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  1. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on biological properties of Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype
    Siddiqui R, Lakhundi S, Iqbal J, Khan NA
    Exp Parasitol, 2016 Jul 2;168:45-50.
    PMID: 27381503 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.06.011
    Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Diclofenac, targeting COX have shown promise in the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Using various NSAIDs, Diclofenac sodium, Indomethacin, and Acetaminophen, here we determined the effects of NSAIDs on the biological properties of Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype. Using amoebicidal assays, the results revealed that Diclofenac sodium, and Indomethacin affected growth of A. castellanii. In contrast, none of the compounds tested had any effect on the viability of A. castellanii. Importantly, all NSAIDs tested abolished A. castellanii encystation. This is a significant finding as the ability of amoebae to transform into the dormant cyst form presents a significant challenge in the successful treatment of infection. The NSAIDs inhibit production of cyclo-oxegenase, which regulates the synthesis of prostaglandins suggesting that cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) and prostaglandins play significant role(s) in Acanthamoeba biology. As NSAIDs are routinely used in the clinical practice, these findings may help design improved preventative strategies and/or of therapeutic value to improve prognosis, when used in combination with other anti-amoebic drugs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  2. Fulltext The “neu” advances in breast cancer
    Radha, Krishnan
    Medical Health Reviews, 2008;2008(1):45-61.
    MyJurnal
    Breast cancer is one of the most significant health concerns worldwide. The discovery of molecular changes at the gene level represents a critical milestone toward the development of novel targeted therapy specific to cancer cells. The recognition of the significance of the HER-2/neu oncogene is a landmark in the treatment and prognostication of breast cancer. The human epidermal growth factor 2, HER-2/neu (c-erbB- 2) oncogene, a member of the growth factor receptor family, is amplified in 10-34% of patients with invasive breast cancer and associated with more aggressive disease and poorer prognosis. The development of an immunotherapeutic, trastuzamab (Herceptin), to the extracellular domain of HER-2/neu has provided significant improvements in the outcome of HER2 positive breast cancer patients in the adjuvant, neoadjuvant and metastatic setting. This paradigm shift in breast cancer treatment has made it imperative to measure HER-2/neu amplification status to correctly identify and assign breast cancer patients for Herceptin therapy. There is an increasing demand for the development of clinically meaningful and reproducible assays for HER-2/neu on archived and prospective histological and cytological samples, their integration with prospective molecular methods and therapeutics is a challenge that pathologists must now address. This review focuses on current and future methodologies for measuring HER-2/ neu in breast cancer and also includes a synopsis on the role of HER2/neu gene in breast cancer, its association with histological types and grades, familial and male breast cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  3. Fulltext Ambiguous presentations of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: Two case reports of a rare pulmonary malignancy
    Soo CI, Ng BH, Tan EL, Abdul Hamid F
    SAGE Open Med Case Rep, 2016;4:2050313X16650323.
    PMID: 27489719 DOI: 10.1177/2050313X16650323
    Pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is an uncommon lung malignancy of endothelial origin. Besides demonstrating unpredictable presentation features and prognosis, the paucity of established treatment guidelines remains a challenge in managing these patients. We present two patients. The first patient presented with chronic productive cough over 1-year duration. He was initially diagnosed and showed partial response to treatment for cardiac failure. A persistent right upper zone consolidation on chest radiograph prompted further investigations which revealed the diagnosis of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. The second patient presented with right-sided hemiparesis for 1-month duration. Initial computer tomography scan of the brain showed findings of distant metastatic foci. Subsequent investigations revealed pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma as the primary lesion. Both patients succumbed without any treatment due to rapid progression of the disease. We believe that pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is undoubtedly rarely reported in south-east Asia region. In these two case reports, the patients were diagnosed in west and east Malaysia, respectively, in the same year (2015). Both cases highlight the increasing prevalence of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. We postulate that this could possibly be secondary to the advancement in diagnostic capabilities and improved healthcare facilities available in this region. Late presentation of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma generally results in grave prognosis. Further investigations are required to elucidate the nature of progression and therapeutic options for patients with pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  4. Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on survival of women with T1N0M0, hormone receptor negative breast cancer
    Bhoo-Pathy NT, Inaida S, Tanaka S, Taib NA, Yip CH, Saad M, et al.
