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Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Strobilanthes crispus leaf extract

Ismail M, Manickam E, Danial AM, Rahmat A, Yahaya A

J Nutr Biochem, 2000 Nov;11(11-12):536-542.
PMID: 11137889

This study investigated the components present in and the total antioxidant activity of leaves of Strobilanthes crispus (L.) Bremek or Saricocalyx crispus (L.) Bremek (Acanthacea). Proximate analyses and total antioxidant activity using ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid methods were employed. Minerals content was determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer, whereas the water-soluble vitamins were determined by means of the UV-VIS spectrophotometer (vitamin C) and fluorimeter (vitamins B(1) and B(2)). Catechin, tannin, caffeine, and alkaloid contents were also studied. All data were compared to the previously reported results of Yerbamate, green tea, black tea, and Indian tea. The dried leaves contained a high amount of total ash (21.6%) as a result of a high amount of minerals including potassium (51%), calcium (24%), sodium (13%), iron (1%), and phosphorus (1%). High content of water-soluble vitamins (C, B(1), and B(2)) contributed to the high antioxidant activity of the leaves. The leaves also contained a moderate amount of other proximate composition as well as other compounds such as catechins, alkaloids, caffeine, and tannin, contributing further to the total antioxidant activity. Catechins of Strobilanthes crispus leaves showed highest antioxidant activity when compared to Yerbamate and vitamin E. Consumption of the leafy extract daily (5 g/day) as an herbal tea could contribute to the additional nutrients and antioxidants needed in the body to enhance the defense system, especially toward the incidence of degenerative diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Potential Residual Contaminants in Edible Bird's Nest

Yeo BH, Tang TK, Wong SF, Tan CP, Wang Y, Cheong LZ, et al.

Front Pharmacol, 2021;12:631136.
PMID: 33833681 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.631136

Edible bird's nest (EBN) is recognized as a nourishing food among Chinese people. The efficacy of EBN was stated in the records of traditional Chinese medicine and its activities have been reported in many researches. Malaysia is the second largest exporter of EBNs in the world, after Indonesia. For many years, EBN trade to China was not regulated until August 2011, when a safety alert was triggered for the consumption of EBNs. China banned the import of EBNs from Malaysia and Indonesia due to high level of nitrite. Since then, the Malaysia government has formulated Malaysia Standards for swiftlet farming (MS 2273:2012), edible bird's nest processing plant design and management (MS 2333:2010), and edible bird's nest product quality (MS 2334:2011) to enable the industry to meet the specified standards for the export to China. On the other hand, Indonesia's EBN industry formulated a standard operating procedure (SOP) for exportation to China. Both countries can export EBNs to China by complying with the standards and SOPs. EBN contaminants may include but not limited to nitrite, heavy metals, excessive minerals, fungi, bacteria, and mites. The possible source of contaminants may come from the swiftlet farms and the swiftlets or introduced during processing, storage, and transportation of EBNs, or adulterants. Swiftlet house design and management, and EBN processing affect the bird's nest color. Degradation of its optical quality has an impact on the selling price, and color changes are tied together with nitrite level. In this review, the current and future prospects of EBNs in Malaysia and Indonesia in terms of their quality, and the research on the contaminants and their effects on EBN color changes are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Urinary Sodium and Potassium, and Risk of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke (INTERSTROKE): A Case-Control Study

Judge C, O'Donnell MJ, Hankey GJ, Rangarajan S, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, et al.

Am J Hypertens, 2021 04 20;34(4):414-425.
PMID: 33197265 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa176

