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Hyaluronic acid, a promising skin rejuvenating biomedicine: A review of recent updates and pre-clinical and clinical investigations on cosmetic and nutricosmetic effects

Bukhari SNA, Roswandi NL, Waqas M, Habib H, Hussain F, Khan S, et al.

Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Dec;120(Pt B):1682-1695.
PMID: 30287361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.188

Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays multifaceted role in regulating the various biological processes such as skin repairmen, diagnosis of cancer, wound healing, tissue regeneration, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulation. Owing to its remarkable biomedical and tissue regeneration potential, HA has been numerously employed as one of the imperative components of the cosmetic and nutricosmetic products. The present review aims to summarize and critically appraise recent developments and clinical investigations on cosmetic and nutricosmetic efficacy of HA for skin rejuvenation. A thorough analysis of the literature revealed that HA based formulations (i.e., gels, creams, intra-dermal filler injections, dermal fillers, facial fillers, autologous fat gels, lotion, serum, and implants, etc.) exhibit remarkable anti-wrinkle, anti-nasolabial fold, anti-aging, space-filling, and face rejuvenating properties. This has been achieved via soft tissue augmentation, improved skin hydration, collagen and elastin stimulation, and face volume restoration. HA, alone or in combination with lidocaine and other co-agents, showed promising efficacy in skin tightness and elasticity, face rejuvenation, improving aesthetic scores, reducing the wrinkle scars, longevity, and tear trough rejuvenation. Our critical analysis evidenced that application/administration of HA exhibits outstanding nutricosmetic efficacy and thus is warranted to be used as a prime component of cosmetic products.
Fulltext Prevalence and Histopathological Characteristics of KCNJ5 Mutant Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas in a Multi-Ethnic Malaysian Cohort

Mohideen SK, Mustangin M, Kamaruddin NA, Muhammad R, Jamal ARA, Sukor N, et al.

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2019;10:666.
PMID: 31636604 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00666

Studies on excised adrenals from primary aldosteronism patients have found that somatic mutations in KCNJ5 frequently cause excess aldosterone production in the culprit aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). KCNJ5 mutant APAs were reported to be peculiarly overrepresented among young females and in Oriental cohorts, compared to their older male, or Caucasian counterparts. These larger APAs were also reported to have similarities with the zona fasciculata (ZF) in the adrenal both from the steroid production profile and the morphology of the cell. We therefore aimed to corroborate these findings by characterizing the APAs from a multi-ethnic Malaysian cohort. The prevalence of KCNJ5 mutations was estimated through targeted DNA sequencing of KCNJ5 in 54 APAs. Confirmation of APA sample acquisition was performed by CYP11B2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The ZF steroid production profile was based on the ZF enzyme CYP17A1 IHC staining, and ZF cell morphology was based on a high cytoplasm to nucleus ratio. Seventeen (31.5%) APAs studied, harbored a KCNJ5 mutation. No female over-representation was seen in this cohort though females were found to have a higher expression of CYP11B2 than males (p = 0.009; Mann-Whitney U test). Age at adrenalectomy correlated negatively with the percentage of ZF-like cells in the APA (p = 0.01; Spearman's rho) but not with the KCNJ5 genotype. KCNJ5 mutant APAs had a high percentage of ZF-like cells (and high CYP17A1 expression) but so did the wild-type APAs. In summary, prevalence of KCNJ5 mutant APAs in this cohort was similar to other Caucasian cohorts, however, over-representation of females did not occur, which is similar to some studies in Oriental cohorts.
Fulltext Deep Small RNA Sequencing of BRAF V600E Mutated Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma With Lymph Node Metastasis

Yusof AM, Jamal R, Saidin S, Muhammad R, Suhaimi SNA, Rose IM, et al.

Front Genet, 2019;10:941.
PMID: 31649724 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00941
The performance of osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians (OSTA) in identifying the risk of osteoporosis among Malaysian population aged 40 years and above

Subramaniam S, Chan CY, Soelaiman IN, Mohamed N, Muhammad N, Ahmad F, et al.