    Cancer Epidemiol, 2017 06;48:56-61.
    PMID: 28371729 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.03.007
    BACKGROUND: The benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in women with T1N0M0 breast cancers is unclear. While gene expression-based prognostic assays may aid management of women with early estrogen receptor (ER) positive tumors, therapeutic decision-making in women with early stage ER negative tumors remains fraught with difficulties. We investigated the association between adjuvant chemotherapy and overall survival in women with T1N0M0, hormone receptor negative breast cancers.

    METHOD: All newly diagnosed breast cancer patients with node-negative and hormone receptor negative tumors measuring≤2cm at the University Malaya Medical Centre (Malaysia) from 1993 to 2013 were included. Mortality of patients with and without adjuvant chemotherapy were compared and adjusted for possible confounders using propensity score.

    RESULTS: Of 6732 breast cancer patients, 341 (5.1%) had small (≤2cm), node-negative and hormone receptor negative tumors at diagnosis. Among them, only 214 (62.8%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. Five-year overall survival was 88.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 82.0%-94.2%) for patients receiving chemotherapy and 89.6% (95% CI: 85.1%-94.1%) for patients without chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was not associated with survival following adjustment for age, ethnicity, tumor size, tumor grade, HER2 status, lympho-vascular invasion, type of surgery and radiotherapy administration. However, chemotherapy was associated with a significant survival advantage (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.14-0.91) in a subgroup of women with high-grade tumors.

    CONCLUSION: Adjuvant chemotherapy does not appear to be associated with a survival benefit in women with T1N0M0, hormone receptor negative breast cancer except in those with high-grade tumors.

    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  5. Fulltext Decreased Expression of Inhibitor of Caspase-Activated DNase (ICAD) in Renal Cell Carcinoma - Tissue Microarray of Human Samples
    Rajandram R, Razack AH, Ng KL, Gobe GC
    J Kidney Cancer VHL, 2016;3(1):1-11.
    PMID: 28326275 DOI: 10.15586/jkcvhl.2016.47
    Although primary localised tumours of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can be treated relatively successfully with surgery, metastatic RCC has poor prognosis because of late diagnosis and resistance to therapies. In the present study, we were interested in profiling the protein expression of "inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase" (ICAD), an apoptosis inhibitor, in kidney cancer and its paired normal kidney. Immunohistochemistry with automated batch staining and morphometry using digital pathology were used to compare ICAD in 121 RCC specimens with their paired normal kidney tissue. Tissue microarray of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue was used. Intensity and localisation of ICAD were compared between normal and cancer samples, and against grading within the cancers. The results demonstrated that, in this cohort, ICAD was highly expressed in the proximal tubular epithelium of normal kidney, and significantly decreased in clear cell RCC tissue (p < 0.05) as well as other subtypes of RCC (p < 0.01) compared with normal kidney. There was a tendency towards nuclear localisation of ICAD in clear cell RCC, but not in other subtypes of RCC. No significant association was found between ICAD intensity and grade of RCC. In summary, down-regulation of ICAD occurs in RCC. ICAD normally inhibits DNA fragmentation and apoptosis; thus, its down-regulation was unexpected in a cancer known for its resistance to apoptosis. However, these RCC samples were from primary, not metastatic, RCC sites, and down-regulated ICAD may be part of a progressive pathway that promotes RCC metastasis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  6. Fulltext Concomitant t(8;21) and trisomy 4 in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (aml)
    Phan, CL, Ong, TC, Chang, KM, Zubaidah, Z., Puteri Jamilatul, N.M.B.
    Medicine & Health, 2010;5(1):45-48.
