The objective of this study was to screening the value of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity and toxicological properties of roasted pili nut oil (RPNO) and unroasted pili nut oil (UPNO). The result showed that RPNO contained higher amount of vitamin E and less amount of beta carotene compared to UPNO. RPNO and UPNO scavenged DPPH radicals by 24.66% and 9.52% at concentration of 140 μg/ml. The total phenolic compound (TPC) in UPNO and RPNO were about 19.96 ± 0.52 mg/kg and 12.43 ± 0.69 mg/kg respectively. It was observed that bacteria species exhibited different sensitivities towards RPNO, UPNO, Gentamycin, Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol. Bacillus cereus 14570 was the most sensitive bacterium and all strains of Staphylococcus aureus tested were resistant against both samples RPNO and UPNO. An in vitro toxicological study based on the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity assay was also performed. In vitro cytotoxicity indicated that both RPNO and UPNO had no effect against HeLa (cervical cancer cell), MCF-7 (breast cancer cell) and HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma cell) cell lines tested.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol
  3. Improved high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of omeprazole in human plasma
    Yuen KH, Choy WP, Tan HY, Wong JW, Yap SP
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2001 Feb;24(4):715-9.
    PMID: 11272330
    A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of omeprazole in human plasma. Omeprazole and the internal standard, chloramphenicol, were extracted from alkalinized plasma samples using dichloromethane. The mobile phase was 0.05 M Na2HPO4-ACN (65:35, v/v) adjusted to pH 6.5. Analysis was run at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at a detection wavelength of 302 nm. The method was specific and sensitive with a detection limit of 2.5 ng/ml at a signal-to-noise ratio of 4:1. The limit of quantification was set at 5 ng/ml. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 5-1280 ng/ml. Mean recovery value of the extraction procedure was about 96%, while the within and between day coefficient of variation and percent error values of the assay method were all less than 14%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol/blood
  4. Systemic lupus erythematosus responding to chlormphenicol
    Wells R
    Med J Malaya, 1958 Dec;13(2):165-70.
    PMID: 13632215
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol/therapeutic use*
  5. Fulltext Occurrence of multiclass endocrine disrupting compounds in a drinking water supply system and associated risks
    Wee SY, Aris AZ, Yusoff FM, Praveena SM
    Sci Rep, 2020 10 20;10(1):17755.
    PMID: 33082440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74061-5
    Contamination by endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) concerns the security and sustainability of a drinking water supply system and human exposure via water consumption. This study analyzed the selected EDCs in source (river water, n = 10) and supply (tap water, n = 155) points and the associated risks. A total of 14 multiclass EDCs was detected in the drinking water supply system in Malaysia. Triclosan (an antimicrobial agent) and 4-octylphenol (a plasticizer) were only detected in the tap water (up to 9.74 and 0.44 ng/L, respectively). Meanwhile, chloramphenicol and 4-nonylphenol in the system were below the method detection limits. Bisphenol A was observed to be highest in tap water at 66.40 ng/L (detection: 100%; median concentration: 0.28 ng/L). There was a significant difference in triclosan contamination between the river and tap water (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol/analysis
  6. Scrub typhus 1980
    Twartz JC
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1981 Jan;10(1):107-11.
    PMID: 6792975
    Scrub typhus is a widespread and at times serious infection in Asia. If results from central Malaysia can be applied, it appears to be economically important. Diagnosis is often difficult and treatment prone to fail if short courses of antibiotics are used. Prophylaxis is the key area of research with the development of a vaccine being the ultimate goal.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol/therapeutic use*
  7. Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) in the chemoprophylaxis of scrub typhus. V. Relation of number of vector mites in hyperendemic areas to infection rates in exposed volunteers
    Traub R, Frick LP
    Am J Hyg, 1950;51:242-7.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119388
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol
  8. Fulltext Tunable Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbons from Fe₃O(BDC)₃ for Chloramphenicol Antibiotic Remediation
    Tran TV, Nguyen DTC, Le HTN, Bach LG, Vo DN, Hong SS, et al.
    Nanomaterials (Basel), 2019 Feb 10;9(2).
