MyMedR

Xanthones from Garcinia mangostana (Guttiferae)

Ee GC, Daud S, Taufiq-Yap YH, Ismail NH, Rahmani M

Nat Prod Res, 2006 Oct;20(12):1067-73.

Studies on the stem of Garcinia mangostana have led to the isolation of one new xanthone mangosharin (1) (2,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthone) and six other prenylated xanthones, alpha-mangostin (2), beta-mangostin (3), garcinone D (4), 1,6-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-xanthone (5), mangostanol (6) and 5,9-dihydroxy-8- methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-7-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-2H,6H-pyrano-[3,2-b]-xanthene-6-one (7). The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry (MS) and by comparison with previous studies. All the crude extracts when screened for their larvicidal activities indicated very good toxicity against the larvae of Aedes aegypti. This article reports the isolation and identification of the above compounds as well as bioassay data for the crude extracts. These bioassay data have not been reported before.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry*

Fulltext Volatile profiling of aromatic traditional medicinal plant, Polygonum minus in different tissues and its biological activities

Ahmad R, Baharum SN, Bunawan H, Lee M, Mohd Noor N, Rohani ER, et al.

Molecules, 2014 Nov 20;19(11):19220-42.

PMID: 25420073 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191119220

The aim of this research was to identify the volatile metabolites produced in different organs (leaves, stem and roots) of Polygonum minus, an important essential oil producing crop in Malaysia. Two methods of extraction have been applied: Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) and hydrodistillation coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Approximately, 77 metabolites have been identified and aliphatic compounds contribute significantly towards the aroma and flavour of this plant. Two main aliphatic compounds: decanal and dodecanal were found to be the major contributor. Terpenoid metabolites were identified abundantly in leaves but not in the stem and root of this plant. Further studies on antioxidant, total phenolic content, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities were determined in the essential oil and five different extracts. The plant showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity in polar (ethanol) extract for all the tissues tested. For anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, leaf in aqueous extract and methanol extract showed the best acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. However, in microbial activity, the non-polar extracts (n-hexane) showed high antimicrobial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) compared to polar extracts. This study could provide the first step in the phytochemical profiles of volatile compounds and explore the additional value of pharmacology properties of this essential oil producing crop Polygonum minus.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Two new naphthoquinone derivatives from the stem bark of Callicarpa maingayi

Asiri SM, Shaari K, Abas F, Al-Mekhlafi NA, Lajis NH

Nat Prod Commun, 2012 Oct;7(10):1333-6.

PMID: 23157003

Two new naphthoquinones designated as 3alpha-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yI)-9alpha-methoxy-2,3,3alpha,9alpha-tetra-hydronaphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (callicarpa-quinone A, 1) and 5-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (callicarpaquinone B, 2) were isolated from the chloroform fraction of Callicarpa maingayi. Three other known compounds, identified as avicequinone-C (3), wodeshiol (4) and paulownin (5), were reported for the first time from this species. The structure elucidation of compounds was established by comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses as well as EIMS, UV and IR spectral data. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested in vitro for their cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer MCF-7cells. Compound 2 exhibited strong cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 1.9 +/- 0.2 microM, while 1 showed moderate activity with an IC50 value of 25.0 +/- 4.3 microM.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Fulltext Two new chemical constituents from the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana

See I, Ee GC, Teh SS, Kadir AA, Daud S

Molecules, 2014 Jun 04;19(6):7308-16.

PMID: 24901833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19067308

A detailed chemical study on the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana resulted in the successful isolation of one new prenylated xanthone, mangaxanthone B (1), one new benzophenone, mangaphenone (2), and two known xanthones, mangostanin (3) and mangostenol (4). The structures of these compounds were elucidated through analysis of their spectroscopic data obtained using 1D and 2D NMR and MS techniques.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry*

Fulltext Two new acridone alkaloids from Glycosmis macrantha

Yahayu MA, Rahmani M, Hashim NM, Amin MA, Ee GC, Sukari MA, et al.

