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  1. Fulltext WHO 2009 guidelines for anti-retroviral therapy: its implication for primary care physician
    Koh KC
    Malays Fam Physician, 2010;5(2):77-82.
    PMID: 25606192 MyJurnal
    Careful drug history should be elicited from HIV infected patient on ART by the attending primary care physician in order to avoid potential adverse effects from drug-drug interactions. In conclusion, primary care physicians have a significant role in early diagnosis of HIV infected people, ensuring wider access to early ART, ensuring the welfare of health care workers attending to possible HIV positive patients and safe long term follow up of HIV positive patients needing medications for non-HIV related ailments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  2. Fulltext A qualitative study exploring medicines use pattern and practice among general public in Malaysia
    Dawood OT, Hassali MA, Saleem F
    Pharm Pract (Granada), 2016 06 15;14(2):740.
    PMID: 27382428 DOI: 10.18549/PharmPract.2016.02.740
    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to explore the pattern and practice of medicine use among the general public; and to explore the key factors influencing medicine use among medicine users.

    METHODS: A qualitative approach using focus group discussions was conducted to get in-depth information about medicines use pattern and practice from the general public. Adult people who reported using medicines at the time of study or in the previous month were approached. Two focus group discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The obtained data were analysed using thematic content analysis.

    RESULTS: This study found that there are some misunderstanding about the appropriate use of medicines. The majority of the participants reported that they were complying with their medication regimen. However, forgetting to take medicines was stated by 4 participants while 2 participants stopped taking medicines when they felt better. In addition, 10 participants reporting using medicines according to their own knowledge and past experience. Whereas 4 participants took medicines according to other informal resources such as family, friends or the media. Seven participants have experienced side effects with using medicines, 4 of them informed their doctor while 3 participants stopped taking medicines without informing their doctor.

    CONCLUSION: There was a misunderstanding about medicines use in terms of medication compliance, self-management of the illness and the resources of information about using medicines. Many efforts are still needed from health care professionals to provide sufficient information about medicines use in order to decrease the risk of inappropriate use of medicines and to achieve better therapeutic outcome.

