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  1. Fulltext P53 expression in invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma and precursor lesions
    Norfadzilah MY, Pailoor J, Retneswari M, Chinna K, Noor LM
    Malays J Pathol, 2011 Dec;33(2):89-94.
    PMID: 22299208 MyJurnal
    Patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma are known to have a high mortality rate. The 5-year survival rate still remains low even now compared to that of the 1960's despite new advances in management including surgery, chemotherapy, pathological classification and molecular diagnostic technologies. Precursors to invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma have been identified in the last ten years that include mucinous cystic neoplasm, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. p53 protein accumulation in the nuclei is a common molecular event in most human neoplasms. Our objective is to investigate p53 expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and precursor lesions and their significance. The selected study material encompassed 31 invasive ductal adenocarcinoma, 15 mucinous cystic neoplasm and papillary mucinous neoplasm, and 27 cases of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia including grade 1, 2 and 3. Immunoscore was given for each case based on intensity of staining and percentage of cells positive and compared between precursor lesions and invasive adenocarcinoma. A score of 50 and above was considered significant. The results showed that p53 expression increased progressively and significantly with the grade of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma (p-value < 0.001). These findings support the concept of multistep carcinogenesis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and suggest that p53 inactivation occurs in the progression of precursors to pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma in Situ/metabolism*; Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism*; Precancerous Conditions/metabolism*; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism*
  2. Lack of increased P15INK4B protein expression in basal cell carcinomas
    Moad AI, Tan ML, Kaur G, Mabruk M
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(12):6239-44.
    PMID: 23464438
    BACKGROUND: The basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSK). BCC might develop because of the faulty cell cycle arrest. P15INK4b is a tumor suppressor gene, involved in cell cycle arrest and inactivated in most human cancers. The role of p15INK4b protein expression in the genesis of BCC is as yet unknown. In a previous study we showed the absence of p15INK4b expression in the majority of tissue microarray cores of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs), another type of non-melanoma skin cancer, indicating that p15INK4b could possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous SCC. The aim of this study was to investigate p15INK4b protein expression in BCCs.

    MATERIALS AND METHOD: Protein expression of p15INK4b in 35 cases of BCC tissue arrays and 19 cases of normal human skin tissue was studied using an immunohistochemical approach.

    RESULTS: The expression of p15INK4b was not significantly different in the BCC cases as compared with normal human skin (p=0.356; p>0.05). In addition, there were no significant relationship between clinicopathologic variables of patients (age and sex) and p15INK4b protein expression.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our finding may indicate that p15INK4b protein expression does not play a role in the genesis of BCC.

    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism*; Skin/metabolism; Skin Neoplasms/metabolism*; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15/metabolism*
  3. Potential chemoprevention activity of pterostilbene by enhancing the detoxifying enzymes in the HT-29 cell line
    Harun Z, Ghazali AR
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(12):6403-7.
    PMID: 23464466
    Detoxifying enzymes are present in most epithelial cells of the human gastrointestinal tract where they protect against xenobiotics which may cause cancer. Induction of examples such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and its thiol conjugate, glutathione (GSH) as well as NAD(P)H: quinoneoxidoreductase (NQO1) facilitate the excretion of carcinogens and thus preventing colon carcinogenesis. Pterostilbene, an analogue of resveratrol, has demonstrated numerous pharmacological activities linked with chemoprevention. This study was conducted to investigate the potential of pterostilbene as a chemopreventive agent using the HT-29 colon cancer cell line to study the modulation of GST and NQO1 activities as well as the GSH level. Initially, our group, established the optimum dose of 24 hours pterostilbene treatment using MTT assays. Then, effects of pterostilbene (0-50 μM) on GST and NQO1 activity and GSH levels were determined using GST, NQO1 and Ellman assays, respectively. MTT assay of pterostilbene (0-100 μM) showed no cytotoxicity toward the HT-29 cell line. Treatment increased GST activity in the cell line significantly (p<0.05) at 12.5 and 25.0 μM. In addition, treatment at 50 μM increased the GSH level significantly (p<0.05). Pterostilbene also enhanced NQO1 activity significantly (p<0.05) at 12.5 μM and 50 μM. Hence, pterostilbene is a potential chemopreventive agent capable of modulation of detoxifiying enzyme levels in HT-29 cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism; Glutathione/metabolism; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)/metabolism
  4. Fulltext Reactive oxygen species-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations in rat aortic rings: protection by methanolic extracts of Phoebe grandis
    Yeh-Siang L, Subramaniam G, Hadi AH, Murugan D, Mustafa MR
    Molecules, 2011 Apr 06;16(4):2990-3000.