BACKGROUND: Although low sodium intake (<2 g/day) and high potassium intake (>3.5 g/day) are proposed as public health interventions to reduce stroke risk, there is uncertainty about the benefit and feasibility of this combined recommendation on prevention of stroke.
METHODS: We obtained random urine samples from 9,275 cases of acute first stroke and 9,726 matched controls from 27 countries and estimated the 24-hour sodium and potassium excretion, a surrogate for intake, using the Tanaka formula. Using multivariable conditional logistic regression, we determined the associations of estimated 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion with stroke and its subtypes.
RESULTS: Compared with an estimated urinary sodium excretion of 2.8-3.5 g/day (reference), higher (>4.26 g/day) (odds ratio [OR] 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-2.00) and lower (<2.8 g/day) sodium excretion (OR 1.39; 95% CI, 1.26-1.53) were significantly associated with increased risk of stroke. The stroke risk associated with the highest quartile of sodium intake (sodium excretion >4.26 g/day) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (OR 2.38; 95% CI, 1.93-2.92) than for ischemic stroke (OR 1.67; 95% CI, 1.50-1.87). Urinary potassium was inversely and linearly associated with risk of stroke, and stronger for ischemic stroke than ICH (P = 0.026). In an analysis of combined sodium and potassium excretion, the combination of high potassium intake (>1.58 g/day) and moderate sodium intake (2.8-3.5 g/day) was associated with the lowest risk of stroke.
CONCLUSIONS: The association of sodium intake and stroke is J-shaped, with high sodium intake a stronger risk factor for ICH than ischemic stroke. Our data suggest that moderate sodium intake-rather than low sodium intake-combined with high potassium intake may be associated with the lowest risk of stroke and expected to be a more feasible combined dietary target.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Improved Bacteriostatic and Anticorrosion Effects of Polycaprolactone/Chitosan Coated Magnesium via Incorporation of Zinc Oxide

Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Hamzah E, Ying WS, Razzaghi M, Sharif S, Ismail AF, et al.

Materials (Basel), 2021 Apr 12;14(8).
PMID: 33921460 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081930

Magnesium has been recognized as a groundbreaking biodegradable biomaterial for implant applications, but its use is limited because it degrades too quickly in physiological solutions. This paper describes the research on the influence of polycaprolactone (PCL)/chitosan (CS)/zinc oxide (ZnO) composite coating (PCL/CS/ZnO) on the corrosion resistance and antibacterial activity of magnesium. The PCL/CS film presented a porous structure with thickness of about 40-50 μm, while after incorporation of ZnO into the PCL/CS, a homogenous film without pores and defects was attained. The ZnO embedded in PCL/CS enhanced corrosion resistance by preventing corrosive ions diffusion in the magnesium substrate. The corrosion, antibacterial, and cell interaction mechanism of the PCL/CS/ZnO composite coating is discussed in this study. In vitro cell culture revealed that the PCL/CS coating with low loaded ZnO significantly improved cytocompatibility, but coatings with high loaded ZnO were able to induce some cytotoxicity osteoblastic cells. It was also found that enhanced antibacterial activity of the PCL/CS/ZnO coating against both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, while less significant antibacterial activity was detected for uncoated Mg and PCL/CS coating. Based on the results, the PCL/CS coatings loaded with low ZnO content may be recommended as a candidate material for biodegradable Mg-based orthopedic implant applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Pharmacological Evaluation of Safoof-e-Pathar Phori- A Polyherbal Unani Formulation for Urolithiasis

Ahmad W, Khan MA, Ashraf K, Ahmad A, Daud Ali M, Ansari MN, et al.

Front Pharmacol, 2021;12:597990.
PMID: 33935697 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.597990

Safoof-e-Pathar phori (SPP) is an Unani poly-herbomineral formulation, which has for a long time been used as a medicine due to its antiurolithiatic activity, as per the Unani Pharmacopoeia. This powder formulation is prepared using six different plant/mineral constituents. In this study, we explored the antiurolithiatic and antioxidant potentials of SPP (at 700 and 1,000 mg/kg) in albino Wistar rats with urolithiasis induced by 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) and 1% ammonium chloride (AC). Long-term oral toxicity studies were performed according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines for 90 days at an oral dose of 700 mg/kg of SPP. The EG urolithiatic toxicant group had significantly higher levels of urinary calcium, serum creatinine, blood urea, and tissue lipid peroxidation and significantly (p < 0.001 vs control) lower levels of urinary sodium and potassium than the normal control group. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of refractile crystals in the tubular epithelial cell and damage to proximal tubular epithelium in the toxicant group but not in the SPP treatment groups. Treatment of SPP at 700 and 1,000 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.001 vs toxicant) lowered urinary calcium, serum creatinine, blood urea, and lipid peroxidation in urolithiatic rats, 21 days after induction of urolithiasis compared to the toxicant group. A long-term oral toxicity study revealed the normal growth of animals without any significant change in hematological, hepatic, and renal parameters; there was no evidence of abnormal histology of the heart, kidney, liver, spleen, or stomach tissues. These results suggest the usefulness of SPP as an antiurolithiatic and an antioxidant agent, and long-term daily oral consumption of SPP was found to be safe in albino Wistar rats for up to 3 months. Thus, SPP may be safe for clinical use as an antiurolithiatic formulation.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Nutritional Support of Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Function in Infants and Young Children-An Update and Novel Insights

Cohen Kadosh K, Muhardi L, Parikh P, Basso M, Jan Mohamed HJ, Prawitasari T, et al.