    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  3. Fulltext Clinical Impact of Education Provision on Determining Advance Care Planning Decisions among End Stage Renal Disease Patients Receiving Regular Hemodialysis in University Malaya Medical Centre
    Hing Wong A, Chin LE, Ping TL, Peng NK, Kun LS
    Indian J Palliat Care, 2016 Oct-Dec;22(4):437-445.
    PMID: 27803566
    Advance care planning (ACP) is a process of shared decision-making about future health-care plans between patients, health care providers, and family members, should patients becomes incapable of participating in medical treatment decisions. ACP discussions enhance patient's autonomy, focus on patient's values and treatment preferences, and promote patient-centered care. ACP is integrated as part of clinical practice in Singapore and the United States.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  4. Fulltext Barriers to health promotion for indigenous communities: lessons for Malaysia
    Aniza, I, Norhayati, M
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(1):6-14.
    MyJurnal
    Globally, the health of the indigenous people is lagging behind as compared to the mainstream population in countries in which they live. Despite improved overall prosperity and population longevity, social and health inequalities seem to persist in this underprivileged community. Failure in delivering effective health promotion toward the indigenous community is determined by a range of factors. This includes the absence of culturally sensitive awareness among the healthcare workers, ineffective communication of the healthcare providers, poor access to health service, lack of culturally specific health promotional materials, lack of involvement by indigenous healthcare workers, lack of community based programs and inefficiency of indigenous health data collection. Effective interventions for indigenous health require a trans-disciplinary and holistic approach that incorporates indigenous health beliefs and engages with the social and cultural drivers of health.Such culturally congruent health promotion strategies are hoped to narrow down the existing wide gap of health outcomes that contribute to inequalities between indigenous communities and the mainstream population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  5. Brain-drain and health care delivery in developing countries
    Misau YA, Al-Sadat N, Gerei AB
    J Public Health Afr, 2010 Sep 01;1(1):e6.
    PMID: 28299040 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2010.e6
    Migration of health workers 'Brain drain' is defined as the movement of health personnel in search of a better standard of living and life quality, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in different places worldwide. The debate about migration of health workers from the developing to the developed world has remained pertinent for decades now. Regardless of the push and pull factors, migration of health care workers from developing countries to developed ones, have done more harm than good on the health care deliveries in the developing countries. This article reviews the literature on the effects of cross-border migration of health care professionals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  6. Fulltext Paramedics’ knowledge on intraosseous cannulation
    Balakrishnian, M., Johar, M.J., Ismail, M.S., Ahmad Khaldun, I., Hamidah, Y.
    Medicine & Health, 2013;8(2):81-84.
    MyJurnal
    Access to an intravenous (IV) route is very crucial in emergency patients under resuscitation. The difficulty to access and administer fluid and drugs through intravenous will influence the outcome of patient. In case of unavailable of intravenous route, the alternative is intraosseous access. To date, there is no data available on the prevalence and pattern of intraosseous cannulation knowledge among emergency paramedics in the published literature from our country, even though the use of intraosseous cannulation for emergency patients is being practices. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the level of knowledge regarding intraosseous cannulation among emergency paramedics. The knowledge related to intraosseous cannulation among emergency paramedics was assessed through structured validated test questions. Fifteen paramedics participated in this study. Majorities of participants were male (86.6%). The age group ranged from 22 – 45 old years. The working experiences were from two to thirteen years. There was only 1 out of 15 participants who had scored 75%. The majority (10) scored 40% to 50%. This suggests that necessity in teaching of intraosseous cannulation among emergency paramedics needs to be emphasised.
    Matched MeSH terms: Allied Health Personnel
  7. Fulltext Patient-related barriers to cancer pain management – a prospective cross sectional study in a tertiary hospital
    Choy, Y.C., Wan Nuruddin Shah, W.J., Wong, Y.M., Boey, C.Y., Noor Zuhaily, M.N., Kumutha, T., et al.
    Journal of Surgical Academia, 2013;3(1):7-12.
    MyJurnal
    Effective management of cancer pain is often hampered by patients’ lack of knowledge regarding cancer pain management and other barriers related to ethnicity and religious beliefs. This cross sectional study was performed to determine the patient-related barriers to effective cancer pain management. One hundred patients receiving cancer pain management were studied. Inclusion criteria were: patients over the age of 18 years, able to communicate, with known diagnosis of cancer, experiencing persistent pain for the past two weeks. A modified version of the Barriers Questionnaire II (BQ-II) was used and a modified Brief Pain Inventory was used to assess the pain profile. Barriers such as, patient’s attitude and beliefs, communication skills and fear of side effects of pain medication were determined, given a score and the summation was recorded as the total patient related barriers score. Overall, 85% of respondents achieved more than 40% pain relief and the 72 of 100 patients reported low patient related barrier scores of 6 or less. Nevertheless, the main patient related barriers were: fear of tolerance to opioids (51%), ethnicity (p=0.003) and religious beliefs (p=0.002) which constituted the major components of the patient-related barriers score. Ethnicity and religious beliefs had significant influence on patient-related barriers score suggesting the need of further investigation into this area. In order to achieve a comprehensive view, other barriers to effective cancer pain management such as those related to the health systems and healthcare providers need to be assessed together.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  8. Fulltext Teaching evidence-based medicine: a clinician’s perspective
    Lai NM
    Malays Fam Physician, 2013;8(2):7-12.
    PMID: 25606275 MyJurnal
    Evidence-based medicine (EBM) was introduced to provide an organised approach to clinicians and other health care providers in using research to care for their patients[1]. By highlighting the importance of research in patient care, EBM has also provided many researchers a strong sense of purpose, with increased awareness that their everyday activities are being recognised as relevant to patient care. Most medical schools have some form of the EBM training programme at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and many researchers, clinical epidemiologists, and biostatisticians together with clinicians are actively engaged in teaching EBM to students of medicine and other health sciences. However, the flourishing activities of EBM education bring along
    challenges.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  9. The effectiveness of a health education program for Health Care Workers in Universal Precautions and prevention of Needle Stick Injuries in relation to occupational health
    Lim Jac Fang
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2011;8(2):11-14.
    MyJurnal
    Needle Stick Injury is injuries caused by suture needle and hollow bore needle and does not include injuries via scalpel blades, lancet and glass pieces or by other means for the purpose of this training program. This problem needs to be prevented or minimized by embarking on an effective training program. The applicability of this program will be determined by the response of the participants to the contents and teaching methods which will in future effect the long term out come and the success of the Needle Stick Injury prevention and Universal Precautions training program. This Health Education program was designed to be used for the induction training of new workers as well as those already in service and is applicable to all levels of Health Care Workers especially those directly dealing with or handling syringes and needles. This Needle Stick Injury and Universal Precautions Training Program was carried out in one of the health facility under the Ministry of Health in Sabah and the outcome evaluation and analysis using paired t-test has shown a significant difference in their effectiveness in increasing the knowledge of the Health Care Workers after being exposed to the program (p < 0.01). The process evaluation was able to show that this approach was instrumental in creating awareness among the Health Care Workers who had attended this program. From the study, 98% (49) had not attended any formal training since joining the service, followed by 90% who had given a good overall rating for the program. For the lecture and its relevance, 90% and 74% for the hands–on training. About 77% of the participant was satisfied with the discussion. The program can be developed further and with it a comprehensive training module can be produced. The long-term benefits of such a training program will need to be evaluated in a future study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  10. Fulltext The client perception on the quality of the counter service at ministry of health hospitals
    Noriah, B., Roslan Johari, M.G., Teng, Seng Chong, Tahir, A., Nadhirah, R.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2007;7(1):37-44.
    MyJurnal
    The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of counter service at the Ministry of Health hospitals as perceived by patients. This was a cross sectional study using selfadrninistered questionnaires distributed to patients at the outpatient departments in all Ministry of Health Hospitals. By the end ofthe data collection period, 118 of 121 hospitals (total number of MOH Hospitals) participated with 93.2% response rate., The hospitals were divided into four categories, for the purpose of this study 1000 sample size were needed in each category, the number of sample size were obtained using Epi Info Program based on assumption that 30% Of patients were dissatisyded with the services provided and with a precision of 10%. In this study the quality were based on clarity and provision of services based on Client Charten deliverance of clear infomation by the healthcare personnel, priority treatment given to urgency of the cases, cleanliness of the facilities and teamwork among the staff This study revealed about 64% of patients perceived that the hospitals had provided quality services at the counter: Only about 11% of patients were not happy with the quality of the services given at the counter. The proportion of happy patients increased from the smaller to the bigger hospitals. In terms of delivering services according to the Client Charter; only about 15% said that service was not provided by the counter staff according to the Client’s Charter On the aspect of priority on the urgent cases, about 64% of the patients perceived that urgent cases were not seen immediately. About 64% of the respondents felt that the hospitah do provide quality services. Strategies should focus on the bigger hospitals because non conformance to quality occurs more frequently there. The post of Counter Supervisor should be created to ensure that quality services are delivered.