    PMID: 21471938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16042990
    Generation of reactive oxygen species plays a pivotal role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The present study describes the effects of the methanolic extract of Phoebe grandis (MPG) stem bark on reactive oxygen species-induced endothelial dysfunction in vitro. Endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine, ACh) and -independent relaxation (sodium nitroprusside, SNP) was investigated from isolated rat aorta of Sprague-Dawley (SD) in the presence of the β-NADH (enzymatic superoxide inducer) and MPG extract. Superoxide anion production in aortic vessels was measured by lucigen chemiluminesence. Thirty minutes incubation of the rat aorta in vitro with β-NADH increased superoxide radical production and significantly inhibited ACh-induced relaxations. Pretreatment with MPG (0.5, 5 and 50 μg/mL) restored the ACh-induced relaxations (R(max): 92.29% ± 2.93, 91.02% ± 4.54 and 88.31 ± 2.36, respectively) in the presence of β-NADH. MPG was ineffective in reversing the impaired ACh-induced relaxations caused by pyrogallol, a non-enzymatic superoxide generator. Superoxide dismutase (a superoxide scavenger), however, reversed the impaired ACh relaxations induced by both β-NADH and pyrogallol. MPG also markedly inhibited the β-NADH-induced generation of the superoxide radicals. Furthermore, MPG scavenging peroxyl radicals generated by tBuOOH (10⁻⁴ M).These results indicate that MPG may improve the endothelium dependent relaxations to ACh through its scavenging activity as well as by inhibiting the NADH/NADPH oxidase induced generation of superoxide anions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aorta/metabolism; Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism; NADP/metabolism; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism*
  5. Fulltext Characterization of oral disintegrating film containing donepezil for Alzheimer disease
    Liew KB, Tan YT, Peh KK
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2012 Mar;13(1):134-42.
    PMID: 22167416 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9729-4
    The aim of this study was to develop a taste-masked oral disintegrating film (ODF) containing donepezil, with fast disintegration time and suitable mechanical strength, for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, corn starch, polyethylene glycol, lactose monohydrate and crosspovidone served as the hydrophilic polymeric bases of the ODF. The uniformity, in vitro disintegration time, drug release and the folding endurance of the ODF were examined. The in vitro results showed that 80% of donepezil hydrochloride was released within 5 minutes with mean disintegration time of 44 seconds. The result of the film flexibility test showed that the number of folding time to crack the film was 40 times, an indication of sufficient mechanical property for patient use. A single-dose, fasting, four-period, eight-treatment, double-blind study involving 16 healthy adult volunteers was performed to evaluate the in situ disintegration time and palatability of ODF. Five parameters, namely taste, aftertaste, mouthfeel, ease of handling and acceptance were evaluated. The mean in situ disintegration time of ODF was 49 seconds. ODF containing 7 mg of sucralose were more superior than saccharin and aspartame in terms of taste, aftertaste, mouthfeel and acceptance. Furthermore, the ODF was stable for at least 6 months when stored at 40°C and 75% relative humidity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Carriers/metabolism*; Indans/metabolism*; Piperidines/metabolism*; Sweetening Agents/metabolism*
  6. Molecular identification of Aspergillus and Eurotium species isolated from rice and their toxin-producing ability
    Yazdani D, Zainal Abidin MA, Tan YH, Kamaruzaman S
    Mikrobiologiia, 2011 Sep-Oct;80(5):707-13.