Nutrients, 2021 Jan 10;13(1).
PMID: 33435231 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010199

Proper nutrition is crucial for normal brain and neurocognitive development. Failure to optimize neurodevelopment early in life can have profound long-term implications for both mental health and quality of life. Although the first 1000 days of life represent the most critical period of neurodevelopment, the central and peripheral nervous systems continue to develop and change throughout life. All this time, development and functioning depend on many factors, including adequate nutrition. In this review, we outline the role of nutrients in cognitive, emotional, and neural development in infants and young children with special attention to the emerging roles of polar lipids and high quality (available) protein. Furthermore, we discuss the dynamic nature of the gut-brain axis and the importance of microbial diversity in relation to a variety of outcomes, including brain maturation/function and behavior are discussed. Finally, the promising therapeutic potential of psychobiotics to modify gut microbial ecology in order to improve mental well-being is presented. Here, we show that the individual contribution of nutrients, their interaction with other micro- and macronutrients and the way in which they are organized in the food matrix are of crucial importance for normal neurocognitive development.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Nutritional compositions, biological activities, and phytochemical contents of the edible bamboo shoot, Dendrocalamus asper, from Malaysia

Kong, C. K., Tan, Y. N., Chye, F. Y., Sit, N. W.

International Food Research Journal, 2020;27(3):546-556.
MyJurnal

The edible shoots of Dendrocalamus asper (family Poaceae) is an underutilised food. The
present work was conducted to evaluate the nutritional compositions, biological activities, and
phytochemical contents of the shoots of D. asper obtained from different regions of Malaysia,
Peninsular (DP) and East Malaysia (DS). The nutritional analysis was conducted using the
Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC International. All minerals were quantified using
an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer, except for potassium which was measured
using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined
using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were assayed using
a colourimetric broth microdilution method, while antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH
radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assays. Enzyme inhibitory activities were examined using α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Both bamboo shoots (boiled at 100°C for 20 min) were high in moisture (> 93 g/100 g
FW), crude protein (> 21 g/100 g DW), and crude fibre contents (> 9 g/100 g DW), but low in
fat content (< 4 g/100 g DW). Potassium was the most abundant mineral at 205.67 and 203.83
µg/100 g DW of bamboo shoots of DP and DS, respectively. The extracts (hexane, ethyl
acetate, ethanol, and water) of both shoots showed stronger antifungal activity than antibacterial activity against selected human pathogens. All extracts of DP shoots demonstrated higher
CAA in HeLa cells and α-amylase inhibitory activity than that of DS shoots. In contrast, the
extracts of DS shoots exhibited stronger inhibition on α-glucosidase and contained higher
TPC than that of DP shoots. The D. asper shoots obtained from the Peninsular Malaysia and
East Malaysia contained different types of secondary metabolites which account for the differences in the biological activities. In conclusion, D. asper shoots have potential as a nutritional
and functional food.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Investigation of struvite crystals formed in palm oil mill effluent anaerobic digester

Ngatiman M, Jami MS, Abu Bakar MR, Subramaniam V, Loh SK

Heliyon, 2021 Jan;7(1):e05931.
PMID: 33490684 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05931