    PMID: 30744163 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020237
    Chloramphenicol (CAP) is commonly employed in veterinary clinics, but illegal and uncontrollable consumption can result in its potential contamination in environmental soil, and aquatic matrix, and thereby, regenerating microbial resistance, and antibiotic-resistant genes. Adsorption by efficient, and recyclable adsorbents such as mesoporous carbons (MPCs) is commonly regarded as a "green and sustainable" approach. Herein, the MPCs were facilely synthesized via the pyrolysis of the metal⁻organic framework Fe₃O(BDC)₃ with calcination temperatures (x °C) between 600 and 900 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The characterization results pointed out mesoporous carbon matrix (MPC700) coating zero-valent iron particles with high surface area (~225 m²/g). Also, significant investigations including fabrication condition, CAP concentration, effect of pH, dosage, and ionic strength on the absorptive removal of CAP were systematically studied. The optimal conditions consisted of pH = 6, concentration 10 mg/L and dose 0.5 g/L for the highest chloramphenicol removal efficiency at nearly 100% after 4 h. Furthermore, the nonlinear kinetic and isotherm adsorption studies revealed the monolayer adsorption behavior of CAP onto MPC700 and Fe₃O(BDC)₃ materials via chemisorption, while the thermodynamic studies implied that the adsorption of CAP was a spontaneous process. Finally, adsorption mechanism including H-bonding, electrostatic attraction, π⁻π interaction, and metal⁻bridging interaction was proposed to elucidate how chloramphenicol molecules were adsorbed on the surface of materials. With excellent maximum adsorption capacity (96.3 mg/g), high stability, and good recyclability (4 cycles), the MPC700 nanocomposite could be utilized as a promising alternative for decontamination of chloramphenicol antibiotic from wastewater.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol
  9. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics and chloramphenicol adsorption performance of NH2-MIL-53(Al)-derived amine-functionalized porous carbons
    Tran TV, Jalil AA, Nguyen DTC, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen LTT, Nguyen CV, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2024 May;355:141599.
    PMID: 38548079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141599
    Several activities such as aquaculture, human and feedstock therapies can directly release antibiotics into water. Due to high stability, low hydrolysis and non-biodegradation, they can accumulate in the aqueous environment and transport to aquatic species. Here, we synthesized amine-functionalized porous carbons (ANC) by a direct-pyrolysis process of NH2-MIL-53(Al) as a sacrificial template at between 600 and 900 °C and utilized them to eliminate chloramphenicol antibiotic from water. The NH2-MIL-53(Al)-derived porous carbons obtained high surface areas (304.7-1600 m2 g-1) and chloramphenicol adsorption capacities (148.3-261.5 mg g-1). Several factors such as hydrogen bonding, Yoshida hydrogen bonding, and π-π interaction, hydrophobic interaction possibly controlled adsorption mechanisms. The ANC800 could be reused four cycles along with high stability in structure. As a result, NH2-MIL-53(Al)-derived porous carbons are recommended as recyclable and efficient adsorbents to the treatment of antibiotics in water.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol*
  10. Fulltext Antibiogram and heavy metal tolerance of bullfrog bacteria in Malaysia
    Tee LW, Najiah M
    Open Vet J, 2011;1(1):39-45.
    PMID: 26623279
    Bacterial isolates from 30 farmed bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) weighing 500-600 g at Johore, Malaysia with external clinical signs of ulcer, red leg and torticollis were tested for their antibiograms and heavy metal tolerance patterns. A total of 17 bacterial species with 77 strains were successfully isolated and assigned to 21 antibiotics and 4 types of heavy metal (Hg(2+), Cr(6+), Cd(2+), Cu(2+)). Results revealed that bacteria were resistant against lincomycin (92%), oleandomycin (72.7%) and furazolidone (71.4%) while being susceptible to chloramphenicol and florfenicol at 97.4%. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index for C. freundii, E. coli and M. morganii was high with the value up to 0.71. Bacterial strains were found to exhibit 100 % resistance to chromium and mercury. High correlation of resistance against both antibiotics and heavy metals was found (71.4 to 100%) between bullfrog bacteria isolates, except bacteria that were resistant to kanamycin showed only 25% resistance against Cu(2+). Based on the results in this study, bacterial pathogens of bullfrog culture in Johore, Malaysia, were highly resistant to both antibiotics and heavy metals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol
  11. In vitro anti-bacterial and time kill evaluation of binuclear tricyclohexylphosphanesilver(I) dithiocarbamates, {Cy3PAg(S2CNRR')}2
    Tan YJ, Tan YS, Yeo CI, Chew J, Tiekink ERT
    J Inorg Biochem, 2019 03;192:107-118.