    PMID: 22168015
    Thirty milled rice samples were collected from retailers in 4 provinces of Malaysia. These samples were evaluated for Aspergillus spp. infection by direct plating on malt extract salt agar (MESA). All Aspergillus holomorphs were isolated and identified using nucleotide sequences of ITS 1 and ITS 2 of rDNA. Five anamorphs (Aspergillus flavus, A. oryzae, A. tamarii, A. fumigatus and A. niger) and 5 teleomorphs (Eurotium rubrum, E. amstelodami, E. chevalieri, E. cristatum and E. tonophilum) were identified. The PCR-sequencing based technique for sequences of ITS 1 and ITS 2 is a fast technique for identification of Aspergillus and Eurotium species, although it doesn't work flawlessly for differentiation of Eurotium species. All Aspergillus and Eurotium isolates were screened for their ability to produce aflatoxin and ochratoxin A (OTA) by HPLC and TLC techniques. Only A. flavus isolate UPM 89 was able to produce aflatoxins B1 and B2.
    Matched MeSH terms: Aflatoxins/metabolism*; Aspergillus/metabolism; Ochratoxins/metabolism*; Eurotium/metabolism
  7. Tocotrienols: inflammation and cancer
    Nesaretnam K, Meganathan P
    Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2011 Jul;1229:18-22.
    PMID: 21793834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06088.x
    Inflammation is an organism's response to environmental assaults. It can be classified as acute inflammation that leads to therapeutic recovery or chronic inflammation, which may lead to the development of cancer and other ailments. Genetic changes that occur within cancer cells themselves are responsible for many aspects of cancer development but are dependent on ancillary processes for tumor promotion and progression. Inflammation has long been associated with the development of cancer. The distinct characteristics of cancer cells to proliferate, metastasize, evade apoptotic signals, and develop chemoresistance have been linked to the inflammatory response. Due to the involvement of multiple genes and various pathways, current drugs that target single genes have not been effective in providing a therapeutic cure. On the other hand, natural products target multiple genes and therefore have better success compared to drugs. Tocotrienols, the potent isoforms of vitamin E, are such a natural product. This review will discuss the relationship between cancer and inflammation with particular focus on the roles played by NF-κB, STAT3, and COX-2.
    Matched MeSH terms: Inflammation/metabolism; NF-kappa B/metabolism; STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism; Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
  8. Biodegradation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate by Ralstonia sp. PBA and Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant
    Gan HM, Shahir S, Ibrahim Z, Yahya A
    Chemosphere, 2011 Jan;82(4):507-13.
    PMID: 21094980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.094
    A co-culture consisting of Hydrogenophaga sp. PBC and Ralstonia sp. PBA, isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant could tolerate up to 100 mM 4-aminobenzenesulfonate (4-ABS) and utilize it as sole carbon, nitrogen and sulfur source under aerobic condition. The biodegradation of 4-ABS resulted in the release of nitrogen and sulfur in the form of ammonium and sulfate respectively. Ninety-eight percent removal of chemical oxygen demand attributed to 20 mM of 4-ABS in cell-free supernatant could be achieved after 118 h. Effective biodegradation of 4-ABS occurred at pH ranging from 6 to 8. During batch culture with 4-ABS as sole carbon and nitrogen source, the ratio of strain PBA to PBC was dynamic and a critical concentration of strain PBA has to be reached in order to enable effective biodegradation of 4-ABS. Haldane inhibition model was used to fit the degradation rate at different initial concentrations and the parameters μ(max), K(s) and K(i) were determined to be 0.13 h⁻¹, 1.3 mM and 42 mM respectively. HPLC analyses revealed traced accumulation of 4-sulfocatechol and at least four unidentified metabolites during biodegradation. This is the first study to report on the characterization of 4-ABS-degrading bacterial consortium that was isolated from textile wastewater treatment plant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sulfanilic Acids/metabolism*; Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism*; Comamonadaceae/metabolism*; Ralstonia/metabolism*
  9. The effects of Labisia pumila var. alata on bone markers and bone calcium in a rat model of post-menopausal osteoporosis
    Shuid AN, Ping LL, Muhammad N, Mohamed N, Soelaiman IN
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2011 Jan 27;133(2):538-42.