Arch Osteoporos, 2019 11 28;14(1):117.
PMID: 31781876 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-019-0666-2

The concordance between osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians (OSTA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was fair in the study. Modification of OSTA cutoff values improved its sensitivity to identify subjects at risk for suboptimal bone health (osteopenia/osteoporosis) and osteoporosis.
PURPOSE: Osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians (OSTA) is a convenient screening algorithm used widely to identify patients at risk of osteoporosis. Currently, the number of studies validating OSTA in Malaysian population is limited. This study aimed to validate the performance of OSTA in identifying subjects with osteoporosis determined with DXA.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited 786 Malaysians in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Their bone health status was assessed by DXA and OSTA. The association and agreement between OSTA and bone mineral density assessment by DXA were determined by Pearson's correlation and Cohen's kappa, respectively. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) for OSTA.
RESULTS: OSTA and DXA showed a fair association in the study (r = 0.382, κ = 0.159, p
Removal efficiency of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using a natural coagulant during coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation processes

Sha'arani S, Azizan SNF, Md Akhir FN, Muhammad Yuzir MA, Othman N, Zakaria Z, et al.

Water Sci Technol, 2019 Nov;80(9):1787-1795.
PMID: 32039910 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.433

Staphylococcus sp. as Gram-positive and Escherichia coli as Gram-negative are bacterial pathogens and can cause primary bloodstream infections and food poisoning. Coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation processes could be a reliable treatment for bacterial removal because suspended, colloidal, and soluble particles can be removed. Chemical coagulants, such as alum, are commonly used. However, these chemical coagulants are not environmentally friendly. This present study evaluated the effectiveness of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation processes for removing Staphylococcus sp. and E. coli using diatomite with standard jar test equipment at different pH values. Staphylococcus sp. demonstrated 85.61% and 77.23% significant removal in diatomite and alum, respectively, at pH 5. At pH 7, the removal efficiency decreased to 79.41% and 64.13% for Staphylococcus sp. and E. coli, respectively. At pH 9, there was a decrease in Staphylococcus sp. after adding diatomite or alum compared with that of E. coli. The different removal efficiencies of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria could be owing to the membrane composition and different structures in the bacteria. This study indicates that diatomite has higher efficiency in removing bacteria at pH 5 and can be considered as a potential coagulant to replace alum for removing bacteria by the coagulation process.
mHealth adoption among primary care physicians in Malaysia and its associated factors: a cross-sectional study

Lim HM, Dunn AG, Muhammad Firdaus Ooi S, Teo CH, Abdullah A, Woo WJ, et al.

Fam Pract, 2021 06 17;38(3):210-217.
PMID: 32968795 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmaa103

BACKGROUND: mHealth apps potentially improve health care delivery and patient outcomes, but the uptake of mHealth in primary care is challenging, especially in low-middle-income countries.
OBJECTIVE: To measure factors associated with mHealth adoption among primary care physicians (PCPs) in Malaysia.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted among PCPs. The usage of mHealth apps by the PCPs has divided into the use of mHealth apps to support PCPs' clinical work and recommendation of mHealth apps for patient's use. Factors associated with mHealth adoption were analysed using multivariable logistic regression.
RESULTS: Among 217 PCPs in the study, 77.0% used mHealth apps frequently for medical references, 78.3% medical calculation and 30.9% interacting with electronic health records (EHRs). Only 22.1% of PCPs frequently recommended mHealth apps to patients for tracking health information, 22.1% patient education and 14.3% use as a medical device. Performance expectancy and facilitating conditions were associated with mHealth use for medical references. Family medicine trainees, working in a government practice and performance expectancy were the facilitators for the use of mHealth apps for medical calculation. Internet connectivity, performance expectancy and use by colleagues were associated with the use of mHealth with EHR. Performance expectancy was associated with mHealth apps' recommendation to patients to track health information and provide patient education.
CONCLUSIONS: PCPs often used mHealth apps to support their clinical work but seldom recommended mHealth apps to their patients. Training for PCPs is needed on the appraisal and knowledge of the mHealth apps for patient use.
Fulltext Synergistic effects of Cu-doped ZnO nanoantibiotic against Gram-positive bacterial strains

Khalid A, Ahmad P, Alharthi AI, Muhammad S, Khandaker MU, Faruque MRI, et al.