Molecules, 2011 May 27;16(6):4401-7.

PMID: 21623311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16064401

Extraction and chromatographic separation of the extracts of dried stem barks of Glycosmis macrantha lead to isolation of two new acridone alkaloids, macranthanine and 7-hydroxynoracronycine, and a known acridone, atalaphyllidine. The structures of these alkaloids were determined by detailed spectral analysis and also by comparison with reported data.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

The cytotoxicity and chemical constituents of the hexane fraction of Typhonium flagelliforme (Araceace)

Choo CY, Chan KL, Sam TW, Hitotsuyanagi Y, Takeya K

J Ethnopharmacol, 2001 Sep;77(1):129-31.

PMID: 11483390

The plant, Typhonium flagelliforme (Araceae), commonly known as the "rodent tuber" in Malaysia, is often used as an essential ingredient of herbal remedies for alternative cancer therapies. The hexane extract of this plant was evaluated for cytotoxic activity against in vitro culture on P388 murine leukaemia cells and showed weak IC(50) of 15 microg/ml. The partial chemical constituents were identified as methyl esters of hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid. In addition, several common aliphatics were identified as dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane, nonadecane and eicosane. The unique methyl ester of 13-phenyltridecanoic acid was isolated and positively identified using spectroscopic methods. None of the identified compounds showed or are known to have cytotoxic behaviour.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Sulfur-containing bis-iridoid glucosides and iridoid glucosides from Saprosmas cortechinii

Ling SK, Komorita A, Tanaka T, Fujioka T, Mihashi K, Kouno I

J Nat Prod, 2002 May;65(5):656-60.

PMID: 12027736

Six new sulfur-containing bis-iridoid glucosides, saprosmosides A-F (1-6), were isolated from the leaves of Saprosma scortechinii. From the stems of this same plant, two new iridoid glucosides, 3,4-dihydro-3-methoxypaederoside (8) and 10-O-benzoyldeacetylasperulosidic acid (12), were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by means of chemical, NMR, and mass spectroscopic methods. Additionally, 11 known iridoid glucosides were isolated and characterized as deacetylasperuloside, asperuloside, paederoside (7), deacetylasperulosidic acid (9), scandoside, asperulosidic acid, 10-acetylscandoside, paederosidic acid (10), 6-epi-paederosidic acid (11), methylpaederosidate, and monotropein. The structures of the new bis-iridoid glucosides were formed by intermolecular esterification between the glucose and carboxyl groups of three monomeric iridoid glucosides (7, 9, and 10).

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata): Its fibres, polymers and composites

Ishak MR, Sapuan SM, Leman Z, Rahman MZ, Anwar UM, Siregar JP

Carbohydr Polym, 2013 Jan 16;91(2):699-710.

PMID: 23121967 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.073

Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) is a multipurpose palm species from which a variety of foods and beverages, timber commodities, biofibres, biopolymers and biocomposites can be produced. Recently, it is being used as a source of renewable energy in the form of bio-ethanol via fermentation process of the sugar palm sap. Although numerous products can be produced from sugar palm, three products that are most prominent are palm sugar, fruits and fibres. This paper focuses mainly on the significance of fibres as they are highly durable, resistant to sea water and because they are available naturally in the form of woven fibre they are easy to process. Besides the recent advances in the research of sugar palm fibres and their composites, this paper also addresses the development of new biodegradable polymer derived from sugar palm starch, and presents reviews on fibre surface treatment, product development, and challenges and efforts on properties enhancement of sugar palm fibre composites.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry*

Stephanotic acid, a novel cyclic pentapeptide from the stem of Stephanotis floribunda

Yoshikawa K, Tao S, Arihara S

J Nat Prod, 2000 Apr;63(4):540-2.