    PMID: 30640150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.12.017
    Four binuclear phosphanesilver(I) dithiocarbamates, {cyclohexyl3PAg(S2CNRR')}2 for R = R' = Et (1), CH2CH2 (2), CH2CH2OH (3) and R = Me, R' = CH2CH2OH (4) have been synthesised and characterised by spectroscopy and crystallography, and feature tri-connective, μ2-bridging dithiocarbamate ligands and distorted tetrahedral geometries based on PS3 donor sets. The compounds were evaluated for anti-bacterial activity against a total of 12 clinically important pathogens. Based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and cell viability tests (human embryonic kidney cells, HEK 293), 1-4 are specifically active against Gram-positive bacteria while demonstrating low toxicity; 3 and 4 are active against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Across the series, 4 was most effective and was more active than the standard anti-biotic chloramphenicol. Time kill assays reveal 1-4 to exhibit both time- and concentration-dependent pharmacokinetics against susceptible bacteria. Compound 4 demonstrates rapid (within 2 h) bactericidal activity at 1 and 2 × MIC to reach a maximum decrease of 5.2 log10 CFU/mL against S. aureus (MRSA).
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol/pharmacology
  12. Fulltext Occurrence of virulent multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in the pigs, farmers and farm environments in Malaysia
    Tan SC, Chong CW, Teh CSJ, Ooi PT, Thong KL
    PeerJ, 2018;6:e5353.
    PMID: 30123701 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5353
    Background: Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens found in the guts of humans and farmed animals. This study aimed to determine the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, biofilm-forming ability and genotypes of E. faecalis and E. faecium from swine farms. Correlations between the genotypes, virulotypes, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors such as locality of farms and farm hygiene practice were explored.

    Methods: E. faecalis and E. faecium strains were isolated from the oral, rectal and fecal samples of 140 pigs; nasal, urine and fecal samples of 34 farmers working in the farms and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms located in Peninsular Malaysia. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method, and the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis were performed to determine the clonality of the strains. Crosstab/Chi-square test and DistLM statistical analyses methods were used to determine the correlations between the genotypes, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors.

    Results: A total of 211 E. faecalis and 42 E. faecium were recovered from 140 pigs, 34 farmers and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms in Peninsular Malaysia. Ninety-eight percent of the strains were multidrug-resistant (resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin). Fifty-two percent of the strains formed biofilms. Virulence genes efa, asaI, gelE, esp, cyl and ace genes were detected. Virulence genes efa and asaI were most prevalent in E. faecalis (90%) and E. faecium (43%), respectively. Cluster analyses based on REP-PCR and PFGE showed the strains were genetically diverse. Overall, the strains isolated from pigs and farmers were distinct, except for three highly similar strains found in pigs and farmers. The strains were regional- and host-specific.

    Discussion: This study revealed alarming high frequencies of multidrug-resistant enterococci in pigs and swine farmers. The presence of resistance and virulence genes and the ability to form biofilm further enhance the persistence and pathogenicity of the strains. Although the overall clonality of the strains were regionals and host-specific, strains with high similarity were found in different hosts. This study reiterates a need of a more stringent regulation to ensure the proper use of antibiotics in swine husbandry to reduce the wide spread of multidrug-resistant strains.

    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol
  13. [Incidence of diarrhea and antibiotic therapy in cynomolgus monkeys imported for medical use (author's transl)]
    Takasaka M, Morota S, Kasono T, Abe M, Honjo S
    Jikken Dobutsu, 1973 Jul;22(3):227-36.
    PMID: 4204642
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol/therapeutic use
  14. Fulltext Topical chloramphenicol/gentamicin in the empirical treatment of acute conjunctivitis--is it rational?
    Subramania A, Reddy SC
    Med J Malaysia, 1996 Dec;51(4):491.
    PMID: 10968042
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol/therapeutic use*
  15. Survey of plasmids and resistance factors among veterinary isolates of Salmonella enteritidis in Malaysia
    Son R, Ansary A, Salmah I, Maznah A
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 1995 May;11(3):315-8.