The formation of struvite crystals or magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH4PO4) in palm oil mill effluent (POME) occurs as early as in the secondary stage of POME treatment system. Its growth continues in the subsequent tertiary treatment which reduces piping diameter, thus affecting POME treatment efficiency. Hypothesis. The beneficial use of the crystal is the motivation. This occurrence is rarely reported in scientific articles despite being a common problem faced by palm oil millers. The aim of this study is to characterize struvite crystals found in an anaerobic digester of a POME treatment facility in terms of their physical and chemical aspects. The compositions, morphology and properties of these crystals were determined via energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Solubility tests were carried out to establish solubility curve for struvite from POME. Finally, crystal growth experiment was done applying reaction crystallization method to demonstrate struvite precipitation from POME. Results showed that high phosphorous (P) (24.85 wt%) and magnesium (Mg) (21.33 wt%) content was found in the struvite sample. Elemental analysis detected carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) below 4 wt%. The crystals analysed by XRD in this study were confirmed as struvite with 94.8% struvite mineral detected from its total volume. Having an orthorhombic crystal system, struvite crystals from POME recorded an average density of 1.701 g cm-3. Solubility curve of struvite from POME was established with maximum solubility of 275.6 mg L-1 at pH 3 and temperature 40 °C. Minimum solubility of 123.6 mg L-1 was recorded at pH 7 and temperature 25 °C. Crystal growth experiment utilizing POME as the source medium managed to achieve 67% reduction in phosphorous content. This study concluded that there is a potential of harnessing valuable nutrients from POME in the form of struvite. Struvite precipitation technology can be adapted in the management of POME in order to achieve maximum utilization of the nutrients that are still abundant in POME. At the same time maximization of nutrient extractions from POME will also reduce pollutants loading in the final discharge.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Food Insecurity and Dietary Intake Among Elderly Population: A Systematic Review

Zarei M, Qorbani M, Djalalinia S, Sulaiman N, Subashini T, Appanah G, et al.

Int J Prev Med, 2021;12:8.
PMID: 34084305 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_61_19

Background: This review seeks to determine the relationship between food insecurity among elderly people over the past decades and nutrient deficiency, which is rather unclear. We aim to systematically review the relationship between food insecurity and dietary intake among elderly population.
Methods: In this systematic review, we systematically searched the international databases including PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus for scientifically related papers which have been published up until January 2018. For a more refined search, we used the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and Emtree. In terms of search protocol, no restrictions were placed on time and language. Two independent reviewers conducted the data refining processes. Validated form (PRISMA) was used to conduct quality assessment and data extraction.
Results: Eight cross sectional studies have been included in this review. Two of the studies were conducted in Asia and the remaining six studies were largely based in the United States and Canada. Food insecurity was associated with low levels of vitamin and mineral intakes such as vitamins E, A, B, and D and also zinc, calcium, magnesium, and iron. Most studies also reported insufficient energy, and micro and macronutrients intake among elderly people.
Conclusions: The findings of this review evidence a considerable amount of food insecurity and nutrient deficiency, including vitamins E, C, D, B 2, and B 12 and zinc, phosphorus, and calcium among elderly population. These findings could be used as reliable evidence by policy makers and future complementary analyses.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
A Comparative Effectiveness Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Drugs for the Prophylaxis of Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia

Mendel B, Christianto, Setiawan M, Prakoso R, Siagian SN

Curr Cardiol Rev, 2021 Jun 03.
PMID: 34082685 DOI: 10.2174/1573403X17666210603113430

BACKGROUND: Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is an arrhythmia originating from the AV junction, which may occur following congenital heart surgery, especially when the intervention is near the atrioventricular junction.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the effectiveness of amiodarone, dexmedetomidine and magnesium in preventing JET following congenital heart surgery.
METHODS: This meta-analysis was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement, where 11 electronic databases were searched from date of inception to August 2020. The incidence of JET was calculated with the relative risk of 95% confidence interval (CI). Quality assessment of the included studies was assessed using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) 2010 statement.
RESULTS: Eleven studies met the predetermined inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. Amiodarone, dexmedetomidine and magnesium significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative JET [Amiodarone: risk ratio 0.34; I2= 0%; Z=3.66 (P=0.0002); 95% CI 0.19-0.60. Dexmedetomidine: risk ratio 0.34; I2= 0%; Z=4.77 (P<0.00001); 95% CI 0.21-0.52. Magnesium: risk ratio 0.50; I2= 24%; Z=5.08 (P<0.00001); 95% CI 0.39-0.66].
CONCLUSION: All three drugs show promise in reducing the incidence of JET. Our systematic review found that dexmedetomidine is better in reducing the length of ICU stays as well as mortality. In addition, dexmedetomidine also has the least pronounced side effects among the three. However, it should be noted that this conclusion was derived from studies with small sample sizes. Therefore, dexmedetomidine may be considered as the drug of choice for preventing JET.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Effect of storage conditions on quality of prebiotic dark chocolate

Norhayati, H., Rasma Suzielawanis, Mohd Khan AMohd Khan, A.

