Objective: This case report highlights males as victims of sexual abuse, ascertain the factors that are associated with male sexual abuse and outline problems in management of sexual abuse with the presence of co morbidities. Methods: We report a case of sexual abuse in a 14 year old boy who has borderline mental retardation and ADHD. Results: The victim was
traumatized due to the abuse. The perpetrator was not charged due to lack of evidence of the abuse and stigma. Conclusion: Sexual abuse that occurs in males can be influenced by multiple factors such as the presence of comorbidities. Strong awareness must be present in caregivers to prevent abuse in this population and to take appropriate and early action to effect the necessary intervention.
Two Schiff bases, 3-(4-hydroxyphenylimino)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one (OPI) and 3-(4-Chlorophenylimino)-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one
(CPI) were successfully synthesized through condensation
reactions giving yields of 82% and 63%, respectively. The compounds were characterized via
physical and spectroscopic techniques, namely elemental analysis (C, H, N), 1H and 13C Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and
melting point. The corrosion inhibiting property of the Schiff bases on mild steel in 1 M HCl solution
was investigated by the weight loss (WL) measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS) and linear polarization resistance (LPR). The concentrations of the Schiff bases were varied
from 1 x 10-3 M to 1 x 10-5 M. The inhibition efficiencies obtained from all the methods employed were
in good agreement where the percentage of inhibition efficiencies increased with concentration. OPI
showed better inhibition efficiency than CPI with 91 % highest inhibition efficiency at 1 x 10-3 M
additive concentration. This is likely to be caused by the resonance donating effect due to the
presence of the hydroxyl group. The adsorption behaviour obeyed Langmuir isotherm for monolayer
formation.
Dadih is a favourable dessert in South East Asia due to its appealing sweet taste and jellies
appearance. The sweet taste is from sugar (sucrose) content, and in order to reduce the sucrose,
it was substituted with xylitol. Xylitol can provides intense sweetness with less calories and
lower water activity, which potentially contribute to higher microbial stability thus giving
longer shelf life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of xylitol substituted
on dadih safety and sensory qualities. Dadih was prepared by replacing sucrose with xylitol
composition in the range of 0 – 100% and at two levels of cooking times (15 and 20 minutes).
Safety analysis were performed using total plate count (TPC) and water activity (aw) analysis.
For sensory analysis, seven attributes were evaluated (appearance, colour, hardness, elasticity,
taste, sweetness, and overall acceptability) based on the 9-hedonic scale. From the findings,
dadih samples with total sucrose (0%) were observed to be contaminated faster compared to
total xylitol (100%). Dadih with xylitol is more stable with prolonged shelf life. From sensory
analysis, dadih sample prepared with shorter cooking time (15 minutes) was selected as more
favourable with overall acceptability score between 72 - 85%. More than 70% of the score for
dadih with xylitol substitute was above ‘slightly like’, which indicates a promising future to
produce xylitol substitute dadih. The outcome of this study has shown that xylitol is potentially
to be utilize as sugar substitute for dadih production.
The furnishings provided by the Institute of Higher Learning (IHL) are not suitable with the diverse student’s body
shapes. This could leads to lack of comfort in usage of the furnishings as well as affecting the effectiveness of the
delivery of the lectures. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to evaluate the student’s comfort level in the
current seat of the Lecture Theatre (LT) and to gather student’s anthropometry data. Two hundred and twenty one
students were involved in this study from one of the IHL in Selangor. A few similar design of LT were chosen for this
study. The Standard Nordic Questionnaire was used to identify the comfort level of students. Eleven body parts
measurements of all participated students were collected by using measurement apparatus such as callipers and
ruler. Based on the findings, it showed that the current seat in LT is uncomfortable to be used, in line with the
results from surveys and mismatch of the seat and student measurement data.
