Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 139 in total

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  1. MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS BASED ON CHICKEN SKIN GELATIN WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES
    GUI CHAN LEE, NORIZAH MHD. SARBON
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2019;2(3):1-14.
    MyJurnal
    Plastics packaging is non-biodegradable and risks to human health and environmental pollution. In contrast, gelatin-based film lack of desired mechanical, thermal and water vapour barrier properties. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the mechanical and physical properties of bio-nanocomposite films based on chicken skin gelatin with different concentration of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs). Gelatin/CSNPs film solutions with different CSNPs concentration (0-8%, w/w) were stirred at 45oC for 30 min and oven-dried at 45oC. Film characterization determination includes tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), Young’s modulus (YM), water solubility, water vapour permeability (WVP), film morphology and melting temperature (Tm). Results of the study indicated that incorporation of CSNPs significantly influenced film properties. The addition of CSNPs increased the TS and YM value, which lead to stronger films than the pure chicken skin gelatin films. However the addition of CSNPs decreased the EAB value. Furthermore, WVP and water solubility significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by the addition of 6% CSNPs. Morphology images showed that increased CSNPs reduced the film’s amorphous character, especially in high level, in which higher CSNPs (8%) resulted in the aggregation of particles in the composites. The nano-reinforcement films showed higher thermal stability as compared to pure chicken skin gelatin films. In conclusion, the film with 6% CSNPs showed the best formulation, as it demonstrated high in TS, YM and Tm value, while low in EAB, water solubility and WVP value compared to other films. The results presented in this study showed the feasibility of using bio-nanocomposite technology to improve the properties of biopolymer films based on chicken skin gelatin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  2. Fulltext Microwave-assisted Preparation of Cross-linked Gelatin-Paracetamol Matrices: Optimization Using the D-optimal Design
    Kuang TK, Kang YB, Segarra I, Kanwal U, Ahsan M, Bukhari NI
    Turk J Pharm Sci, 2021 04 20;18(2):167-175.
    PMID: 33902255 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.48902
    Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the effect of microwave heating on the preparation of paracetamol cross-linked gelatin matrices by using the design of experiment (DoE) approach and explore the influence of the duration of microwave irradiation, the concentrations of crosslinker, and the amount of sodium bicarbonate (salt) on paracetamol release. These parameters were also compared with those of the matrices prepared via conventional heating.

    Materials and Methods: Twenty gel matrices were prepared with different durations of microwave irradiation, amounts of maize, and concentrations of sodium bicarbonate as suggested by Design Expert (DX®). The percentage drug release, the coefficient of variance (CV) in release, and the mean dissolution time (MDT) were the properties explored in the designed experimentation.

    Results: Target responses were dependent on microwave irradiation time, cross-linker amount, and salt concentration. Classical and microwave heating did not demonstrate statistically significant difference in modifying the percentage of drug released from the matrices. However, the CVs of microwave-assisted formulations were lower than those of the gel matrices prepared via classical heating. Thus, microwave heating produced lesser variations in drug release. The optimized gel matrices demonstrated that the observed percentage of drug release, CV, and MDT were within the prediction interval generated by DX®. The release mechanism of the matrix formulations followed the Peppas-Korsmeyer anomalous transport model.

    Conclusion: The DoE-supported microwave-assisted approach could be applied to optimize the critical factors of drug release with less variation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  3. Fulltext Biochemical Properties and Potential Application of Proteases from Alkalophilic Bacillus lehensis G1
    Nur Zazarina Ramly, Nor Muhammad Mahadi, Noorul Aini Sulaiman
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2019;30(2):1-14.