    PMID: 20971181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.033
    AIM OF THE STUDY: Postmenopausal osteoporosis is mainly treated with estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). However, ERT causes side effects, mainly breast cancer, uterine cancer and thromboembolic problems. Labisia pumila var. arata (LPva), a herb with phytoestrogenic effects has the potential to be used as an alternative agent to ERT. This study was conducted to determine the effects of LPva on bone biochemical markers and bone calcium content in ovariectomised rats.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty two Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, with 8 rats in each group. The first group was sham operated (Sham), the second group was ovariectomised (OVX), the third (LPva) and fourth group (ERT) were also ovariectomised and given LPva 17.5 mg/kg and Premarin(®) 64.5 μg/kg, respectively. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment to measure osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen levels using ELISA while the fifth lumbar bone samples were taken to measure bone calcium content using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
    RESULTS: The osteocalcin levels were significantly higher in both the LPva and ERT groups compared to the OVX group. The CTX levels were significantly lower in both the LPva and ERT groups compared to the OVX group. However, only the ERT group had significantly higher bone calcium level compared to the OVX group.
    CONCLUSION: The supplementation of 17.5 mg/kg of LPva to ovariectomised rats for 8 weeks was able to prevent the changes in bone biochemical markers but failed to prevent the bone calcium loss induced by ovariectomy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone and Bones/metabolism; Calcium/metabolism; Biomarkers/metabolism; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal/metabolism
  10. Ethanol and lactic acid production using sap squeezed from old oil palm trunks felled for replanting
    Kosugi A, Tanaka R, Magara K, Murata Y, Arai T, Sulaiman O, et al.
    J Biosci Bioeng, 2010 Sep;110(3):322-5.
    PMID: 20547348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.03.001
    Old oil palm trunks that had been felled for replanting were found to contain large quantities of high glucose content sap. Notably, the sap in the inner part of the trunk accounted for more than 80% of the whole trunk weight. The glucose concentration of the sap from the inner part was 85.2g/L and decreased towards the outer part. Other sugars found in relatively low concentrations were sucrose, fructose, galactose, xylose, and rhamnose. In addition, oil palm sap was found to be rich in various kinds of amino acids, organic acids, minerals and vitamins. Based on these findings, we fermented the sap to produce ethanol using the sake brewing yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kyokai no.7. Ethanol was produced from the sap without the addition of nutrients, at a comparable rate and yield to the reference fermentation on YPD medium with glucose as a carbon source. Likewise, we produced lactic acid, a promising material for bio-plastics, poly-lactate, from the sap using the homolactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus lactis ATCC19435. We confirmed that sugars contained in the sap were readily converted to lactic acid with almost the same efficiency as the reference fermentation on MSR medium with glucose as a substrate. These results indicate that oil palm trunks felled for replanting are a significant resource for the production of fuel ethanol and lactic acid in palm oil-producing countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethanol/metabolism*; Plant Extracts/metabolism*; Plant Oils/metabolism*; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism*
  11. Fulltext Myoid hamartoma of breast with chondroid metaplasia: a case report
    Khoo JJ, Alwi RI, Abd-Rahman I
    Malays J Pathol, 2009 Jun;31(1):77-80.