A four-month cross-sectional study found five species of parasitoids parasitizing puparia of filth flies breeding at the Taman Beringin landfill in Kepong and a poultry farm in Sungai Pelek, Sepang, Selangor. Effect of monthly rainfalls towards density of flies and percentage of parasitoids emerging from collected puparia were also analyzed. Spalangia sp. was the most common, consisting of Spalangia endius Walker, S. cameroni Perkins and S. gemina Boucek. Other parasitoids collected were Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani and Exoristobia phillipinensis Ashmead. The parasitized fly hosts were Musca domestica Linn. and Chrysomya megacephala Fabricius. S. endius was the most common parasitoid attacking M. domestica at both locations. M. domestica was the most common fly found at the Sg. Pelek poultry farm whereas C. megacephala was the most numerous at the Taman Beringin landfill. During heavy rainfall month of November 2003, density of flies were high whereas the emerging parasitoids were low at both landfill and poultry farm. The present study revealed the endemic presence of parasitoids especially S. endius in both poultry farm and garbage landfill and the potential of the parasitoid species in fly control in Malaysia.
A GIS-based user-interface programme was developed to compute the geospatial Water ProductivityIndex (WPI) of a river-fed rice irrigation scheme in Northwest Selangor, Malaysia. The spatial analysisincludes irrigation blocks with sizes ranging from 20 to 300 ha. The amount of daily water use for eachirrigation block was determined using irrigation delivery model and stored in the database for both mainseason (August to December) and off season (February to May). After cut-off of the irrigation supply,a sub-module was used to compute the total water use including rainfall for each irrigation block. Therice yield data for both seasons were obtained from DOA (Department of Agriculture, Malaysia) of thescheme. Then, the Water Productivity Index (WPI) was computed for each irrigation block and spatialthematic map was also generated. ArcObjects and Visual Basic Application (VBA) programminglanguages were used to structure user-interface in the ArcGIS software. The WPI, expressed in termsof crop yield per unit amount of water used (irrigation and effective rainfall), ranged from 0.02 to 0.57kg/m3 in the main season and 0.02 to 0.40 in off season among irrigation blocks, respectively. Thedevelopment of the overall system and the procedure are illustrated using the data obtained from thestudy area. The approach could be used to depict the gaps between the existing and appropriate watermanagement practices. Suitable interventions could be made to fill the gaps and enhance water useefficiency at the field level and also help in saving irrigation water through remedial measures in theseason. The approach could be useful for irrigation managers to rectify and enhance decision-makingin both the management and operation of the next irrigation season.
This paper aims to describe a Malay version of the Boston Naming Test (MBNT) and its normative data. The M-BNT follows closely the general administration procedures of the original Boston Naming Test (BNT) but is different in terms of item content. A total of 29 items from the original 60 items on the test were deemed culturally and linguistically valid for the Malay population and were thus retained. A total of 41 additional items were added to make a total list of 70 items for pilot testing. These items were first vetted by a panel of experts and then trialed on a sample of 40 Malay adults. Based on the item analysis from the pilot study, the M-BNT was reduced to a 50 item test. This was administered to 230 normal Malay subjects in five age groups (20 - 29 years, 30 - 39 years, 40 - 49 years, 50 - 59 years, and 60 - 69 years), split into two main educational levels (i.e. < 12 years of education, and 12 years or more) and across gender. The Malay subjects were chosen representative of the four major geographical regions in West Malaysia. Initial normative data was computed according to the five age groups and two educational levels. It is hoped that the M-BNT will become a test useful in the identification of patients with an expressive language word-finding disorder.
The aim of this study was to determine whether pattern-reversal Visual Evoked Potential (PRVEP) is affected in mild
cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants aged ≥ 60 years diagnosed as MCI were invited to participate in a study together
with a group of controls. PRVEP was measured using A RETI-port/Scan 21 and stimuli of large and small checks sizes,
1° (60 min of arc) and 0.25° (15 min) respectively were used to obtain responses. The amplitude and implicit times of
the MCI and control groups were then compared. A total of 18 MCI participants (age 65.7 ± 3.1 years) and 18 controls
(65.1 ± 3.8 years) consented to participate in the study. The amplitude and implicit times for the MCI group using the
target sizes of 60 min of arc were 9.80 ± 4.06 µV and 108.83 ± 7.63 ms and for 30 min of arc were 11.00 ± 7.44 µV
and 123.96 ± 6.18 ms respectively. Consecutively for the control groups the amplitudes and implicit times were 8.96 ±
3.52µV, 105.85 ± 3.60 ms and 11.97± 6.11 µV, 122.57 ± 8.28 ms. PRVEP results did not reveal significant differences in
P100-wave amplitude nor implicit time between the two groups under investigation. This study concluded that the visual
pathway of MCI participants may be unaffected in the early part of the disease process.