PLoS One, 2021;16(5):e0251082.
PMID: 33989295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251082

A viable hydrothermal technique has been explored for the synthesis of copper doped Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Cu-doped ZnO-NPs) based on the precursor's mixture of Copper-II chloride dihydrate (CuCl2.2H2O), Zinc chloride (ZnCl2), and potassium hydroxide (KOH). X-ray diffraction (XRD) reported the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the synthesized Cu-doped ZnO-NPs. The surface morphology is checked via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), whereas, the elemental compositions of the samples were confirmed by Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The as-obtained ZnO-NPs and Cu-doped ZnO-NPs were then tested for their antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia) bacteria via agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) for Cu-doped ZnO-NPs was found to be 24 and 19 mm against S. Aureus and S. pyogenes, and 18 and 11 mm against E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively. The synthesized Cu-doped ZnO-NPs can thus be found as a potential nano antibiotic against Gram-positive multi-drug resistant bacterial strains.
N-([1,1'-biaryl]-4-yl)-1-naphthamide-based scaffolds synthesis, their cheminformatics analyses, and screening as bacterial biofilm inhibitor

Ejaz S, Zubair M, Rasool N, Ahmed F, Bilal M, Ahmad G, et al.

J Basic Microbiol, 2021 Nov 01.
PMID: 34724237 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100288

Naphthamides have pharmacological potential as they express strong activities against microorganisms. The commercially available naphthoyl chloride and 4-bromoaniline were condensed in dry dichloromethane (DCM) in the presence of Et3 N to form N-(4-bromophenyl)-1-naphthamide (86%) (3). Using a Pd(0) catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling reaction of (3) and various boronic acids, a series of N-([1,1'-biaryl]-4-yl)-1-naphthamide derivatives (4a-h) were synthesized in moderate to good yields. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for cytotoxicity haemolytic assay and biofilm inhibition activity through in silico and in vitro studies. Molecular docking, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), toxicity risk, and other cheminformatics predict synthesized molecules as biologically active moieties, further validated through in vitro studies in which compounds (4c) and (4f) showed significant haemolytic activity whereas (4e) exhibited an efficient biofilm inhibition activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. When forming biofilms, bacteria become resistant to various antimicrobial treatments. Currently, research is focused on the development of agents that inhibit biofilm formation, thus the present work is valuable for preventing future drug resistance.
Fulltext Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and biological evaluation of Schiff Base derivatives of cefpodoxime

Mahmood W, Ahmad I, Khan MA, Ali Shah SA, Ashraf M, Shahzad MI, et al.

Heliyon, 2022 Nov;8(11):e11332.
PMID: 36387450 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11332

Synthesis of new Cefpodoxime derivatives via Schiff Bases mechanism and the efficiency of their antimicrobial and antiviral activities were addressed. They were analyzed for structural validation by using spectroscopic techniques using FTIR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR. Molecular docking against IBV Virus papain-like protease (PLPro) was done with Auto dock tools against compounds having excellent IC50 values against IBV (Corona Class) virus. All derivatives showed strong zone of inhibition ranges from (55 ± 2.0 to 70 ± 0.8 mm) against E. coli. Compounds 1,2,4 and 6 derivatives showed remarkable activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Serratia marcescens. But For most the newly synthesized derivatives C 1 (64 ± 1.60), C 3 (32 ± 0.80), and C 8 (64 ± 1.60) showed potential IC50 values against two variants of Corona class viruses i.e. Avian Influenza (H9) and Avian corona (IBV) viruses. The current study revealed that newly synthesized Schiff Bases possessed strong anti-viral potential. Further studies may make a breakthrough in medical sciences to tackle latest challenges such as Corona Virus Diseases.
Fulltext A Generalized Laser Simulator Algorithm for Mobile Robot Path Planning with Obstacle Avoidance

Muhammad A, Ali MAH, Turaev S, Abdulghafor R, Shanono IH, Alzaid Z, et al.