    MyJurnal
    The t(8;21)(q22;q22) is a frequently occurring aberration in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (18-20%) and usually correlate with French-America-British (FAB) M2 subtype. Several studies showed that patients carrying this abnormality demonstrated good response to standard chemotherapy but also have a high incidence of disease relapse. Trisomy 4 is a rare and specific chromosomal abnormality occurring in AML M2 or M4 of the FAB subtypes. We report a case of a 33-year-old female with an apparently clinical and hematologic diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in whom cytogenetic analysis revealed an abnormal karyotype with trisomy 4, in addition to t(8;21). Trisomy 4 and t(8;21) in a patient with AML is rare. The significance of t(8;21) with trisomy 4 in AML are unclear but patients bearing this abnormality are associated with a poor prognosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  7. Fulltext 3p25 aneusomy in follicular thyroid neoplasms: a report of three cases with review of literature.
    Chia, W.K., Zubaidah, Z., Reena Rahayu Md Zin, Rohaizak, M., Asmiati, A., Rafie, M.K., et al.
    Medicine & Health, 2012;7(1):47-56.
    MyJurnal
    Aneusomy is an early genetic event and a characteristic feature of many solid tumors. It is often associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. The involvement of PAX8-PPARγ rearrangement in tumorigenesis of follicular thyroid lesions has been widely assessed. However, there were few reports on aneusomy of the PPARγ gene at the 3p25 locus in follicular thyroid lesions. It remains undetermined whether these abnormalities can be translated into improved diagnosis, classification, or outcome prediction. Herein, we report three cases of follicular thyroid neoplasms [two follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) and one Hurthle cell adenoma (HCA)] with 3p25 aneusomy detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). 3p25 trisomy was observed in one FTC and one HCA while 3p25 tetrasomy was observed in one FTC. Furthermore, all three lesions did not show overexpression of PPARγ protein. Hurthle cell neoplasms (HCN) are distinct clinically and histologically from other follicular thyroid neoplasms (FTN). However, the presence of the aneusomy in HCA and FTC indicates that there could be a biological continuum between the two and chromosomal gains might play an important role in the pathogenesis of these two types of neoplasms. Despite their differences, HCN and FTN may share the same early genetic event in tumour development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  8. Fulltext Selenium and hepatocellular carcinoma
    Nasar Alwahaibi, Jamaludin Mohamed
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2008;6(2):1-14.
    MyJurnal
    While cancer is considered to be one of the leading causes of death worldwide, there is a growing scientific and public interests on selenium as a dietary and antioxidant of many diseases, in particular, cancer. Despite advanced technology and significant improvement of surgical, chemical, hormonal and radio therapies, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still common in Asia and Africa and is increasing in the developed countries. Prognosis of HCC at an early stage is still challenging. At the moment, combination of Alpha feto protein (AFP) and ultrasonography tests offers more accurate and sensitive results for the diagnosis of HCC. Selenium (also known as the moon element) has been recognized for almost 49 years as an antioxidant and anti cancer agent. The weight of evidence supports the position of selenium as an anti cancer agent for HCC but the molecular mechanism of how selenium inhibits HCC is still unknown. Numerous theories have been proposed and selenium induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest is the predominant one so far.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  9. Fulltext Prospective study of functional recovery of stroke patients at three months post admission: outcomes and implications for post stroke care provision
    Ali, M.F., Aziz, N.A., Aznida, F.A.A., Rizal, A.M., Azmin, S.
    Medicine & Health, 2013;8(1):19-27.