    Study site: outpatient departments in all Ministry of Health Hospitals
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  11. Fulltext Brain death and organ donation: a comparison of three influential groups of Muslim professionals
    Makmor, T., Roza Hazli, Z., Khaled, T., NurulHuda, M.S., Nawi, A., Wan Ahmad Hafiz, W.M.A., et al.
    JUMMEC, 2015;18(1):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    Organ transplantation is a new treatment for end-stage organ failure. However, the total number of transplants performed in Malaysia in 2012 was only 94. Rates of deceased and living donors in Malaysia for 2012 were chronically low (0.55 and 1.87 per million population, respectively). A sample of 350 respondents in mosques, hospitals, and universities in various places in the Klang Valley, Kelantan and Pahang were collected between October and December 2013 to investigate the level of knowledge of health care professionals (HCPs), religious leaders (RLs), and academics (ACAs) and their stand on two issues on brain death. The result on the first issue (procuring organs from brain dead donors for transplantation) revealed that 52.8%, 23.7%, and 23.4% of HCPs, RLs, and ACAs, respectively, were in support of it; 30.2%, 31.8%, and 45.2% were uncertain about it; and 17%, 44.5%, and 31.5% were against it. On the second issue (terminating the life support machine of a brain dead person), 60.4%, 35.7%, and 25% of HCPs, RLs, and ACAs, respectively, were in support of it; 26.4%, 36.4%, and 38.7% were uncertain about it; and 13.2%, 27.7%, and 36.3% were against it. The lack of knowledge on Islam brain death-related issues should be addressed by educational efforts targeting these three groups of professionals. Special emphasis should be paid to educating RLs as they can channel their knowledge and perception to the other groups and to the Muslim public.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  12. Fulltext A comparative study on how medical students learn about the use of abbreviations in medical practice
    Farah Syazana Ahmad Shahabuddin, Nur Hazirah Ahmat, Ahmed Ikhwan Mohamad, Lau, Kit Mun, Siti Aisyah Mohd Yusof, Teh, Pei Chiek, et al.
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2015;9(2):13-21.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Misinterpretation of abbreviations by healthcare workers has been reported to compromise patient safety. Medical students are future doctors. We explored how early medical students acquired the practice of using abbreviations, and their ability to interpret commonly used abbreviations in medical practice.