PMID: 10785436

The stem of Stephanotis floribunda afforded a new cyclic pentapeptide stephanotic acid (1), possessing a novel 6-(leucin-3'-yl) tryptophan skeleton. The structure of 1 was assigned on the basis of extensive NMR experiments and a chemical reaction and shown to be closely related to the bicyclic octapeptide moroidin (3), a toxin from Laportea moroides.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Fulltext Soulamarin, a new coumarin from stem bark of Calophyllum soulattri

Ee GC, Mah SH, Teh SS, Rahmani M, Go R, Taufiq-Yap YH

Molecules, 2011 Nov 23;16(11):9721-7.

PMID: 22113580 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16119721

The extracts of the stem bark of Calophyllum soulattri gave a new pyranocoumarin, soulamarin (1), together with five other xanthones caloxanthone B (2), caloxanthone C (3), macluraxanthone (4), trapezifolixanthone (5) and brasixanthone B (6) one common triterpene, friedelin (7), and the steroidal triterpene stigmasterol (8). The structures of these compounds were established based on spectral evidence (1D and 2D NMR).

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry*

Salvadora persica L. chewing stick and standard toothbrush as anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis tool: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Adam FA, Mohd N, Rani H, Baharin B, Mohd Yusof MYP

J Ethnopharmacol, 2021 Jun 28;274:113882.

PMID: 33513418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113882

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Salvadora persica L. chewing stick, commonly known as miswak is still being used as an oral hygiene tool for plaque control and prevention against gingivitis. Various studies have reported on the therapeutics and prophylactic effects particularly on periodontal disease. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of S. persica chewing stick compared to the standard toothbrush for anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: A PRISMA-compliant systematic search of literature was done from the MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar. Literature that fulfilled eligibility criteria was identified. Data measuring plaque score and bleeding score were extracted. Qualitative and random-effects meta-analyses were conducted.

RESULTS: From 1736 titles and abstracts screened, eight articles were utilized for qualitative analysis, while five were selected for meta-analysis. The pooled effect estimates of SMD and 95% CI were -0.07 [-0.60 to 0.45] with an χ2 statistic of 0.32 (p = 0.0001), I2 = 80% as anti-plaque function and 95% CI were -2.07 [-4.05 to -0.10] with an χ2 statistic of 1.67 (p = 0.02), I2 = 82%.

CONCLUSION: S. persica chewing stick is a tool that could control plaque, comparable to a standard toothbrush. Further, it has a better anti-gingivitis effect and can be used as an alternative.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Fulltext Saccharification of rice straw by cellulase from a local Trichoderma harzianum SNRS3 for biobutanol production

Rahnama N, Foo HL, Abdul Rahman NA, Ariff A, Md Shah UK

BMC Biotechnol, 2014;14:103.

PMID: 25496491 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0103-y

Rice straw has shown to be a promising agricultural by-product in the bioconversion of biomass to value-added products. Hydrolysis of cellulose, a main constituent of lignocellulosic biomass, is a requirement for fermentable sugar production and its subsequent bioconversion to biofuels such as biobutanol. The high cost of commercial enzymes is a major impediment to the industrial application of cellulases. Therefore, the use of local microbial enzymes has been suggested. Trichoderma harzianum strains are potential CMCase and β-glucosidase producers. However, few researches have been reported on cellulase production by T. harzianum and the subsequent use of the crude cellulase for cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis. For cellulose hydrolysis to be efficiently performed, the presence of the whole set of cellulase components including exoglucanase, endoglucanase, and β-glucosidase at a considerable concentration is required. Biomass recalcitrance is also a bottleneck in the bioconversion of agricultural residues to value-added products. An effective pretreatment could be of central significance in the bioconversion of biomass to biofuels.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Resveratrol oligomers from Vatica albiramis

Abe N, Ito T, Ohguchi K, Nasu M, Masuda Y, Oyama M, et al.

J Nat Prod, 2010 Sep 24;73(9):1499-506.