Corneal power or keratometric value represents two-third of total
refractive power of the eye. It is an important parameter in intraocular lens calculation.
Purpose of the study was to evaluate repeatability and agreement of keratometric
measurements obtained from a six points-based keratometry device; IOLMaster 500 (Carl
Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) and two Placido disc-based keratometry devices;
Atlas Topographer 995 and 9000 models (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany). (Copied from article).
Two imines of different molecular sizes namely 3-(phenylimino) indolin-2-one (PII) and 3,3- (1,4-phenylenebis (azan-1-yl-1-ylidene) diindolin-2-one (PDI) were investigated for their corrosion inhibition on mild steel in 1 M HCl solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The bigger molecule PDI containing double the amount of isatin moiety exhibited higher inhibition efficiency of 87.3% while PII that contained monoisatin moiety showed a lower inhibition efficiency of 74.8%. Both compounds had an increase in inhibition efficiencies percentage as concentrations increased. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to determine the correlation between the corrosion inhibition efficiency and electronic parameters. The DFT calculations indicated that the corrosion inhibition efficiency was mainly dependant on the frontier orbital energy gap and the chemical softness/hardness of the imines.
The emergence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has revolutionized the prognosis of HIV-infected patients. However, the extended use of HAART is associated with a disfiguring complication termed lipodystrophy, a disorder of body fat maldistribution causing peripheral fat loss (lipoatrophy) and central fat accumulation (lipohypertrophy). Lipoatrophy commonly affects the face, legs, buttocks and arm, whilst lipohypertrophy frequently favours the abdomen, breast and dorsocervical region. To our knowledge, we present only the second documented case in the literature of a labia majora lipohypertrophy in a HIV-positive patient receiving long-term HAART. The severity of labial abnormality caused significant physical and functional morbidities. Labiaplasty with dermolipectomy of the labia majora and excisional lipectomy of the mons pubis was successfully performed. At a 6-month follow-up, patient had no recurrence with resolution of symptoms and resumption of normal activities of daily living (ADL).
Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a sudden burst of wide-band, high-intensity electromagnetic radiation. EMP also called as a transient electromagnetic disturbance, a short burst of electromagnetic energy. Effect of EMP to automobile is classify as medium threats to vehicle attacks where EMP aims at damaging electronic devices such as on board sensors and processors, CPU which found in almost all models from 1990’s and forward. This paper presents a MATLAB simulation of EMP generator by means of Switch Mode Power Supply, thus the electrical shielding can be studied further. Theoretically, EMP generator is developed by implementing energy storage circuit and discharge control circuit. Sending a rapidly changing electrical current through a loop will create an electromagnetic field in the form of a pulse. The results show an increase in pulse voltage from 12 VDC to 758 VDC with a current of 1500 A. A MATLAB model on the coverage area affected by EMP pulse will be developed in the next phase of the research.
Fish protein hydrolysate was prepared from tilapia muscle using commercial Alcalase enzyme. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis process for preparing tilapia muscle protein hydrolysates (TMPH) was performed by employing central composite design (CCD) method of response surface methodology (RSM). O-phtaldialdehyde (OPA) method was employed to calculate the degree of hydrolysis (DH), which is the key parameter for monitoring the reaction of protein hydrolysis. The suggested model equation was proposed based on the effects of pH, temperature, substrate concentration and enzyme concentration on the DH. Optimum enzymatic hydrolysis conditions using Alcalase enzyme were obtained at pH7.5, temperature of 50oC, substrate concentration of 2.5% and enzyme concentration of 4.0%. Under these conditions, the highest value of the DH was achieved at 25.16% after hydrolysing at 120 min. The TMPH was further assessed for their nutritional value with respect to chemical and amino acid compositions. Molecular weight distributions of TMPH were characterized by SDS-PAGE. TMPH contains moderate amount of protein (28.14%) and good nutritive value with respect to the higher total amino acid composition (267.57 mg/g). Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and lysine were the most abundant amino acids present in TMPH with values 42.68, 29.16 and 26.21 mg/g, respectively. Protein hydrolysates from tilapia muscle containing a desirable peptide with low molecular weight which may potentially to be used as functional food products.