    MyJurnal
    Functional recovery in the immediate post stroke period predicts the long-term prognosis of post stroke patients. Despite the advancement in stroke rehabilitation in improving the physical function of survivors, there are other factors that may influence functional recovery. We aimed to assess the functional recovery of ischaemic stroke patients attending a tertiary hospital and its associated factors in order to make recommendations for post stroke care after hospital admission. A three months prospective observational study looking at functional recovery using the Modified Barthel’s Index (MBI) and depression (Patient Heath Questionnaire-9) score of post stroke patients. There were 46 ischaemic stroke patients who were recruited for the study. At three months, only 37 patients were eligible for analysis. The mean age was 67.2 (SD 11) years with the Malays (50%) making up the majority of the patients, followed by Chinese (41.3%) and Indians (8.7%). There was a total of seven (15.2%) deaths. Hypertension was the most common risk factor (89.1%) followed by dyslipidaemia (65.2%) and diabetes mellitus (63.0%). The mean MBI difference was 45.2 (SD 27.0) with a median MBI of 17.0(IQR 33.0) at baseline compared to 85.0(IQR 42.0) at three months (p < 0.001, CI 35.98,55.45). The prevalence of depression (PHQ-9≥10) was 21.6%. Lower functional recovery was found among depressed patients (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  10. Fulltext Bcl-2 expression and clinico-pathological correlations in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast
    Al-Joudi, Fawwaz S., Iskandar Zulkarnain A.
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2010;8(2):59-64.
    MyJurnal
    Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein belonging to a family of proteins that act as regulators of apoptosis in mammalian cells. Bcl-2 expression has previously been reported in normal breast ductal cells and its involvement in the hormonal regulation of hyperplasia and involution was further suggested, and it was thought to be expressed through hormonedependent pathways. Bcl-2 is a cytoplasmic oncoprotein which is highly expressed in human solid tumours. In breast cancer cells, however, Bcl-2 expression is down regulated, the exact mechanism and the effects of which are not clearly defined, as bcl-2 expression appears to be inversely correlated with the presence of p53 mutations. This work aimed at investigating the expression of bcl-2 in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast utilizing an immunohistochemistry assay as well as studying the clinical correlations of bcl-2. Bcl-2 was detected in 43.7% of 382 invasive ductal carcinoma study cases. Its expression correlated positively, with lower age of patients, higher histological grades, large tumour sizes, estrogen receptor positivity and progesterone receptor negativity. However, the statistical correlations were weak. With the data obtained, it was found that the expression of bcl-2 correlated with unfavourable prognoses. Furthermore, bcl-2 detection alone may not be very helpful in consolidating a clinical diagnosis.







    59-64

    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  11. Fulltext Patterns of breast cancer relapse at University of Malaya Medical Centre
    Rozita, A.M., Marniza, S., Mastura, M.Y., Wan Zamaniah, W.I., Yip, C.H., Taib, N.A.
    JUMMEC, 2010;13(1):24-32.
    MyJurnal
    Despite being the major cause of cancer-related death in Malaysian women,local data on patterns of breast cancer relapse and their long term outcomes are still scarce. We conducted a retrospective study on all patients treated for non-metastatic invasive breast cancer in 1999-2000 at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), who subsequently developed relapse. We sought to analyse the patterns of relapse, their associated clinicopathological features and the overall survival ratefollowing the relapses. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyse demographics and clinicopathological factors. Survival was analysed using the Kaplan and Meier method and compared by the log rank test. A total of 268 patients with a mean age of 50, were identified for the study. At a median follow-up of 50 months, 73 patients (27.2%) had relapsed. Local, regional and distant relapse rates were 5.5%, 1.9% and 19.8% respectively, whereas, the 5-year survival rates were 61%, 40% and 21% respectively (p < 0.01). Most relapses occurred within the first five years of diagnosis. Patients with long disease-free interval had better survival. The most common distant relapse site was the lungs while bone was the distant relapse site with the best prognosis. Disease stage, nodal status and oestrogen receptor status were found to have correlation with the risk of relapse. We concluded that the survival of patients with relapsed breast cancer was associated with the site(s) of first relapse and the disease free interval and clinicopathological factors can be used to predict the risk of relapse.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  12. Fulltext Giant Chondrosarcoma of Proximal Humerus in an Adult Female Patient: A Case Report
    Ng CK, Azuhairy A, Tan LH, Nordin A
    Malays Orthop J, 2015 Jul;9(2):51-53.