Sensors (Basel), 2022 Oct 25;22(21).
PMID: 36365875 DOI: 10.3390/s22218177

This paper aims to develop a new mobile robot path planning algorithm, called generalized laser simulator (GLS), for navigating autonomously mobile robots in the presence of static and dynamic obstacles. This algorithm enables a mobile robot to identify a feasible path while finding the target and avoiding obstacles while moving in complex regions. An optimal path between the start and target point is found by forming a wave of points in all directions towards the target position considering target minimum and border maximum distance principles. The algorithm will select the minimum path from the candidate points to target while avoiding obstacles. The obstacle borders are regarded as the environment's borders for static obstacle avoidance. However, once dynamic obstacles appear in front of the GLS waves, the system detects them as new dynamic obstacle borders. Several experiments were carried out to validate the effectiveness and practicality of the GLS algorithm, including path-planning experiments in the presence of obstacles in a complex dynamic environment. The findings indicate that the robot could successfully find the correct path while avoiding obstacles. The proposed method is compared to other popular methods in terms of speed and path length in both real and simulated environments. According to the results, the GLS algorithm outperformed the original laser simulator (LS) method in path and success rate. With application of the all-direction border scan, it outperforms the A-star (A*) and PRM algorithms and provides safer and shorter paths. Furthermore, the path planning approach was validated for local planning in simulation and real-world tests, in which the proposed method produced the best path compared to the original LS algorithm.
Fulltext A Mini Review on Osteoporosis: From Biology to Pharmacological Management of Bone Loss

Chin KY, Ng BN, Rostam MKI, Muhammad Fadzil NFD, Raman V, Mohamed Yunus F, et al.

J Clin Med, 2022 Oct 30;11(21).
PMID: 36362662 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216434

Osteoporosis refers to excessive bone loss as reflected by the deterioration of bone mass and microarchitecture, which compromises bone strength. It is a complex multifactorial endocrine disease. Its pathogenesis relies on the presence of several endogenous and exogenous risk factors, which skew the physiological bone remodelling to a more catabolic process that results in net bone loss. This review aims to provide an overview of osteoporosis from its biology, epidemiology and clinical aspects (detection and pharmacological management). The review will serve as an updated reference for readers to understand the basics of osteoporosis and take action to prevent and manage this disease.
First discovery of Pleistocene orangutan (Pongo sp.) fossils in Peninsular Malaysia: biogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications

Ibrahim YKh, Tshen LT, Westaway KE, Cranbrook EO, Humphrey L, Muhammad RF, et al.

J Hum Evol, 2013 Dec;65(6):770-97.
PMID: 24210657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.09.005

Nine isolated fossil Pongo teeth from two cave sites in Peninsular Malaysia are reported. These are the first fossil Pongo specimens recorded in Peninsular Malaysia and represent significant southward extensions of the ancient Southeast Asian continental range of fossil Pongo during two key periods of the Quaternary. These new records from Peninsular Malaysia show that ancestral Pongo successfully passed the major biogeographical divide between mainland continental Southeast Asia and the Sunda subregion before 500 ka (thousand years ago). If the presence of Pongo remains in fossil assemblages indicates prevailing forest habitat, then the persistence of Pongo at Batu Caves until 60 ka implies that during the Last Glacial Phase sufficient forest cover persisted in the west coast plain of what is now Peninsular Malaysia at least ten millennia after a presumed corridor of desiccation had extended to central and east Java. Ultimately, environmental conditions of the peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum evidently became inhospitable for Pongo, causing local extinction. Following post-glacial climatic amelioration and reforestation, a renewed sea barrier prevented re-colonization from the rainforest refugium in Sumatra, accounting for the present day absence of Pongo in apparently hospitable lowland evergreen rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia. The new teeth provide further evidence that Pongo did not undergo a consistent trend toward dental size reduction over time.
Phyllosilicate derived catalysts for efficient conversion of lignocellulosic derived biomass to biodiesel: A review

Nawaz S, Ahmad M, Asif S, Klemeš JJ, Mubashir M, Munir M, et al.