The purpose of this paper was to provide a practical guide assisting field workers in identification and interpretation of frequently occurring bioerosional textures created in limestone by intertidal organisms along the coasts of Langkawi Islands, Malaysia. The discussion follows the textural succession from the supratidal down to the lower intertidal zone. Traces left by lichens, boring sponges, molluscs (littorinid snails, the chiton Acanthopleura, the bivalve Lithophaga) and the echinoid Echinometra are illustrated. Products of bioconstructing organisms, specifically oysters and barnacle are also described. Ecological tolerance of each group is given.
Competition for limited available water for crop production is an ever-increasing issue for
farmers due to increasing demand of irrigation water worldwide. Due to high energy cost
in operating pressurized irrigation systems, energy-efficient low-pressure wick irrigation
systems can play important roles for smallholder greenhouse crop production by ensuring
higher water use efficiency than most traditional approaches. The objectives of this study
were to investigate HYDRUS 2D-simulated water distribution patterns in soil and soilless
growing media, and to evaluate water balance in these media under capillary wick irrigation
system. To accomplish these objectives, eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) were grown
in potted peatgro and sandy clay loam in a greenhouse experiment, water distribution was
simulated by using HYDRUS 2D software package and compared with the measured
values, and water uptake by the plant roots was determined for water balance calculation.
The wetting pattern was found axially symmetric in both growing media (peatgro and
soil) under the wick emitters. The simulated
water distribution in both growing media
revealed dependency of spatial extent of the
wetted zone on water application period and
hydraulic properties of the media. The mean
absolute error (MAE) in water content over
depth varied from 0.04 to 0.10 m3 m−3 and the root mean square error (RMSE) varied from 0.04 to 0.11 m3 m−3. Deviations between the
measured and simulated water contents in the peatgro medium were larger over depth than
over lateral distance. In contrast, the model criteria matched well for the sandy clay loam
and provided MAE of 0.01 to 0.02 m3 m−3 and RMSE of 0.01 to 0.03 m3 m−3, indicating
good agreement between the measured and simulated water contents.
Local people in Sarawak, Malaysia produce sago starch, commonly referred as lemantak, using traditional method for authentic meals and delicacies. The quality of lemantak degrades with time due to its high moisture content limiting the potential for a wider market, and hence affecting the socio-economy of those whose livelihood depends on sago starch production. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the changes in the properties of traditionally processed dried Sarawak sago starch. In order to achieve this, sago starch was extracted using a well-established traditional process and was dried at 40°C to produce sago starch with moisture contents of 40%, 30%, 20% and 10% wet basis. The effect of moisture content on the physical properties was studied through colour analysis, microscopic analysis, and particle size distribution. Analysis on resistant starch content was also performed. Changes on the hydration and functional properties was monitored by measuring the water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), swelling capacity (SC), and gelatinisation behaviour. Lastly, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was applied to observe the changes in amorphous and crystalline areas. The physical properties analysis showed changes in starch colour and granule surface; but the change on granule size varied. Dried starch with lower moisture content exhibited higher resistant starch, absorption index, and peak temperature, but lower solubility index, swelling capacity, peak viscosity, crystalline index, and amorphous index. It is suggested that moisture content affected the changes in traditionally processed sago starch properties which was influenced by few components namely polyphenol, lipid, amylose-lipid complex, and inter-molecular hydrogen bond.
The difference of lower tear meniscus height (TMH) value between invasive and non-invasive techniques is under explained. This study aims to compare the value of lower TMH between Oculus keratograph 5M (OK5M) and anterior segment digital imaging (ASDI) using slit lamp with iPhone6 video recorder attached. The totals of twenty participants with 40 eyes were involved in this cross-sectional study. Right and left eyes from an individual were considered separately. Instillation of fluorescein sodium was applied on the ASDI technique only. Three measurements of TMH were taken from each methods and average were calculated and recorded. Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the data and it was found that the mean of the TMH measurement from the ASDI (0.42 ± 0.11 mm) was higher than the mean from the OK5M (0.25 ± 0.06 mm). The comparison between two methods was significant (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study suggested that the higher TMH in ASDI was resulted by the effect of fluorescein and together with local climate.