    MyJurnal
    Pencirian enzim ekstraselular protease daripada bakteria Alkalophilic Bacillus lehensis G1 dari Malaysia telah dikaji. Enzim protease yang dirembeskan diuji pada agar susu skim 2%. Keputusan menunjukkan protease ekstraselular mampu mengekalkan aktiviti sehingga suhu 60°C di dalam julat pH yang luas iaitu 3 hingga 11 dengan suhu optimum pada 40°C dan pH optimum pada 7.0. Aktiviti enzim juga diperhatikan akan meningkat dengan penambahan beberapa ion iaitu Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Mg2+ dan Co2+. Manakala aktiviti protease didapati sedikit direncat dengan kehadiran ion Ca2+, K+ dan Ni2+ dengan baki aktiviti sebanyak 85%, 81% dan 75%. Protease ekstraselular juga didapati serasi dengan beberapa cecair detergen komersial dari Malaysia, yang menunjukkan protease ini boleh dimanfaatkan sebagai pembersih kotoran pada pakaian. Selain itu, potensi kegunaan protease yang dihasilkan oleh B. lehensis G1 ke atas penguraian gelatin dari filem X-ray yang telah digunakan juga telah dilakukan di dalam kajian ini.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  4. Fulltext A Review of Gelatin Source Authentication Methods
    Hameed AM, Asiyanbi-H T, Idris M, Fadzillah N, Mirghani MES
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2018 Jul;29(2):213-227.
    PMID: 30112151 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2018.29.2.15
    Gelatin is a very popular pharmaceutical and food ingredient and the most studied ingredient in Halal researches. Interest in source gelatin authentication is based on religious and cultural beliefs, food fraud prevention and health issues. Seven gelatin authentication methods that have been developed include: nucleic acid based, immunochemical, electrophoretic analysis, spectroscopic, mass-spectrometric, chromatographic-chemometric and chemisorption methods. These methods are time consuming, and require capital intensive equipment with huge running cost. Reliability of gelatin authentication methods is challenged mostly by transformation of gelatin during processing and close similarities among gelatin structures. This review concisely presents findings and challenges in this research area and suggests needs for more researches on development of rapid authentication method and process-transformed gelatins.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  5. Fulltext Proteinases in Naegleria Fowleri (strain NF3), a pathogenic amoeba: a preliminary study
    Mat Amin N
    Trop Biomed, 2004 Dec;21(2):57-60.
    PMID: 16493399
    Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba, known as a causative agent for a fatal disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in man such as Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Factors contributing to its pathogenicity and its distribution in the environment have been investigated by previous researchers. In case of its pathogenicity, several enzymes such as phospolipase A and sphingomyelinase, have been proposed to probably act as aggressors in promoting PAM but no study so far have been conducted to investigate the presence of proteinase enzyme in this amoeba although a 56kDa cystein proteinase enzyme has been identified in Entamoeba histolytica as an important contributing factor in the amoeba's virulence. In this preliminary study, a pathogenic amoeba, Naegleria fowleri (strain NF3) was examined for the presence of proteinases. Samples of enzymes in this amoeba were analysed by electrophoresis using SDS-PAGE-gelatin gels. The results showed that this amoeba possesses at least two high molecular weight proteinases on gelatin gels; their apparent molecular weights are approximately 128 kDa and approximately 170 kDa. Band of approximately 128 kDa enzyme is membrane-associated and its activity is higher at alkaline pH compared with lower pH; at lower pH, its activity is greatly stimulated by DTT. The approximately 170 kDa band enzyme appears to be inactivated at pH 8.0, at lower ph its activity is higher and DTT-dependance. The activity of this enzyme is partially inhibited by inhibitor E-64 but markedly inhibited to antipain suggesting it belongs to the cysteine proteinase group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  6. Pilot study comparing steroid-impregnated and non-steroid-impregnated absorbable nasal dressing following endoscopic sinus surgery
    Sow YL, Tang IP, Kho JPY, Prepageran N
    Med J Malaysia, 2018 08;73(4):244-248.