    Method: Eighty junior and 74 senior medical students were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire designed to capture demographic data; frequency and reasons for using abbreviations; from where abbreviations were learned; frequency of encountering abbreviations in medical practice; prevalence of mishaps due to misinterpretation; and the ability of students to correctly interpret commonly used abbreviations. Comparisons were made between senior and junior medical students.

    Results: Abbreviation use was highly prevalent among junior and senior medical students. They acquired the habit mainly from the clinical notes of doctors in the hospital. They used abbreviations mainly to save time, space and avoid writing in full sentences. The students experienced difficulties, frustrations and often resorted to guesswork when interpreting abbreviations; with junior students experiencing these more than senior students. The latter were better at interpreting standard and non-standard abbreviations. Nevertheless, the students felt the use of abbreviations was necessary and acceptable. Only a few students reported encountering mishaps in patient management as a result of misinterpretation of abbreviations.

    Conclusion: Medical students acquired the habit of using abbreviations early in their training. Senior students knew more and correctly interpreted more standard and non-standard abbreviations compared to junior students. Medical students should be taught to use standard abbreviations only.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  13. Fulltext Knowledge and practice of medical students of the usage of personal protective equipment: a comparison of two cohorts of students at the International Medical University
    Thiruselvi Subramaniam, Rosalind Chi Neo Loo
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2015;9(2):25-31.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Standard precautions in health care is the essence of medical practice encompassing the safety of patients and health care workers including medical students. Barriers to the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) exist across the world but identification of areas of weaknesses and appropriate remedies will reduce them. This study assesses knowledge and use of PPE among fourth year students after a period of educational interventions.
    Objective: To evaluate appropriate use, awareness and knowledge about PPE among fourth year students after interventions.
    Method: A cross- sectional study where forty year 4 students (Group B) were randomly observed and later asked to answer a questionnaire. Students had undergone interventions to improve PPE use, which included lectures and video sessions during each posting. Results were compared with a previous group (Group A). Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to analyse the data.
    Results: There was statistically significant improvement in the use of PPE like wearing and removing mask during invasive procedures (p < 0.001) and hand-washing before and after a non- invasive task (p < 0.001) . Comparison of Groups A and B on the results of the questionnaire for ‘Questions in which more than 10% students answered incorrectly’, showed that there was improvement in Group B in all the questions, some being statistically significant with p value=0.01.
    Conclusion: An overall improvement in the use of the PPE and knowledge was noted. Sometimes, students’ attitude and personality may be a challenge and these students may defy changes, but this can be overcome if the strategies are embedded in the curriculum and taught from as early as the first semester.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  14. Fulltext Health promotion program in the undergraduate medical curriculum at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
    Mohammad Daher, Aqil
    Medical Health Reviews, 2010;2010(1):23-39.
    MyJurnal
    Health promotion (HP) is the process of enabling people to increase control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health. It is the corner stone in prevention of diseases and shifting the responsibilities of health care from health care provider into the community where the patient centered approach is an appropriate setting by offering continuous, coordinated and comprehensive care throughout the patient’s family and community. The Faculty of Medicine, University technology MARA has adopted dynamic approach in designing the curriculum to respond to the needs of this rapidly changing socioeconomic paradigm of the country, so that the graduates will be able to address the needs of their country and communities. Population health and preventive medicine component was included in the newly designed problem based curriculum, in which the student is introduced to the concepts of epidemiology, disease prevention, statistical analysis and community research. Health promotion program is part and parcel of population health and preventive medicine; it is incorporated with community health research in a course of four weeks of Year Four Medical Curriculum. The aim of this paper is to describe the rationales of health promotion program in medical curriculum, and critically review the components and methods of implementation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  15. Fulltext Prehospital care in traumatic brain injury: review of current perspectives
    Palur, Ravikant
    Medical Health Reviews, 2010;2010(1):5-22.
    MyJurnal
    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is responsible for causing global deaths exceeding 1.27 million per year. Various aspects of traumatic brain injuries have been studied worldwide in order to reduce the mortality and morbidity statistics. One such strategy has been to manage these patients at the scene of the accident itself. This pre hospital strategy has been shown to reduce the mortality in severely head injured patients. The pre hospital “team” consists of paramedics, nursing personnel and occasionally clinicians who are trained in resuscitation as well as managing initially the traumatic brain injury. Though definitive treatment for TBI is started in the intensive care at the trauma unit, primary management of these patients at the accident site itself has its advantages. This article reviews the current practices, pros and cons and the future directions in pre hospital care for TBI.
    Matched MeSH terms: Allied Health Personnel
  16. Fulltext Psychiatry and World No Tobacco Day
    Amer Siddiq Amer Nordin
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2013;14(2):190-192.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Smoking is a prevalent problem globally but more so among most ASEAN countries. Worldwide, six million lives are lost annually and this number is expected to grow. In light of this, the World Health Organization recognises the 31st of May to be World No Tobacco Day. For 2013, the theme is "Ban Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship". This article aims to increase awareness among mental health workers, in particular psychiatrists, on the dangers of smoking, the tactics of the tobacco industry, and simple measures to address these problems within their daily activities.