Suatu kajian telah dijalankan untuk menentukan kepelbagaian dan kelimpahan foraminifera di sedimen permukaan sekitar delta Sungai Kelantan memandangkan kajian foraminifera terutamanya di perairan marin Malaysia amat kurang. Sejumlah 22 stesen daripada dua garisan transek telah ditentukan sebagai kawasan persampelan. Sebanyak 10,317 individu foraminifera yang terdiri daripada 27 famili, 34 genus dan 55 spesies telah ditemui di kawasan kajian. Secara keseluruhannya, famili Hauerinidae mencatatkan kepelbagaian spesies tertinggi (10 spesies) manakala famili paling dominan dengan jumlah individu tertinggi ialah Rotaliidae (26.14%). Spesies dominan dan paling melimpah di kawasan kajian ialah Asterorotalia pulchella (17.24%) dan Operculina ammonoides (10.19%). Indeks kepelbagaian spesies, H’ yang dicatatkan ialah antara 0.5 hingga 3.1 manakala indeks kekayaan spesies, α adalah antara 1.5 hingga 7.9. Kelimpahan dan kepelbagaian spesies tertinggi (α=7.9, H’=3.1) dicatatkan pada stesen 21 yang terletak di laut terbuka dengan kedalaman air sebanyak 36.8 m dan bersaliniti 32.2 ppt mendekati laut normal. Nilai H’ dan α terendah dicatatkan pada stesen yang berdekatan dengan muara sungai yang cetek dan bersaliniti lebih rendah. Secara keseluruhannya, nilai indeks kepelbagaian yang dicatatkan di kawasan kajian adalah menepati persekitaran marin berair cetek. Kesimpulannya, kepelbagaian dan kelimpahan foraminifera di kawasan kajian dipengaruhi oleh kedalaman dan saliniti air.
A single sample from the logged section at eastern side of Gua Panjang limestone hill, southwest of Kampung Kubang
Rasa Village, Merapoh, has yielded 5 very important conodont species. They are Hindeodus parvus erectus, Hindeodus
parvus parvus, Hindeodus latidentatus latidentatus, Hindeodus latidentatus praeparvus, Hindeodus postparvus, Hindeodus
eurypge and Isarcicella staeschi. These Early Triassic conodonts were obtained in a bioclastic dolostone sample, located
2.5 m above bioclastic grainstone which yielded Late Permian foraminifera. The conodonts found were given Conodont
Alteration Index (CAI) scale of 5, consistent with the heating of Main Range granitoid during Indosinian Orogeny.
Limestone harbouring basal Triassic conodonts in Gua Panjang is interpreted to be deposited in an open shallow marine
shelf environment.
Introduction: A jinn possession model from the Islamic epistemology is discussed and its role in causing inter-psyche and intra-psyche conflicts. An analysis of the symptoms of jinn possession can also help differentiate jinn possession from mental disorders. Methods: An analysis of 34 symptoms of jinn possession, derived from symptoms used by globally established ruqyah experts, was conducted using quantitative approach. Out of the 1088 participants, 530 were diagnosed as having jinn possession. Their symptoms were analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Principal Component extraction method and Varimax rotation. Results: Some cases of mental health disorders can also be diagnosed as jinn possession according to ruqyah practitioners. The EFA analysis of the symptoms ex- tracted 6 factors associated with jinn possession i.e. “abnormal thoughts”, “faith delusion”, “scary dreams”, “sleep disturbances”, “low mood” and “hallucinations”. Conclusion: Some mental disorders may also be cases of jinn possession. Jinn possession refers to any disorder with an underlying jinn possession factor. “Faith delusion” can be used to distinguish jinn possession from mental disorders. The findings can act as a foundation for the development of a model for jinn possession that will lead to the development of an instrument for the diagnosis of jinn possession.