    PMID: 30121688
    INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the mainstay for treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis versus maximal medical therapy. We propose a more economical option, by using steroid-impregnated Gelfoam instead of Nasopore post ESS, as it is less expensive and has showed effectiveness in preventing post-operative bleeding.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in eight patients with chronic rhinosinusitis or nasal polyposis who were planned for bilateral endoscopic sinus surgery. A Peri-operative Sinus Endoscopy (POSE) Score and Lund-Kennedy Endoscopic Score (LKES) were recorded. The use of hydrocortisone-impregnated Gelfoam dressing versus normal saline-impregnated Gelfoam dressing were compared. Scores were repeated post-operatively at one week, three weeks and three months interval.

    RESULTS: For LKES, at the end of three months, 50% of the patients had the same score difference, 37.5% had better results on the study side while 12.5% had better results on the control side. Meanwhile, for POSE Score, at the end of three months, 75% of the patients had better score difference on the study side while 12.5% had better results on the control side.

    CONCLUSION: Gelfoam can be used as nasal packing material to deliver topical steroid after endoscopic sinus surgery. Steroid-impregnated nasal dressing after endoscopic sinus surgery may not provide better long-term outcome.

    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable/therapeutic use
  7. The occurrence of tetanus spores in gelatin and its bearings on clinical medicine
    Gnoh LT
    The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 1904;9:38-41.
    DOI: 10.1002/path.1700090103
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  8. Fulltext A SPION-eicosane protective coating for water soluble capsules: Evidence for on-demand drug release triggered by magnetic hyperthermia
    Che Rose L, Bear JC, McNaughter PD, Southern P, Piggott RB, Parkin IP, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2016;6:20271.
    PMID: 26842884 DOI: 10.1038/srep20271
    An orally-administered system for targeted, on-demand drug delivery to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is highly desirable due to the high instances of diseases of that organ system and harsh mechanical and physical conditions any such system has to endure. To that end, we present an iron oxide nanoparticle/wax composite capsule coating using magnetic hyperthermia as a release trigger. The coating is synthesised using a simple dip-coating process from pharmaceutically approved materials using a gelatin drug capsule as a template. We show that the coating is impervious to chemical conditions within the GI tract and is completely melted within two minutes when exposed to an RF magnetic field under biologically-relevant conditions. The overall simplicity of action, durability and non-toxic and inexpensive nature of our system demonstrated herein are key for successful drug delivery systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  9. Fulltext Biodegradable carboxymethyl cellulose based material for sustainable packaging application
    Yaradoddi JS, Banapurmath NR, Ganachari SV, Soudagar MEM, Mubarak NM, Hallad S, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 12 15;10(1):21960.
    PMID: 33319818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78912-z
    The main goal of the present work was to develop a value-added product of biodegradable material for sustainable packaging. The use of agriculture waste-derived carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) mainly is to reduce the cost involved in the development of the film, at present commercially available CMS is costly. The main focus of the research is to translate the agricultural waste-derived CMC to useful biodegradable polymer suitable for packaging material. During this process CMC was extracted from the agricultural waste mainly sugar cane bagasse and the blends were prepared using CMC (waste derived), gelatin, agar and varied concentrations of glycerol; 1.5% (sample A), 2% (sample B), and 2.5% (sample C) was added. Thus, the film derived from the sample C (gelatin + CMC + agar) with 2.0% glycerol as a plasticizer exhibited excellent properties than other samples A and B. The physiochemical properties of each developed biodegradable plastics (sample A, B, C) were characterized using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The swelling test, solubility in different solvents, oil permeability coefficient, water permeability (WP), mechanical strength of the produced material was claimed to be a good material for packaging and meanwhile its biodegradability (soil burial method) indicated their environmental compatibility nature and commercial properties. The reflected work is a novel approach, and which is vital in the conversion of organic waste to value-added product development. There is also another way to utilize commercial CMC in preparation of polymeric blends for the packaging material, which can save considerable time involved in the recovery of CMC from sugarcane bagasse.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  10. Fulltext Effects of extraction time on the functional properties of silver catfish (Pangasius sutchi) skin gelatin