    PMID: 19694319 MyJurnal
    Breast hamartoma is an uncommon poorly recognised benign breast neoplasm. Hamartoma displaying marked smooth muscle components known as myoid hamartoma of the breast is a much rarer entity. We present a case of myoid hamartoma of breast with chondroid differentiation in a 46-year-old woman. The painless breast lump was circumscribed and mammography showed a well-encapsulated large, dense mass with no calcification. Core needle biopsy was reported as fibroadenoma. The lesion was excised. Microscopically, it composed of many groups of mammary glandular components with dense fibrous stroma, adipose tissue and marked groups of smooth muscle fibres. Foci of chondroid differentiation were noted in the lesion. The smooth muscle cells showed strong and diffuse immunoreactivity for vimentin, myogloblin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, desmin and CD34 and failed to express pan-cytokeratin or S100 protein. The ducts lined by epithelial cells were reactive to pan-cytokeratin while the myoepithelial cells were reactive to S100 protein. The various immuno-histochemical staining as well as the cyto-histological changes encountered in myoid hamartomas are discussed with clinical, radiological and pathological correlation to differentiate it from other benign and malignant breast lesions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Diseases/metabolism; Hamartoma/metabolism; Muscle, Smooth/metabolism; Biomarkers/metabolism
  12. Potential hydrophobic protein markers of breast cancer in Malaysian Chinese, Malay and Indian patients
    Liang S, Singh M, Gam LH
    Cancer Biomark, 2010;8(6):319-30.
    PMID: 22072120 DOI: 10.3233/CBM-2011-0221
    Breast cancer is a leading cause of worldwide mortality in females. In Malaysia, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Of these, the Chinese had the most number of breast cancer cases, followed by the Indian and the Malay. The most common type of breast cancer is infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). A proteomic approach was used to identify protein profile changes in cancerous tissues compared with the normal tissues, the tissues were collected from patients of three different ethnicities, i.e. Chinese, Malay and Indian. Ten differentially expressed hydrophobic proteins were identified. We had evaluated the potential of these proteins as biomarker for infiltrating ducal carcinoma (IDC) and the ethnic-specific expression of these proteins was also determined. The data showed that peroxiredoxin-2, heat shock protein 60, protein disulfide isomerase and calreticulin may serve as ethnic-related potential markers for either one or combination of Chinese, Malay and Indian cohorts as their expression levels were significantly high in the cancerous tissues compared to the normal tissues in the ethnic group tested.
    Publication year=2010-2011
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/metabolism*; Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism*; Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism*; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism*
  13. A kinetic study of autohydrogenotrophic denitrification at the optimum pH and sodium bicarbonate dose
    Ghafari S, Hasan M, Aroua MK
    Bioresour Technol, 2010 Apr;101(7):2236-42.
    PMID: 20015639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.068
    In this study the kinetics of autohydrogenotrophic denitrification was studied under optimum solution pH and bicarbonate concentration. The optimal pH and bicarbonate concentration were firstly obtained using a design of experiment (DOE) methodology. For this purpose a total of 11 experiments were carried out. Sodium bicarbonate concentrations ranging of 20-2000 mg/L and pH values from 6.5 to 8.5 were used in the optimization runs. It was found that the pH has a more pronounced effect on the denitrification process as compared to the bicarbonate dose. The developed quadratic model predicted the optimum conditions at pH 8 and 1100 mg NaHCO(3)/L. Using these optimal conditions, the kinetics of denitrification for nitrate and nitrite degradation were investigated in separate experiments. Both processes were found to follow a zero order kinetic model. The ultimate specific degradation rates for nitrate and nitrite remediation were 29.60 mg NO(3)(-)-N/g MLVSS/L and 34.85 mg NO(3)(-)-N/g MLVSS/L respectively, when hydrogen was supplied every 0.5h.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen/metabolism*; Nitrates/metabolism; Nitrites/metabolism; Nitrogen/metabolism*
  14. Fulltext Pbx1 is essential for growth of zebrafish swim bladder
    Teoh PH, Shu-Chien AC, Chan WK
    Dev. Dyn., 2010 Mar;239(3):865-74.