Malays J Nutr, 2013;19(1):111-119.
MyJurnal

Introduction: A prebiotic such as inulin is a well-known functional plant food ingredient. It is capable of stimulating growth of beneficial bifidobacteria in the intestine thus protecting against intestinal infections, preventing constipation, increasing mineral absorption, reducing the incidence of colon cancer, and producing B vitamins. Inulin added to food therefore has to be stable during food processing especially against heat treatment, low pH and Maillard reaction. Methods: Newly developed dark chocolate, DC-1, containing inulin (replacing sugar component) as an added value, was stored at 18oC, 60% relative humidity and 25oC, 80% relative humidity (RH) to determine shelf life stability compared to control dark chocolate, DC-0 (with high content of sugar). Sensory evaluation (quantitative descriptive analysis), water activity (aw), microbiological content and presence of inulin after storage of the prebiotic chocolate under both conditions were evaluated to determine shelf life. Results: The DC-1 chocolate had at least 12 months of shelf life at 18oC, 60% RH with better acceptance than DC-0; moreover, it did not experience microbiological and inulin content changes. At 25oC, 80% RH, the growth of Aspergillus sp. was observed on the surface of both DC-0 and DC-1 with aw >0.50 after a 2-month storage. Conclusion: Shelf life stability of DC-1 is almost similar to DC-0.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Identification of carotenoid composition in selected ‘ulam’ or traditional vegetables in Malaysia

Fatimah, A.M.Z., Norazian, M.H., Rashidi, O.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):527-530.
MyJurnal

Ulam or traditional vegetables in Malaysia comprise more than 120 species representing various
families ranging from groundcovers, shrubs to trees. The leaves, shoots, flowers, fruits, roots and rhizomes of the vegetables are eaten fresh as salad or cooked and are consumed to add variety and flavor to the diet, as well as for their health benefits. Ulam species are rich in carbohydrate, protein, mineral and vitamin. This study established that ulam species differ greatly with respect to types and concentrations of carotenoids in leaves. A total of 10 species were evaluated for quantitative and qualitative carotenoid composition through spectrophotometry and HPLC analysis. The main carotenoids identified in these selected ulam were lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin and β-carotene. The ratio of these carotenoids varies between species.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology properties of Strobilanthes crispus

Nurraihana, H., Norfarizan-Hanoon, N.A.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(5):2045-2056.
MyJurnal

Strobilanthes crispus (S. crispus) is an herbal medicine plant which is native to countries from Madagascar to Indonesia. The plants contained high amount of mineral content and vitamin C, B1 and B2. This plant are used in medicinal and to treat a variety of ailments in the various traditional systems of medicine. Phytochemical investigations have revealed that the plant contain polyphenols, flavonoids, catechins, alkaloids, caffeine, tannins, compounds known to possess multiple health beneficial effects. Preclinical studies have shown that the plant possess antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, wound healing and antiulcerogenic activities. This review presents the comprehensive overview of phytochemical constituents, pharmacological and toxicological properties of S. crispus and to provide preliminary information for future research and for commercial exploitation.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext The Safety Of Capsules Containing Lactic Acid Bacilli

Paraidathathu, Thomas, Lee, S.H.

Ann Dent, 1999;6(1):-.
MyJurnal

The population in Malaysia use various types of health and food supplements. These products are considered safe and are used without any concern for their toxicity. Among the products used as health supplements are products that contain lactic acid bacteria. This project studied the acute and subacute toxicity of a product containing minerals, herbs, vitamins and live lactic acid bacteria, on Sprague- Dawley rats. Acute toxicity was tested 24 hours after a single dose and subacute toxicity was studied 24 hours after 7 days of daily dosing. The parameters that were studied were alanine aminotransferase (AL T,SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT), serum urea, ratios of weight of kidney and liver weight to body weight and percentage changes in body weights. The contents of capsules of the product (6, 8 or lO capsules for acute studies and 6, 10 and 12 for subacute studies) were mixed with corn oil and fed orally to rats. Control rats were fed with corn oil alone. In the acute studies, the level of ALT in the rats treated with the contents of the capsule was lower than controls. There were no significant changes in the other parameters of the rats in the treatment groups as compared to controls. There were no significant differences in all the parameters between rats in the treatment groups as compared to controls in the subacute studies. Sprague-Dawley rats fed with high doses of the product did not show signs of toxicity in the parameters that were studied.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Composition of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) and Chinese apple flower (Malus spp.) buds