    Normah Ismail, Najihah Shukor, Zainal Samicho
    Scientific Research Journal, 2013;10(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Silver catfish (Pangasius sutchi) skin gelatin was extracted to determine the effects of extraction time on the functional properties of the gelatin in terms of solubility, protein solubility as a function of pH and sodium chloride concentration, emulsifying capacity and stability, water holding capacity, fat binding capacities and foaming properties. Silver catfish skins were washed in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution prior to pre-treatment in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and acetic acid solution. Gelatin was extracted at 50ºC for 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours extraction time followed by freeze drying. The extraction of silver catfish skin gelatin at 50 ºC for 12 hours was more effective than extraction at 6, 8 and 10 hours where the gelatin was characterized by higher emulsifying capacity (52.63%), emulsifying stability (47.83%), water holding capacity (31.78 mL/g), fat binding capacities (54.76%), foaming capacity (41.47 mL) and foaming stability (56.42%) than gelatins extracted at other extraction time. The longer the extraction time, the better the functional properties of the gelatin. Based on its good functional properties, silver catfish skin gelatin may be useful in various food applications such as soups, sauces and gravies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  11. Effect of cellulose nanocrystals content and ph on swelling behaviour of gelatin based hydrogel
    Ooi SY, Ishak Ahmad, Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:793-799.
    In this research, a novel method was performed to obtain hydrogel with superior thermal stability by incorporation
    of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) into gelatin based hydrogel. Glutaraldehyde was used as cross-linker due to its high
    chemical reactivity towards NH2
    group on gelatin. Different ratio of gelatin/CNC hydrogel was produced in order to study
    the effects of CNC towards the swelling behaviour and thermal stability of gelatin based hydrogel. The obtained hydrogel
    was subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) to verify that gelatin had been cross-linked, swelling test with different
    pH for swelling behaviour and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for thermal stability. The presence of C=N stretching
    group in the FTIR spectrum for gelatin/CNC hydrogel indicated that the cross-linking reaction between gelatin monomer
    had been successfully carried out. The hydrogel showed impressive pH sensitivity and maximum swelling was obtained
    at pH3. The TGA results clearly showed that the incorporation of CNC into gelatin was able to produce hydrogel with
    higher thermal stability compare to neat gelatin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  12. Isolation methods and culture conditions of human umbilical vein endothelial cells from Malaysian women
    Raja Nor Suhaila, Sabreena Safuan
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:463-468.
    Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) isolated from umbilical cord is widely used as endothelial cell model.
    However, HUVEC has been characteristically hard to maintain and showed molecular heterogeneity depending on the
    umbilical cord donors. Commercial HUVEC is commonly derived from European and Caucasian population which have
    different molecular characteristics from Asian women. This study aimed to optimize the isolation and culture condition of
    HUVEC using combinations of growth factors and extracellular matrix components so that the isolated HUVEC will purely
    represent the population under study. Umbilical cords were obtained from women post-labour. Different incubation times
    and digestive enzymes were used during endothelial cells isolation process. The culture conditions were optimized based
    on the coating materials and the media supplements. The results showed that 0.1% collagenase for 40 min incubation
    was the optimal isolation condition of HUVEC. HUVEC grown in 0.2% gelatin coated plate with 10% heat-inactivated
    fetal calf serum showed higher proliferative capacity and reduced cell death compared to other conditions (p<0.05). The
    results generated from this study provide a basic protocol of HUVEC isolation and culture conditions in order to generate
    working endothelial cell populations purely represent the Malaysian population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  13. Recent advances in the use of animal-sourced gelatine as natural polymers for food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications
    Mohd Shakrie Palan Abdullah, Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin, Syed Ibrahim Mohd Ismail, Nur Murnisa Mustapha, Malina Jasamai, Ahmad Fuad Shamsuddin, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:323-336.