PMID: 20735051 DOI: 10.1021/np1002675

Five new stilbenoids, vatalbinosides A-E (1-5), and 13 known compounds (6-18) were isolated from the stem of Vatica albiramis. The effects of these new compounds on interleukin-1β-induced production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in human dermal fibroblasts were examined. Three resveratrol tetramers, (-)-hopeaphenol (6), vaticanol C (13), and stenophyllol C (14), were identified as strong inhibitors of MMP-1 production.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Recent Advances in Antibacterial, Antiprotozoal and Antifungal Trends of Eurycoma longifolia: A Review of Therapeutic Implications and Future Prospects

Thu HE, Hussain Z, Mohamed IN, Shuid AN

Curr Drug Targets, 2018;19(14):1657-1671.

PMID: 29468964 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180219123815

BACKGROUND: Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) has gained widespread recognition due to its versatile pharmacological activities including aphrodisiac, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, anti-diabetic, ergogenic, insecticidal, anti-rheumatism, bone protection, and anti-ulcer effects.

OBJECTIVE: This review was aimed to critically overview the literature and summarizes the antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antifungal trends of E. longifolia and its medicinally active components.

RESULTS: Besides its well-documented safety, efficacy, and tolerability, a plethora of in vitro, in vivo, and human clinical studies has evidenced the antimicrobial efficacy of E. longifolia and its bioactive constituents. Phytochemical screening of various types of extracts (methanolic, ethyl acetate, and nbutanolic) from different parts (roots, stem, and leaves) of E. longifolia displayed a dose-dependent antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antifungal responses. Comparative analysis revealed that the root extract of E. longifolia exhibited the highest antimicrobial efficacy compared to other parts of the plant. Bioactivity-guided fractionation identified that among all of the medicinal compounds isolated/ extracted from different parts of E. longifolia, eurycomanone displayed the strongest antibacterial, antiprotozoal and antifungal activities.

CONCLUSION: Based on the critical analysis of the literature, we identified that E. longifolia exhibits promising antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and antifungal efficacies against various pathogenic microbes and thus can be considered as a potential complementary and alternative antimicrobial therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Fulltext Rauniticine-allo-oxindole B and rauniticinic-allo acid B, new heteroyohimbine-type oxindole alkaloids from the stems of Malaysian Uncaria longiflora var. pteropoda

Salim F, Ismail NH, Awang K, Ahmad R

Molecules, 2011 Aug 04;16(8):6541-8.

PMID: 21818057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16086541

Two new heteroyohimbine-type oxindole alkaloids, rauniticine-allo-oxindole B and rauniticinic-allo acid B, have been successfully isolated from the stems extract of Malaysian Uncaria longiflora var. pteropoda. The structures of the two new alkaloids were determined by spectroscopic analysis.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Rapid identification of cyclic tetrapyrrolic photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy using on-line hyphenated LC-PDA-MS coupled with photo-cytotoxicity assay

Tan PJ, Appleton DR, Mustafa MR, Lee HB

Phytochem Anal, 2012 Jan-Feb;23(1):52-9.

PMID: 21692117 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1324

Photodynamic therapy is a treatment modality that involves site-directed generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species by light-activated photosensitisers.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Pseuduvarines A and B, two new cytotoxic dioxoaporphine alkaloids from Pseuduvaria rugosa

Taha H, Hadi AH, Nordin N, Najmuldeen IA, Mohamad K, Shirota O, et al.

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2011;59(7):896-7.

PMID: 21720044

Pseuduvarines A (1) and B (2), two new dioxoaporphine alkaloids with an amino moiety, were isolated from the stem bark of Pseuduvaria rugosa and their structures were elucidated by combination of 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis. Pseuduvarines A (1) and B (2) showed cytotoxicity against MCF7, HepG2, and HL-60 (1: IC₅₀, 0.9, 21.7, and >50.0 µM, respectively, 2: IC₅₀ >50.0, 15.7, and 12.4 µM, respectively).

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Properties of cellulose nanocrystals from oil palm trunk isolated by total chlorine free method

Lamaming J, Hashim R, Leh CP, Sulaiman O

Carbohydr Polym, 2017 Jan 20;156:409-416.