    PMID: 20108353 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22221
    pbx1, a TALE (three-amino acid loop extension) homeodomain transcription factor, is involved in a diverse range of developmental processes. We examined the expression of pbx1 during zebrafish development by in situ hybridization. pbx1 transcripts could be detected in the central nervous system and pharyngeal arches from 24 hpf onwards. In the swim bladder anlage, pbx1 was detected as early as 28 hpf, making it the earliest known marker for this organ. Morpholino-mediated gene knockdown of pbx1 revealed that the swim bladder failed to inflate, with eventual lethality occurring by 8 dpf. The knockdown of pbx1 did not perturb the expression of prdc and foxA3, with both early swim bladder markers appearing normally at 36 and 48 hpf, respectively. However, the expression of anxa5 was completely abolished by pbx1 knockdown at 60 hpf suggesting that pbx1 may be required during the late stage of swim bladder development.
    Matched MeSH terms: RNA, Messenger/metabolism; Transcription Factors/metabolism*; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism; Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism*
  15. Dual modification of starch via partial enzymatic hydrolysis in the granular state and subsequent hydroxypropylation
    Karim AA, Sufha EH, Zaidul IS
    J Agric Food Chem, 2008 Nov 26;56(22):10901-7.
    PMID: 18975963 DOI: 10.1021/jf8015442
    The effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the degree of corn and mung bean starch derivatization by propylene oxide was investigated. The starch was enzymatically treated in the granular state with a mixture of fungal alpha-amylase and glucoamylase at 35 degrees C for 16 h and then chemically modified to produce enzyme-hydrolyzed-hydroxypropyl (HP) starch. Partial enzyme hydrolysis of starch in the granular state appeared to enhance the subsequent hydroxypropylation, as judged from the significant increase in the molar substitution. A variable degree of granule modification was obtained after enzyme hydrolysis, and one of the determinants of the modification degree appeared to be the presence of natural pores in the granules. Enzyme-hydrolyzed-HP starch exhibited significantly different functional properties compared to hydroxypropyl starch prepared from untreated (native) starch. It is evident that the dual modification of starch using this approach provides a range of functional properties that can be customized for specific applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: alpha-Amylases/metabolism*; Epoxy Compounds/metabolism; Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase/metabolism*; Starch/metabolism*
  16. Antioxidant capacity and phenolic acids of virgin coconut oil
    Marina AM, Man YB, Nazimah SA, Amin I
    Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2009;60 Suppl 2:114-23.
    PMID: 19115123 DOI: 10.1080/09637480802549127
    The antioxidant properties of virgin coconut oil produced through chilling and fermentation were investigated and compared with refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil. Virgin coconut oil showed better antioxidant capacity than refined, bleached and deodorized coconut oil. The virgin coconut oil produced through the fermentation method had the strongest scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and the highest antioxidant activity based on the beta-carotene-linoleate bleaching method. However, virgin coconut oil obtained through the chilling method had the highest reducing power. The major phenolic acids detected were ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid. Very high correlations were found between the total phenolic content and scavenging activity (r=0.91), and between the total phenolic content and reducing power (r=0.96). There was also a high correlation between total phenolic acids and beta-carotene bleaching activity. The study indicated that the contribution of antioxidant capacity in virgin coconut oil could be due to phenolic compounds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/metabolism; Picrates/metabolism; beta Carotene/metabolism; Linoleic Acid/metabolism
  17. Characterization of secreted recombinant Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen 2 (SAG2) heterologously expressed by the yeast Pichia pastoris
    Fong MY, Lau YL, Zulqarnain M
    Biotechnol Lett, 2008 Apr;30(4):611-8.