    Gelatine is used as an excipient for various pharmaceutical dosage forms, such as capsule shells (both hard and soft),
    tablets, suspensions, emulsions and injections (e.g. plasma expanders). It is also broadly used in various industries
    such as food and cosmetics. Gelatine is a biopolymer obtained from discarded or unused materials of bovine, porcine,
    ovine, poultry and marine industrial farms. The discarded materials can be the skin, tendons, cartilages, bones and
    connective tissues. Gelatine sourced from animals is relatively easy and inexpensive to produce. The potential needs of
    gelatine cannot be overemphasised. Rising demands, health concerns and religious issues have heightened the need for
    alternative sources of gelatine. This review presents the various industrial uses of gelatine and the latest developments
    in producing gelatine from various sources.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  14. Fulltext A fuzzy graph approach analysis for COVID-19 outbreak
    Hassan N, Ahmad T, Ashaari A, Awang SR, Mamat SS, Wan Mohamad WM, et al.
    Results Phys, 2021 Jun;25:104267.
    PMID: 33968605 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104267
    Complex systems require rigorous analysis using effective method, in order to handle and interpret their information. Spectrum produced from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) instrument is an example of a complex system, due to their overlapped bands and interactions within the spectrum. Thus, chemometrics techniques are required to further analyze the data, in particular, chemometrics fuzzy autocatalytic set (c-FACS). The c-FACS is initially used to analyze the FTIR spectra of gelatins. However, in this study, the c-FACS is generalized and implemented for analysis of Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), particularly, the pandemic outbreak in Malaysia. The daily Covid-19 cases in states in Malaysia are modeled and analyzed using c-FACS, to observe the trend and severity of the disease in Malaysia. As a result, the classification of severity of zones in Malaysia are identified. The obtained results offer descriptive insight for strategizing purposes in combating the Covid-19 outbreak in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  15. Fulltext Fabrication of Bio-Based Gelatin Sponge for Potential Use as A Functional Acellular Skin Substitute
    Arif MMA, Fauzi MB, Nordin A, Hiraoka Y, Tabata Y, Yunus MHM
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Nov 13;12(11).
    PMID: 33202700 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112678
    Gelatin possesses biological properties that resemble native skin and can potentially be fabricated as a skin substitute for full-thickness wound treatment. The native property of gelatin, whereby it is easily melted and degraded at body temperature, could prevent its biofunctionality for various applications. This study aimed to fabricate and characterise buffalo gelatin (Infanca halal certified) crosslinked with chemical type crosslinker (genipin and genipin fortified with EDC) and physicaly crosslink using the dihydrothermal (DHT) method. A porous gelatin sponge (GS) was fabricated by a freeze-drying process followed by a complete crosslinking via chemical-natural and synthetic-or physical intervention using genipin (GNP), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) (EDC) and dihydrothermal (DHT) methods, respectively. The physicochemical, biomechanical, cellular biocompatibility and cell-biomaterial interaction of GS towards human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) and dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were evaluated. Results showed that GS had a uniform porous structure with pore size ranging between 60 and 200 µm with high porosity (>78.6 ± 4.1%), high wettability (<72.2 ± 7.0°), high tensile strain (>13.65 ± 1.10%) and 14 h of degradation rate. An increase in the concentration and double-crosslinking approach demonstrated an increment in the crosslinking degree, enzymatic hydrolysis resistance, thermal stability, porosity, wettability and mechanical strength. The GS can be tuned differently from the control by approaching the GS via a different crosslinking strategy. However, a decreasing trend was observed in the pore size, water retention and water absorption ability. Crosslinking with DHT resulted in large pore sizes (85-300 µm) and low water retention (236.9 ± 18.7 g/m2·day) and a comparable swelling ratio with the control (89.6 ± 7.1%). Moreover no changes in the chemical content and amorphous phase identification were observed. The HEK and HDF revealed slight toxicity with double crosslinking. HEK and HDF attachment and proliferation remain similar to each crosslinking approach. Immunogenicity was observed to be higher in the double-crosslinking compared to the single-crosslinking intervention. The fabricated GS demonstrated a dynamic potential to be tailored according to wound types by manipulating the crosslinking intervention.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  16. Fulltext Gelatin Microsphere for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Current and Future Strategies
    Sulaiman SB, Idrus RBH, Hwei NM
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Oct 19;12(10).