Bioresour Technol, 2022 Jan;343:126068.
PMID: 34626762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126068

The efforts have been made to review phyllosilicate derived (clay-based) heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production via lignocellulose derived feedstocks. These catalysts have many practical and potential applications in green catalysis. Phyllosilicate derived heterogeneous catalysts (modified via any of these approaches like acid activated clays, ion exchanged clays and layered double hydroxides) exhibits excellent catalytic activity for producing cost effective and high yield biodiesel. The combination of different protocols (intercalated catalysts, ion exchanged catalysts, acidic activated clay catalysts, clay-supported catalysts, composites and hybrids, pillared interlayer clay catalysts, and hierarchically structured catalysts) was implemented so as to achieve the synergetic effects (acidic-basic) in resultant material (catalyst) for efficient conversion of lignocellulose derived feedstock (non-edible oils) to biodiesel. Utilisation of these Phyllosilicate derived catalysts will pave path for future researchers to investigate the cost-effective, accessible and improved approaches in synthesising novel catalysts that could be used for converting lignocellulosic biomass to eco-friendly biodiesel.
Fulltext Development of Nonlaboratory-Based Risk Prediction Models for Cardiovascular Diseases Using Conventional and Machine Learning Approaches

Sajid MR, Almehmadi BA, Sami W, Alzahrani MK, Muhammad N, Chesneau C, et al.

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 11 29;18(23).
PMID: 34886312 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312586

Criticism of the implementation of existing risk prediction models (RPMs) for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in new populations motivates researchers to develop regional models. The predominant usage of laboratory features in these RPMs is also causing reproducibility issues in low-middle-income countries (LMICs). Further, conventional logistic regression analysis (LRA) does not consider non-linear associations and interaction terms in developing these RPMs, which might oversimplify the phenomenon. This study aims to develop alternative machine learning (ML)-based RPMs that may perform better at predicting CVD status using nonlaboratory features in comparison to conventional RPMs. The data was based on a case-control study conducted at the Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Pakistan. Data from 460 subjects, aged between 30 and 76 years, with (1:1) gender-based matching, was collected. We tested various ML models to identify the best model/models considering LRA as a baseline RPM. An artificial neural network and a linear support vector machine outperformed the conventional RPM in the majority of performance matrices. The predictive accuracies of the best performed ML-based RPMs were between 80.86 and 81.09% and were found to be higher than 79.56% for the baseline RPM. The discriminating capabilities of the ML-based RPMs were also comparable to baseline RPMs. Further, ML-based RPMs identified substantially different orders of features as compared to baseline RPM. This study concludes that nonlaboratory feature-based RPMs can be a good choice for early risk assessment of CVDs in LMICs. ML-based RPMs can identify better order of features as compared to the conventional approach, which subsequently provided models with improved prognostic capabilities.
Fulltext Quality of life of women with breast cancer in a tertiary referral university hospital

Yusoff J, Ismail A, Abd Manaf MR, Ismail F, Abdullah N, Muhammad R, et al.

Health Qual Life Outcomes, 2022 Jan 29;20(1):15.
PMID: 35093066 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-022-01921-1

BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QoL) is one of the treatment outcome measures in patients with breast cancer. In this study, we measured the QoL of women with breast cancer at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) and identified the associated factors.
METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to December 2017 and involved female patients with breast cancer. The QoL scores and domains were determined using the EuroQol EQ-5D-5L, and were presented as the utility value and visual analog scores, respectively.
RESULTS: We recruited a total of 173 women, aged 33-87 years. The median VA score was 80.00 (interquartile range [IQR] 70.00-90.00); the median utility value was 0.78 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.65-1.00. Women who did not take traditional medicine had a higher utility index score of 0.092 (95% CI 0.014-0.171), and women with household income of RM3000-5000 had a higher utility index score of 0.096 (95% CI 0.011-0.180).
CONCLUSION: Traditional medicine consumption and household income were significantly associated with lower QoL. The pain/discomfort domain was the worst affected QoL domain and was related to traditional medicine use and household income. Addressing pain management in patients with breast cancer and the other factors contributing to lower QoL may improve the QoL of breast cancer survivors in the future.
Variation of δ2H, δ18O & δ13C in crude palm oil from different regions in Malaysia: Potential of stable isotope signatures as a key traceability parameter