    PMID: 28435611 MyJurnal DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1507.001
    Chondrosarcoma is the third most common primary tumour of the bone, after myeloma and osteosarcoma. Most of the chondrosarcoma grow slowly and rarely metastasize, and they have an excellent prognosis after adequate surgery. However most of them are chemo or radio-resistant. We report a case of primary chondrosarcoma of proximal humerus in a 36-year-old female who presented with a six years history of left shoulder swelling and restricted range of motion. Trucut biopsy showed a well-differentiated chondrosarcoma. The patient underwent forequarter amputation of left upper limb and was started on chemotherapy following operation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  13. Fulltext Sequelae of neglected senile cataract
    Azhany Y, Hemalatha C, Nani D, Rosediani M, Liza-Sharmini A
    Malays Fam Physician, 2013;8(1):33-7.
    PMID: 25606266 MyJurnal
    Cataract is the most common cause of blindness in the world. An attack of phacolytic and phacomorphic glaucoma as a result of neglected cataract constitutes a medical emergency that must be addressed immediately. Ocular emergencies such as these is challenging for the surgeon with guarded or poor prognosis. We describe the presentation, management and prognosis of three cases of phacomorphic and phacolytic glaucoma. All three patients underwent aggressive management of intraocular pressure. Despite successful cataract operation with implantation of intraocular lens, there was only mild improvement of the vision. Optic nerve and pupil functions were permanently affected following the insult. Phacomorphic and phacolytic glaucoma present a very challenging problem to the surgeon with poor visual outcome. Public health education and awareness are important and health workers should encourage patients with cataract to seek early treatment for better prognosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  14. Fulltext What lurks beneath: lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma dedifferentiation to sarcomatoid carcinoma
    Farrah-Hani Imran, Muthukumaran, Guhan, Enda, Kelly, Jegan Thanabalan, Farizal Fadzil, Faridah Hanum
    Journal of Surgical Academia, 2015;5(2):66-69.
    MyJurnal
    This was a case of a young lady presenting with 10 year history of a mass in the right eye. It was found to be an adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland from histopathological biopsy. She underwent wide excision, orbital exenteration and reconstruction with a free rectus abdominis flap. Unfortunately, she had a tumour recurrence which was not controlled by radiotherapy and a second excision. The behavior of the tumour was aggressive, resulting in widespread metastases. She passed away within a year of her presentation. Of note, the histopathology report from the second excision turned out to be sarcomatoid carcinoma. This is described in the literature as dedifferentiation, or high grade transformation (HGT). Occurrence of dedifferentiation in salivary gland tumours is well-established, but not as well-described in lacrimal gland tumours. In this case, there was a severely delayed presentation of a lacrimal gland adenocarcinoma in a young person, which underwent dedifferentiation into a sarcomatoid carcinoma. This phenomena is associated with aggressive tumour biology behavior and poor prognosis, despite surgery and radiotherapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  15. ST. segment displacement in myocardial infarction
    Fah NT
    Med J Malaysia, 1977 Jun;31(4):309-15.
    PMID: 927238
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  16. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in an acromegalic of 25 years' duration
    Teo SK, Cheah JS
    Med J Malaysia, 1973 Mar;27(3):220-2.
    PMID: 4268929
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  17. Fulltext Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Mutations Affecting HBeAg Production: A Malaysian Perspective
    Cheek, Ken Lim, So, Har Ton
    Medicine & Health, 2007;2(1):1-25.
    MyJurnal
    Infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health-care problem. HBV is an accepted factor in the elevated risks for liver disease such as cirrhosis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. This problem is particularly prevalent in the Asia-Pacific region which includes Malaysia. During infection, the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is produced in the hosts. This antigen is an important serological marker for diagnosing chronic hepatitis B. Seroconversion to anti-body (anti-HBe) corresponds to the improvement of disease prognosis. However, certain mutations such as the core promoter dual mutations (A1762G1764→T1762A1764), the codon 15 variants (C1858/ T1858) and the precore stop codon mutations (TGG→TAG) can affect the HBeAg expression. This has diagnostic and clinical implications. Besides that, the HBV can be grouped into eight genotypes (A to H). Moreover, genotypic subtypes and recombinants have been observed as well. Studies have observed that these can differ in their affiliations with the mutations above as well as with disease prognosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  18. Prognostic factors associated with survival of patients with ventricular septal defect
    Suhaimi Hussain, Wong A. Rahim, Ibrahim W. Pauzi W., Naing, N.N.
    Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2007;15(1):16-23.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: There are many factors that determine the survival of patients with VSD. Among these include size of VSD, position, pulmonary hypertension, bacterial sepsis, valvular involvement, associated anomalies with VSD, associated syndromes and age at first diagnosis. There has been no published local data as far as we know and this information will be useful especially for consultation with parents. Even though VSD in general has a good prognosis, whenever they have added risks for example pulmonary hypertension then they are at risk of further morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine the factors that are associated with survival of patients with VSD. Design: Retrospective cohort. Materials and methods: All cases of isolated VSDs admitted to HUSM from 1996 to 2003 were reviewed. Results: Univariate Cox regression of survival time of patients with VSDs revealed that 4 factors had prognostic significance namely bacterial sepsis (HR= 287.7, 95% CI 51.1, 1618.5, P < 0.001), Down syndrome (HR = 14.89, 95% CI 3.00, 73.92, P = 0.001), pulmonary hypertension (HR=14.58, 95% CI 1.69, 125.7, P=0.015) and large VSDs (HR=8.23, 95% CI 1.5, 45, P=0.015). Bacterial sepsis was the only significant prognostic factors for the survival of patients with VSDs using the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. Conclusion: Bacterial sepsis, pulmonary hypertension, large VSD and Down syndrome were the significant prognostic factors from Univariate Cox analysis, however bacterial sepsis was the only significant prognostic factor from Multivariate Cox analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  19. Fulltext Solitary Skull Metastasis as Initial Manifestation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma - A Case Report
    Ellyda, M.N., Mohd Shafie, A.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2009;8(2):47-52.
    MyJurnal
    Metastatic spread of tumors to the skull is quite unusual and often represents diagnostic and therapeutic issues. Skull involvement can be observed in various neoplasms of epithelial origin and are most often due to lung, breast, thyroid, kidney and prostate cancers. However, skull metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been rarely reported. The prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma is so poor that treatment of such distant metastatic lesion cannot be achieved before death occurs due to the primary malignancy. Therefore, the clinical manifestations of cranial metastasis prior to that of primary hepatocellular carcinoma have rarely been reported. This case illustrates a rare case of skull metastasis as an initial manifestation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Although a solitary skull metastasis prior to the diagnosis of HCC demonstrates rare metastatic behavior for HCC, especially in Asia, skull metastases from HCC should be included in the differential diagnosis of skull tumors, even if the patient is asymptomatic of liver cirrhosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
  20. Fulltext Why metabonomics?
    Yap, Ivan K.S.
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2011;5(1):17-26.
    MyJurnal
    Metabonomics can be used to quantitatively measure dynamic biochemical responses of living organisms to physiological or pathological stimuli. A range of analytical tools such as high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) combined with multivariate statistical analysis can be employed to create comprehensive metabolic signatures of biological samples including urine, plasma, faecal water and tissue extracts. These metabolic signatures can reflect the physiological or pathological condition of the organism and indicate imbalances in the homeostatic regulation of tissues and extracellular fluids. This technology has been employed in a diverse range of application areas including investigation of disease mechanisms, diagnosis/prognosis of pathologies, nutritional interventions and drug toxicity. Metabolic profiling is becoming increasingly important in identifying biomarkers of disease progression and drug intervention, and can provide additional information to support or aid the interpretation of genomic and proteomic data. With the new generation of postgenomic technologies, the paradigm in many biological fields has shifted to either top down systems biology approaches, aiming to achieve a general understanding of the global and integrated response of an organism or to bottom up modelling of specific pathways and networks using a priori knowledge based on mining large bodies of literature. Whilst metabolic profiling lends itself to either approach, using it in an exploratory and hypothesis generating capacity clearly allows new mechanisms to be uncovered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Prognosis
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