    PMID: 33086577 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102404
    The gelatin microsphere (GM) provides an attractive option for tissue engineering due to its versatility, as reported by various studies. This review presents the history, characteristics of, and the multiple approaches to, the production of GM, and in particular, the water in oil emulsification technique. Thereafter, the application of GM as a drug delivery system for cartilage diseases is introduced. The review then focusses on the emerging application of GM as a carrier for cells and biologics, and biologics delivery within a cartilage construct. The influence of GM on chondrocytes in terms of promoting chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation is highlighted. Furthermore, GM seeded with cells has been shown to have a high tendency to form aggregates; hence the concept of using GM seeded with cells as the building block for the formation of a complex tissue construct. Despite the advancement in GM research, some issues must still be addressed, particularly the improvement of GM's ability to home to defect sites. As such, the strategy of intraarticular injection of GM seeded with antibody-coated cells is proposed. By addressing this in future studies, a better-targeted delivery system, that would result in more effective intervention, can be achieved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  17. Fulltext Functional Hydrophilic Membrane for Oil-Water Separation Based on Modified Bio-Based Chitosan-Gelatin
    Zakuwan SZ, Ahmad I, Abu Tahrim N, Mohamed F
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 Apr 06;13(7).
    PMID: 33917600 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071176
    In this study, we fabricated a modified biomaterial based on chitosan and gelatin, which is an intrinsic hydrophilic membrane for oil-water separation to clean water contamination by oil. Modification of the membrane with a non-toxic natural crosslinker, genipin, significantly enhanced the stability of the biopolymer membrane in a water-based medium towards an eco-friendly environment. The effects of various compositions of genipin-crosslinked chitosan-gelatin membrane on the rheological properties, thermal stability, and morphological structure of the membrane were investigated using a dynamic rotational rheometer, thermogravimetry analysis, and chemical composition by attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (ATR). Modified chitosan-gelatin membrane showed completely miscible blends, as determined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and ATR. Morphological results showed membrane with establish microstructure to further experiment as filtration product. The membranes were successfully tested for their oil-water separation efficiencies. The membrane proved to be selective and effective in separating water from an oil-water mixture. The optimum results achieved a stable microporous structure of the membrane (microfiltration) and a separation efficiency of above 98%. The membrane showed a high permeation flux, generated as high as 698 and 420 L m-2 h-1 for cooking and crude oils, respectively. Owing to its outstanding recyclability and anti-fouling performance, the membrane can be washed away easily, ensuring the reusability of the prepared membrane.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  18. Fulltext Enhanced gastrointestinal survivability of recombinant Lactococcus lactis using a double coated mucoadhesive film approach
    Tan EW, Tan KY, Phang LV, Kumar PV, In LLA
    PLoS One, 2019;14(7):e0219912.