Muhammad SA, Seow EK, Mohd Omar AK, Rodhi AM, Mat Hassan H, Lalung J, et al.

Sci Justice, 2018 Jan;58(1):59-66.
PMID: 29332695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2017.05.008

A total of 33 crude palm oil samples were randomly collected from different regions in Malaysia. Stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) was determined using Flash 2000 elemental analyzer while hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ2H and δ18O) were analyzed by Thermo Finnigan TC/EA, wherein both instruments were coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The bulk δ2H, δ18O and δ13C of the samples were analyzed by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). Unsupervised HCA and PCA methods have demonstrated that crude palm oil samples were grouped into clusters according to respective state. A predictive model was constructed by supervised OPLS-DA with good predictive power of 52.60%. Robustness of the predictive model was validated with overall accuracy of 71.43%. Blind test samples were correctly assigned to their respective cluster except for samples from southern region. δ18O was proposed as the promising discriminatory marker for discerning crude palm oil samples obtained from different regions. Stable isotopes profile was proven to be useful for origin traceability of crude palm oil samples at a narrower geographical area, i.e. based on regions in Malaysia. Predictive power and accuracy of the predictive model was expected to improve with the increase in sample size. Conclusively, the results in this study has fulfilled the main objective of this work where the simple approach of combining stable isotope analysis with chemometrics can be used to discriminate crude palm oil samples obtained from different regions in Malaysia. Overall, this study shows the feasibility of this approach to be used as a traceability assessment of crude palm oils.
Randomized clinical trial comparing helmet continuous positive airway pressure (hCPAP) to facemask continuous positive airway pressure (fCPAP) for the treatment of acute respiratory failure in the emergency department

Adi O, Via G, Salleh SH, Chuan TW, Rahman JA, Muhammad NAN, et al.

Am J Emerg Med, 2021 Nov;49:385-392.
PMID: 34271286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.06.031

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether non-invasive ventilation (NIV) delivered by helmet continuous positive airway pressure (hCPAP) is non-inferior to facemask continuous positive airway pressure (fCPAP) in patients with acute respiratory failure in the emergency department (ED).
METHODS: Non-inferiority randomized, clinical trial involving patients presenting with acute respiratory failure conducted in the ED of a local hospital. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either hCPAP or fCPAP as per the trial protocol. The primary endpoint was respiratory rate reduction. Secondary endpoints included discomfort, improvement in Dyspnea and Likert scales, heart rate reduction, arterial blood oxygenation, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), dryness of mucosa and intubation rate.
RESULTS: 224 patients were included and randomized (113 patients to hCPAP, 111 to fCPAP). Both techniques reduced respiratory rate (hCPAP: from 33.56 ± 3.07 to 25.43 ± 3.11 bpm and fCPAP: from 33.46 ± 3.35 to 27.01 ± 3.19 bpm), heart rate (hCPAP: from 114.76 ± 15.5 to 96.17 ± 16.50 bpm and fCPAP: from 115.07 ± 14.13 to 101.19 ± 16.92 bpm), and improved dyspnea measured by both the Visual Analogue Scale (hCPAP: from 16.36 ± 12.13 to 83.72 ± 12.91 and fCPAP: from 16.01 ± 11.76 to 76.62 ± 13.91) and the Likert scale. Both CPAP techniques improved arterial oxygenation (PaO2 from 67.72 ± 8.06 mmHg to 166.38 ± 30.17 mmHg in hCPAP and 68.99 ± 7.68 mmHg to 184.49 ± 36.38 mmHg in fCPAP) and the PaO2:FiO2 (Partial pressure of arterial oxygen: Fraction of inspired oxygen) ratio from 113.6 ± 13.4 to 273.4 ± 49.5 in hCPAP and 115.0 ± 12.9 to 307.7 ± 60.9 in fCPAP. The intubation rate was lower with hCPAP (4.4% for hCPAP versus 18% for fCPAP, absolute difference -13.6%, p = 0.003). Discomfort and dryness of mucosa were also lower with hCPAP.
CONCLUSION: In patients presenting to the ED with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema or decompensated COPD, hCPAP was non-inferior to fCPAP and resulted in greater comfort levels and lower intubation rate.
Malignant Transformation of Juvenile Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis

Muhammad Fauzi HG, Mohan Singh AS, Abdul Rahim S, Chooi LL, Ramasamy V, Mohamad Pakarul Razy NH, et al.

Gulf J Oncolog, 2021 May;1(36):79-81.
PMID: 35017141

Malignant transformation of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare entity occurring in only less than 5% of patients with RRP. The risk of transformation can arise even in the absence of risk factors such as smoking and radiation. We describe a patient with juvenile RRP diagnosed since childhood, who suffered malignant transformation into a squamous cell carcinoma after 29 years. Keywords: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis; laryngeal neoplasms; squamous cell carcinoma; human papilloma-virus.
Empagliflozin: HPLC based analytical method development and application to pharmaceutical raw material and dosage form

M Hanif A, Bushra R, Ismail NE, Bano R, Abedin S, Alam S, et al.

Pak J Pharm Sci, 2021 May;34(3(Supplementary)):1081-1087.
PMID: 34602436

The current investigation is based on efficient method development for the quantification of empagliflozin in raw and pharmaceutical dosage forms, as no pharmacopoeial method for the drug is available so far. The developed analytical method was validated as per ICH guidelines. C18 column with mobile phase (pH 4.8) consisted of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid solution and acetonitrile (70:30 v/v) was used for drug analysis. The calibration plot showed good linear regression (r2>0.999) over the concentration of 0.025-30 μg mL-1. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.020 μg mL-1 and 0.061 μg mL-1, respectively. The percentage recovery was estimated between 98.0 to 100.13%. Accuracy and precision data were found to be less than 2%, indicating the suitability of method for routine analysis in pharmaceutical industries. Moreover, the drug solution was found to be stable in refrigerator and ambient room temperature with mean % accuracy of >98%. Empagliflozin contents were also tested in both the raw API and marketed tablet brands using this newly developed method. The mean assay of raw empagliflozin and tablet brands were ranged from 99.29%±1.12 to 100.95%±1.69 and 97.18%±1.59 to 98.92%±1.00 respectively. Based on these findings, the present investigated approach is suitable for quantification of empagliflozin in raw and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
3,4-Dimethoxybenzohydrazide derivatives as antiulcer: Molecular modeling and density functional studies

Taha M, Ismail NH, Zaki HM, Wadood A, Anouar EH, Imran S, et al.

Bioorg Chem, 2017 12;75:235-241.
PMID: 29031169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.10.004

3,4-Dimethoxybenzohydrazide derivatives (1-25) have been synthesized and evaluated for their urease inhibitory potential. Among the series, compounds 2, 3, 4 and 5 with IC50 values 12.61 ± 0.07, 18.24 ± 0.14, 19.22 ± 0.21, and 8.40 ± 0.05 µM, respectively, showed excellent urease inhibitory potentials when compared with standard thiourea (IC50 value 21.40 ± 0.21 µM). Compounds 1, 6, 8, 18, 19 and 20 also showed good to moderate inhibition, while the remaining compounds were found to be completely inactive. The structures of compounds 6 and 25 were confirmed through X-ray crystallography while the structures of remaining compounds were confirmed through ESI-MS and 1H NMR. Molecular docking studies were performed understand the binding interactions with enzyme active site. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity and found to be nontoxic.

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