Voon, H.C., Bhat, Rajeev, Karim, A.A., Rosma, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(3):1173-1179.
MyJurnal

Traditionally, in Chinese medicine, tree peony and apple flower buds are used to prepare herbal decoctions to cure various ailments. As both of these flowers are popular and used regularly, providing scientific evidence on their basic composition is a necessity. Hence, in the present study, we report the chemical composition of these two flower buds. Results revealed tree peony and apple flower buds to have high crude protein (15.73 and 26.30%), fibre (13.11 and 16.51%), and carbohydrate (57.84 and 40.63%) contents. Both the flowers had significant amounts of essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential minerals present in tree peony and apple flowers were potassium (1540.37 and 1125.60 mg/100 g), calcium (462.46 and 449.98 mg/100 g), magnesium (241.51 and 164.23 mg/100 g), sodium (12.75 and 20.06 mg/100 g), and phosphorus (420.00 and 590.00 mg/100 g), respectively. Heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, mercury, lead, and arsenic) were detected in trace amounts (< 0.50 mg/100 g) in both the flower buds. Results obtained indicate that both flowers could be exploited as an additional source of nutraceutical for the development of new functional foods.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Dietary supplementation among doctors in Kelantan

Rohana Abdul Jalil, Zulkifli Ahmad

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2007;7(1):60-63.
MyJurnal

The aim of the study is to describe the usage of dietary supplemenu among doctors working in the hospitals in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The method used was a postal questionaire survey of the doctors, both specialists and medical officers working in these hospitals. The results showed that
only 28.7% of the doctors are taking dietary supplements. Significantly more female doctors and doctors on long term medication, were taking these supplements. The dietary supplements commonly used were multivitamins and minerals (92.3%), garlic (26.9%), vitamin C (26.9%) and
lecithin (15.4%). The majority of the doctors who took dietary supplements (60%) felt their health status have improved. These supplements were mostly obtained from hospital pharmacies. Doctors who puchase their own supplements spend between RMIO to RMIZO per month. The main reasons given for taking these supplements were that the doctors jfelt healthier' and to ‘prevent or as a supplementary treatment’ for conditions like hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease and cancers. There were four doctors who regularly use traditional dietary supplements. Most doctors will generally advice their patients and children to take dietary supplements regularly, as they felt that it is important for health.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Determination of major ions concentrations in kelantan well water using edxrf

Zaini Hamzah, Wan Noorhayani Wan Rosdi, Abdul Khalik Wood

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2012;2012(2):66-72.
MyJurnal

Well water is a renewable natural resources and one of the drinking water sources. The well water may constituted of dissolved essential chemicals such as K+, Ca''+ and Na+ ; and natural radionuclides such as radioisotopes from uranium-thorium decay series. The geology and mineral composition of the soil will determined the kinds and levels of chemical contents in the groundwater resources. The water flows through the geological formation and dissolved the chemicals before reaching the aquifers. To evaluate how much chemicals and natural radioactive in the water resources, a study has been carried out. Well water samples in this study were taken from 3 districts in Kelantan, which is Bachok, Machang and Kuala Krai. Similarly, in situ water quality parameters were measured using YSI portable water quality parameter include pH, salinity, dissolve oxygen(DO), conductivity, turbidity and total dissolved solids(TDS). The concentrations of K', Ca" and Na' were determined using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). Five ml of filtered sample was pipette into the sample cup and, irradiated and measured for 100 seconds counting times. The type of filter used for measuring If+ and Cat{ was Al-thin and default for Nat The ranged of concentration of Kt Ce and Na+ is 23.04-251.89, 3.12-.45.41, and 3.71-125.75 ppm, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Nutrients depictions of Barhi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) kernels

Mahmud, I.A., Mirghani, M.E.S., Alkhatib, M.F.R., Yusof, F., Shahabuddin, M., Rashidi, O., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(101):0-0.
MyJurnal