    PMID: 31335895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219912
    Vaccine administration via the oral route is preferable to parenteral routes due to ease of administration. To date, most available oral vaccines comprises of live attenuated pathogens as oppose to peptide-based vaccines due to its low bioavailability within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Over the years, probiotic-based peptide delivery vehicles comprising of lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis has emerged as an interesting alternative due to its generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status, a fully sequenced genome, transient gut colonization time, and is an efficient cellular factory for heterologous protein production. However, its survivability through the GI tract is low, thus better delivery approaches are being explored to improve its bioavailability. In this study, we employ the incorporation of a double coated mucoadhesive film consisting of sodium alginate and Lycoat RS 720 film as the inner coat. The formulated film exhibits good mechanical properties of tensile strength and percent elongation for manipulation and handling with an entrapment yield of 93.14±2.74%. The formulated mucoadhesive film is subsequently loaded into gelatin capsules with an outer enteric Eudragit L100-55 coating capable of a pH-dependent breakdown above pH 5.5 to protect against gastric digestion. The final product and unprotected controls were subjected to in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestions to assess its survivability. The product demonstrated enhanced protection with an increase of 69.22±0.67% (gastric) and 40.61±8.23% (intestinal) survivability compared to unprotected controls after 6 hours of sequential digestion. This translates to a 3.5 fold increase in overall survivability. Owing to this, the proposed oral delivery system has shown promising potential as a live gastrointestinal vaccine delivery host. Further studies involving in vivo gastrointestinal survivability and mice immunization tests are currently being carried out to assess the efficacy of this novel oral delivery system in comparison to parenteral routes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin/chemistry
  19. First Report of Pantoea anthophila Causing Soft Rot Disease in Clausena lansium (Wampee) in China
    Zhou JN, Liu SY, Chen YF, Liao LS
    Plant Dis, 2015 Mar;99(3):416.
    PMID: 30699721 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-10-14-1025-PDN
    Clausena lansium, also known as wampee (Clausena wampi), is a plant species native to China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia, where it is widely cultivated, and also grown in India, Sri Lanka, Queensland, Florida, and Hawaii, but less frequently (3). The fruit can be consumed fresh or made into juice, jam, or succade. In summer to fall 2014, a soft rot disease was found in a wampee planting region in Yunan County, Guangdong Province, China. On Sept. 18, we collected diseased samples from a wampee orchard with about 20% disease incidence. The infected fruit initially showed pinpoint spots on the peel, water-soaked lesions, and light to dark brown discoloration. Spots expanded in 2 days, and tissues collapsed after 5 days. Severely affected fruit showed cracking or nonodorous decay. Five diseased samples were collected, and causal agents were isolated from symptomatic tissues 1 cm under the peel after surface sterilization in 0.3% NaOCl for 10 min and rinsing in sterile water three times. Tissues were placed on a Luria Bertani (LB) plate for culture. Ten representative isolates were selected for further characterization. No colony was isolated from healthy tissues. Colonies were round, smooth, with irregular edges, and produced a yellow pigment in culture. Biolog identification (Version 4.20.05) showed that all strains were gram negative, negative for indole production, and utilized glucose, maltose, trehalose, sucrose, D-lactose, and pectin but not sorbitol or gelatin. The isolates were identified as Pantoea agglomerans (SIM 0.69). Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was conducted for rapid classification of the strains. Sequences of atpD, gyrB, infB, and rpoB were amplified using corresponding primers (2). All sequences of the 10 isolates were identical in each gene. BLASTn was performed, and maximum likelihood trees based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of the four genes were constructed using MEGA6. Bootstrap values after 1,000 replicates were expressed as percentages. Results showed that the tested strain named CL1 was most homologous to P. anthophila, with 98% identity for atpD (KM521543), 100% for gyrB (KM521544), infB (KM521545), and rpoB (KM521546). The 16S rRNA sequence (KM521542) amplified by primers 27f and 1492r shared 99% identity with that of P. anthophila M19_2C (JN644500). P. anthophila was previously reclassified from P. agglomerans (3); therefore, we suggest naming this wampee pathogen P. anthophila. Subsequently, 10 wampee fruits were injected with 20 μl of bacterial suspension (1 × 108 CFU/ml) of strains CL1 and CL2, respectively, and another 10 were injected with 20 μl of LB medium as controls, all kept at 28°C for 4 days. Symptoms similar to those of natural infections were observed on inoculated fruits but not on the negative controls. Bacteria were isolated from diseased tissues and further identified as P. anthophila by gyrB sequencing. P. anthophila was reported to naturally infect balsam and marigold (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. anthophila naturally causing soft rot disease and cracking on C. lansium (wampee). References: (1) C. Brady et al. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 31:447, 2008. (2) C. Brady et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59:2339, 2009. (3) J. Morton. Fruits of Warm Climates. Echo Point Books & Media, Miami, FL, 1987.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
  20. First Report of Soft Rot Disease Caused by Pectobacterium wasabiae on Sweet Potato, Tomato, and Eggplant in Malaysia
    Golkhandan E, Kamaruzaman S, Sariah M, Abidin MAZ, Nazerian E, Yassoralipour A
    Plant Dis, 2013 May;97(5):685.