    PMID: 24414656 DOI: 10.1007/BF00367107
    Thirty-five veterinary isolates of Salmonella enteritidis were characterized by their susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents and by their plasmid profiles on agarose gel electrophoresis. All were susceptible to carbenicillin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid but 89% were resistant to tetracycline. When examined, 91% of the isolates harboured plasmids, with sizes ranging from 9.8 to 60 MDa. However, it was only possible to associate the presence of plasmids with tetracycline resistance; plasmids occurring in 90% of the tetracycline-resistant isolates. In conjugation experiments, with Escherichia coli K12 Nal(r) as recipient, the tetracycline resistance in three selected S. enteritidis isolates was observed to transfer at frequencies of 3.0×10(-3) to 1.0×10(-2)/donor cell. The concomitant transfer of a 56-MDa or 60-MDa plasmid in these three S. enteritidis isolates was also detected.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol
  16. Multiple drug resistance and the presence of R factors in enteric pathogens
    Sng EH, Lam S
    Med J Malaya, 1971 Jun;25(4):301-4.
    PMID: 4261307
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol/therapeutic use
  17. Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) in the chemoprophylaxis of scrub typhus. IV. Relapses of scrub typhus in treated volunteers and their prevention
    Smadel JE, Bailey CA, Diercks FH
    Am J Hyg, 1950;51:229-41.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119387
    Two field trials were conducted in Malaya in which 75 volunteers were exposed in hyperendemic areas of scrub typhus. Thirty-four of these individuals received chloromycetin prophylactically for a total period of 3 weeks during and following exposure. They did not show clinical evidence of scrub typhus throughout the period of prophylaxis or the ensuing 5 days. However, scrub typhus developed in 15 volunteers in the prophylactic groups of the two trials 5 to 14 days after drug was discontinued. Although the attack rate among the volunteers in the two field trials varied markedly, there was no essential difference in the ultimate infection rates among the controls and those given prophylaxis in each test. Scrub typhus when it developed among volunteers in the prophylactic group was not significantly different from the disease in the controls except for the absence of eschar formation. Relapses were prominent features of the disease in the volunteers of both prophylactic and control groups. These had not been observed previously in untreated cases of scrub typhus or in naturally occurring cases which were treated with chloromycetin. Fifty-four per cent of the 37 persons in the two trials who contracted scrub typhus suffered one or more relapses. Various factors probably contributed to this phenomenon but the opinion is that the short course of chloromycetin therapy given very early in the illness probably was an important factor. Ten volunteers had received experimental scrub typhus vaccine during earlier investigations because of possible exposure to infection. The vaccination did not influence the incidence of infection or the course of the disease in those persons developing scrub typhus. Prolonged administration of chloromycetin as a prophylactic measure and its use in the treatment of the initial attacks of scrub typhus, as well as the relapses, indicated that the drug is of low toxicity for man, and that drug fast strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi are not readily produced.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol
  18. Chloramphenicol (chloromycetin) in the chemoprophylaxis of scrub typhus. III. Suppression of overt disease by prophylactic regimens of four-week duration
    Smadel JE, Traub R, Frick LP, Diercks FH, Bailey CA
    Am J Hyg, 1950;51:216-228.
    DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119386
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol
  19. Nitrate reductase of rice seedlings and its induction by organic nitro-compounds
    Shen TC
    Plant Physiol, 1972 Apr;49(4):546-9.
    PMID: 16657998
    Nitrate simultaneously induced NADH- and NADPH-nitrate reductase activities in rice seedlings. Chloramphenicol, other organic nitro-compounds such as o-nitroaniline and 2,4-dinitrophenol and nitrite also induced nitrate reductase in rice seedlings. The nitrate- or nitrite-induced nitrate reductase could accept electrons more efficiently from NADH than NADPH. However, when this enzyme was induced by organic nitro-compounds, it could accept electrons more efficiently from NADPH than NADH.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol
  20. The induction of nitrate reductase and the preferential assimilation of ammonium in germinating rice seedlings
    Shen TC
    Plant Physiol, 1969 Nov;44(11):1650-5.
    PMID: 16657253
    Nitrate reduotase is induced by nitrate in excised embryos and germinating intact seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The enzyme is induced 24 hr after imbibition. The rate of enzyme formation increases with the age of seedlings. There is a lag period of 30 to 40 min between the addition of substrate and the formation of nitrate reductase. Formation of the enzyme is promoted by the presence of ammonium. Chloramphenicol, actinomycin D and cycloheximide effectively inhibit the formation of nitrate reductase.Rice seedlings can assimilate nitrate from the beginning of germination. However, the utilization of nitrate is completely suppressed by the presence of ammonium. As soon as ammonium is depleted from the medium, nitrate utilization is resumed. Ammonium inhibits the first step of nitrate reduction, i.e., NO(-) (3) --> NO(-) (2), but does not inhibit the assimilation of nitrite. This provides an example of feedback inhibition in higher plants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chloramphenicol
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