PMID: 27842840 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.053

Cellulose nanocrystals were isolated from oil palm trunk by total chlorine free method. The samples were either water pre-hydrolyzed or non-water pre-hydrolyzed, subjected to soda pulping, acidified and ozone bleached. Cellulose and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) physical, chemical, thermal properties, and crystallinity index were investigated by composition analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. Water pre-hydrolysis reduced lignin (<0.5%) and increased holocellulose (99.6%) of ozone-bleached cellulose. Water pre-hydrolyzed cellulose exhibited surface fibrillation and peeling off after acid hydrolysis process compared to non-fibrillated of non-water pre-hydrolyzed cellulose. Water pre-hydrolysis improved final CNC crystallinity (up to 75%) compared to CNC without water pre-hydrolysis crystallinity (69%). Cellulose degradation was found to occur during ozone bleaching stage but CNC showed an increase in crystallinity after acid hydrolysis. Thus, oil palm trunk CNC can be potentially applied in pharmaceutical, food, medical and nanocomposites.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry*

Fulltext Preparation of kenaf stem hemicellulosic hydrolysate and its fermentability in microbial production of xylitol by Escherichia coli BL21

Shah SSM, Luthfi AAI, Low KO, Harun S, Manaf SFA, Illias RM, et al.

Sci Rep, 2019 03 11;9(1):4080.

PMID: 30858467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40807-z

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), a potential fibre crop with a desirably high growth rate, could serve as a sustainable feedstock in the production of xylitol. In this work, the extraction of soluble products of kenaf through dilute nitric-acid hydrolysis was elucidated with respect to three parameters, namely temperature, residence time, and acid concentration. The study will assist in evaluating the performance in terms of xylose recovery. The result point out that the maximum xylose yield of 30.7 g per 100 g of dry kenaf was attained from 2% (v/v) HNO3 at 130 °C for 60 min. The detoxified hydrolysate was incorporated as the primary carbon source for subsequent fermentation by recombinant Escherichia coli and the performance of strain on five different semi-synthetic media on xylitol production were evaluated herein. Among these media, batch cultivation in a basal salt medium (BSM) afforded the highest xylitol yield of 0.35 g/g based on xylose consumption, which corresponded to 92.8% substrate utilization after 38 h. Subsequently, fermentation by E. coli in the xylose-based kenaf hydrolysate supplemented with BSM resulting in 6.8 g/L xylitol which corresponding to xylitol yield of 0.38 g/g. These findings suggested that the use of kenaf as the fermentation feedstock could be advantageous for the development of sustainable xylitol production.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

Potent microbial and tyrosinase inhibitors from stem bark of Bauhinia rufescens (Fabaceae)

Muhammad A, Sirat HM

Nat Prod Commun, 2013 Oct;8(10):1435-7.

PMID: 24354195

The stem bark extracts of Bauhinia rufescens Lam. (Fabaceae) yielded 6-methoxy-7-methyl-8-hydroxydibenz[b,f]oxepin, alpha-amyrin acetate, beta-sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside, 4-(2'-Hydroxyphenethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylphenol, menisdaurin and sequoyitol. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods and comparisons with the literature data. For the antimicrobial assay Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains were tested, while the tyrosinase inhibition assay utilized L-DOPA as a substrate for the tyrosinase enzyme. 6-Methoxy-7-methyl-8-hydroxydibenz[b,f]oxepin, a-amyrin acetate, beta-sitosterol 3-O-D-xylopyranoside, menisdaurin and sequoyitol showed weak to moderate activities with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values in the range of 112.5-900 microg/mL against all bacterial strains, while the MIC values for the fungal strains were in the range of 28.1-450 microg/mL. In the tyrosinase inhibition assay, a-amyrin acetate was found to be moderately active against tyrosinase with an inhibition of 62% at 0.1 mg/mL. This activity was lower than that of the positive control, kojic acid (85%).

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Stems/chemistry

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