    PMID: 30722205 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-08-12-0759-PDN
    In August 2011, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and eggplant (S. melongena) crops from major growing areas of the Cameron highlands and Johor state in Malaysia were affected by a soft rot disease. Disease incidence exceeded 80, 75, and 65% in severely infected fields and greenhouses of sweet potato, tomato, and eggplant, respectively. The disease was characterized by dark and small water-soaked lesions or soft rot symptoms on sweet potato tubers, tomato stems, and eggplant fruits. In addition, extensive discoloration of vascular tissues, stem hollowness, and water-soaked, soft, dark green lesions that turned brown with age were observed on the stem of tomato and eggplant. A survey was performed in these growing areas and 22 isolates of the pathogen were obtained from sweet potato (12 isolates), tomato (6 isolates), and eggplant (4 isolates) on nutrient agar (NA) and eosin methylene blue (EMB) (4). The cultures were incubated at 27°C for 2 days and colonies that were emerald green on EMB or white to gray on NA were selected for further studies. All bacterial cultures isolated from the survey exhibited pectolytic ability on potato slices. These bacterial isolates were gram negative; rod shaped; N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase, gelatin liquefaction, and OPNG positive; and were also positive for acid production from D-galactose, lactosemelibiose, raffinose, citrate, and trehalose. They were negative for indol production, phosphatase activity, reducing substances from sucrose, and negative for acid production from maltose, sorbitol, inositol, inolin, melezitose, α-mathyl-D-glocoside, and D-arabitol. The bacteria did not grow on NA at 37°C. Based on these biochemical and morphological assays, the pathogen was identified as Pectobacterium wasabiae (2). In addition, DNA was extracted and PCR assay with two primers (16SF1 and 16SR1) was performed (4). Partial sequences of 16S rRNA (GenBank Accession Nos. JQ665714, JX494234, and JX513960) of sweet potato, tomato, and eggplant, respectively, exhibited a 99% identity with P. wasabiae strain SR91 (NR_026047 and NR_026047.1). A pathogenicity assay was carried out on sweet potato tubers (cv. Oren), tomato stems (cv. 152177-A), and eggplant fruits (cv. 125066x) with 4 randomly representative isolates obtained from each crop. Sweet potato tubers, tomato stems, and eggplant fruits (4 replications) were sanitized in 70% ethyl alcohol for 30 s, washed and rinsed in sterile distilled water, and needle punctured with a bacterial suspension at a concentration of 108 CFU/ml. Inoculated tubers, stems, and fruits were incubated in a moist chamber at 90 to 100% RH for 72 h at 25°C when lesions were measured. All inoculated tubers, stems, and fruits exhibited soft rot symptoms after 72 h similar to those observed in the fields and greenhouses and the same bacteria were consistently reisolated. Symptoms were not observed on controls. The pathogenicty test was repeated with similar results. P. wasabiae have been previously reported to cause soft rot on Japanese horseradish (3), and aerial stem rot on potato in New Zealand (4), the U.S. (2), and Iran (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of sweet potato, tomato, and eggplant soft rot caused by P. wasabiae in Malaysia. References: (1) S. Baghaee-Ravari et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 129:413, 2011. (2) S. De Boer and A. Kelman. Page 56 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 3rd ed. N. Schaad et al., eds. APS Press, St. Paul, 2001. (3) M. Goto et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37:130, 1987. (4) A. R. Pitman et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 126:423, 2010.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gelatin
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