Phoenix dactylifera L (Date palm) is one of the oldest known fruit crops in the world, and
the consumption of date fruits is no longer restricted to the Middle Eastern countries. Date
palm kernels are waste products of date fruit industry which are normally being discarded.
Based on their dietary fiber content; date palm kernels (DPK) have been proposed to be used
as fiber-based food supplement, caffeine free coffee alternative and animal feed ingredient.
Hence, utilization of such waste is highly desirable for the date industry. To accommodate these
benefits, and subsequent to some uses associated with DPK, this study sought to investigate the
biochemical and nutritional values of the Barhi date palm kernels (BDPK) grown in Iraq. The
results show that BDPK is an excellent source of dietary fiber (66.24 g/100g). Glutamic acid
was found to be the predominant amino acid, (0.674 g/100g), followed by Arginine and aspartic
acid (0.437 g/100g and 0.320 g/100g, respectively). Potassium was the most occurring mineral
in BDPK (2.39 g/kg), and the main sugars were sucrose and fructose (0.548 g/100g and 0.249
g/100g, respectively). Gas-liquid chromatography revealed that the main unsaturated fatty acid
(USFA) was oleic acid (40.927 mg/100g), while the main saturated fatty acid (SFA) were lauric
acid (20.270 mg/100g) and myristic acid (12.288 mg/100g). Furthermore, the BDPK depicted
considerable concentrations of vitamins, in which vitamin B5 (40.4 mg/100g) showed the
highest value. The results obtained indicate a strong potential for BDPK to be used in human
nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical applications and may provide an important economic
advantage through increasing the utilization of BDKP while also additive value will be added
to the residue.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
Fulltext Effect of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) on morphological changes in the liver and kidney of rats fed with high fat diet

Noratirah Shazlin, M.A., Asmah, R., Nurul Shazini, R., Hawa, Z.E.J.

Malaysian Journal of Microscopy, 2016;12(1):48-53.
MyJurnal

Mangosteen is a native fruit from Southeast Asia. It is rich in phenolic compounds like xanthones, anthocyanins and phenolic acids and also a good source of fibre and minerals. The present study aim to investigate the effects of mangosteen aril supplementation on the histopathological changes of liver and kidney in rats fed with high fat diet. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n=8), which consisted of normal control group (NC), obese control group (OC), obese supplemented with 200 mg/kg mangosteen group (M200), obese supplemented with 400 mg/kg mangosteen group (M400) and obese supplemented with 600 mg/kg mangosteen group (M600). At the end of seven weeks, obese groups supplemented with mangosteen aril were force feed to correspond mangosteen dosage while the control groups were force feed with distilled water as placebo. At the end of seven weeks of supplementation period, all rats were sacrificed and liver and kidney were collected. All data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and the differences between groups were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results showed that supplementation of mangosteen aril in obese rats able to ameliorate the abnormalities in their liver and kidney tissue caused by high fat diet.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals
The Potential Source of B. licheniformis Contamination During Whey Protein Concentrate 80 Manufacture

Md Zain SN, Bennett R, Flint S

J Food Sci, 2017 Mar;82(3):751-756.
PMID: 28135405 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13633

The objective of this study was to determine the possible source of predominant Bacillus licheniformis contamination in a whey protein concentrate (WPC) 80 manufacturing plant. Traditionally, microbial contaminants of WPC were believed to grow on the membrane surfaces of the ultrafiltration plant as this represents the largest surface area in the plant. Changes from hot to cold ultrafiltration have reduced the growth potential for bacteria on the membrane surfaces. Our recent studies of WPCs have shown the predominant microflora B. licheniformis would not grow in the membrane plant because of the low temperature (10 °C) and must be growing elsewhere. Contamination of dairy products is mostly due to bacteria being released from biofilm in the processing plant rather from the farm itself. Three different reconstituted WPC media at 1%, 5%, and 20% were used for biofilm growth and our results showed that B. licheniformis formed the best biofilm at 1% (low solids). Further investigations were done using 3 different media; tryptic soy broth, 1% reconstituted WPC80, and 1% reconstituted WPC80 enriched with lactose and minerals to examine biofilm growth of B. licheniformis on stainless steel. Thirty-three B. licheniformis isolates varied in their ability to form biofilm on stainless steel with stronger biofilm in the presence of minerals. The source of biofilms of thermo-resistant bacteria such as B. licheniformis is believed to be before the ultrafiltration zone represented by the 1% WPC with lactose and minerals where the whey protein concentration is about 0.6%.

Matched MeSH terms: Minerals

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