    PMID: 18043869
    The surface antigen 2 (SAG2) gene of the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, was cloned and extracellularly expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The effectiveness of the secreted recombinant SAG2 (rSAG2-S) as a serodiagnosis reagent was assessed by western blots and ELISA. In the western blot assay, rSAG2-S reacted with all Toxoplasma-antibody positive human serum samples but not with Toxoplasma-negative samples. In the ELISA, rSAG2-S yielded sensitivity rates ranging from 80% (IgG negative, IgM positive) to 100% (IgG positive, IgM negative). In vivo experiments showed that serum from mice immunized with rSAG2-S reacted specifically with the native SAG2 of T. gondii. These mice were protected when challenged with live cells of T. gondii.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism*; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism*; Toxoplasma/metabolism*; Protozoan Proteins/metabolism*
  18. How does conjugated bilirubin appear in the bloodstream?
    Tarmalinggam Y, Prakash ES
    Adv Physiol Educ, 2007 Dec;31(4):370-1.
    PMID: 18057413
    Matched MeSH terms: Tight Junctions/metabolism; Hepatocytes/metabolism*; Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
  19. The effect of disease activity on fat-free mass and resting energy expenditure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis versus noninflammatory arthropathies/soft tissue rheumatism
    Arshad A, Rashid R, Benjamin K
    Mod Rheumatol, 2007;17(6):470-5.
    PMID: 18084698 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-007-0628-1
    Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic joint disease of undetermined cause that is associated with significant disability. Low-grade fever, anemia, and weight loss are recognized extra-articular features associated with increased disease activity. Weight loss and cachexia are well-established features of RA. The mechanism behind weight loss in RA is not known and may be multifactorial. Reduced energy intake and hypermetabolism are the major two factors frequently implicated in the etiology of RA cachexia. One would expect the effect of the above two factors to be highest during increased disease activity and lowest during remission. The purpose of this study was: (a) to establish whether in RA patients changes in body composition mirror changes in disease activity, (b) to investigate the relation between the energy expenditures and weight loss, (c) to examine the dietary energy intake and its role in weight loss in RA patients, and (d) to investigate the relation between the cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and other variables including resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, and acute phase reactants. Fourteen patients with RA were age-, sex-, and race-matched with 14 controls from patients with noninflammatory diseases/soft tissue rheumatism. The measurements included the following: disease activity assessment, anthropometric measurements, indirect calorimetry, and measurements of dietary intake. Blood was collected to measure the acute-phase reactants and IL-6 levels. We demonstrated that loss of fat-free mass (FFM) might accelerate during times of increased disease activity and is only partially restored during periods of reduced disease activity. This probably means that the extent of cachexia in RA patients is determined by the frequency and intensity of disease activity (flare) for a given disease duration. Hypermetabolism with increased REE was more evident during increased disease activity. Hypermetabolism in the face of increased energy intake continued to cause loss of the FFM. Interleukin-6 correlates with increased REE and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. There was no direct association between IL-6 level and low FFM. We conclude that loss of FFM is common in RA, cytokine production in RA is associated with altered energy metabolism, and preservation of FFM is important in maintaining good quality of life in patients with RA.
    Study site: Rheumatology clinic, Putra Specialist Centre, Kedah
    Matched MeSH terms: Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism; Basal Metabolism*; Cachexia/metabolism
  20. Malaysian mosquitocidal soil bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis) strains with selective hemolytic and lectin activity against human and rat erythrocytes
    Nadarajah VD, Chai SH, Mohammed SM, Chan KK, Kanakeswary K
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2006 Jan;37(1):67-78.
    PMID: 16771215
    The objective of this study is to determine the role of carbohydrates on the toxic effect of parasporal inclusion proteins isolated from Malaysian mosquitocidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains on erythrocytes (human and rat). Dose response analyses on the effect of these parasporal inclusions on human and rat erythrocytes suggest that toxin action is selective depending on bacterial strains and source of erythrocytes. Results from this study suggest Bt toxin is a lectin which recognizes specific plasma membrane glycoconjugate receptor(s) with a terminal residue of either D-mannose (Man), N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) or even a combination of these monosaccharides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacterial Proteins/metabolism*; Monosaccharides/metabolism; Spores, Bacterial/metabolism; Lectins/metabolism*
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