    Method: A brief review of recent relevant literature in the field and actual experience from the field were highlighted in this opinion section.

    Results and Conclusion: Mental health workers are at an advantage as they have training in both psychological treatments such as brief intervention, cognitive behavioural therapy or counselling skills and for some others, pharmacological treatments. It is timely that health workers in the region take up this challenging but meaningful opportunity to help those with mental illness to stop their dependence for tobacco.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
  17. Fulltext Discrepancy in the accuracy of vision screening program performed by allied health personnel in a preschool
    Nurul Farhana Abu Bakar, Ai-Hong Chen
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(103):151-158.
    MyJurnal
    The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of allied health personnel, after attending a training programme, in conducting vision screening for preschool children. A total of 43 allied health personnel (20 assistant medical officers (AMOs) and 23 nurses) attended a two-day training program prior to conducting vision screening for preschool children. Vision screening was conducted among 136 preschool children using four similar HOTV visual acuity chart at 6 m. The cut-off referral criterion for visual acuity (VA) testing was 6/9 or worse in either eye. All children were referred to two qualified optometrists for a comprehensive eye examination. The accuracy was based on the sensitivity and specificity of screening by each group of personnel. The overall prevalence of reduced VA in the studied population was about 10%. The sensitivity and specificity of vision screening performed by AMOs were 100% and 98% respectively while that performed by nurses were 56% and 94% respectively. Thus, there were discrepancies in the sensitivity of visual acuity testing despite them being conducted by healthcare providers with similar background and training. This suggests that their performance might be influenced by factors other than their professional training.
    Matched MeSH terms: Allied Health Personnel
  18. Fulltext Prevalence, symptom severity and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders among dental therapists in Malaysia. [Abstract]
    Faizah Abdul Karim, Ishak Abdul Razak
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(21):16.
    MyJurnal
    Conference abstract: First IIUM International Dental Conference 2017 [ABSTRACT ID: 73, Oral]
    Introduction: Dental therapists are one of the main dental workforce in Malaysia and are exposed to various risk factors of MSD. However, studies on MSD among dental therapists are limited. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence, the sites affected, the symptom severity, the impact, the risk factors and the association between individual, biomechanical, physical and psychosocial risk factors with prevalence of MSD among dental therapists.
    Materials and Methods: A survey was conducted using self-administered questionnaire which was distributed to all dental therapists in Perak, Terengganu and Kuala Lumpur in February 2017, from which a response rate of 89.2% was achieved.
    Results: There was a high prevalence of MSD (87.5%) among the respondents. The MSD was found to be affecting mainly the back (69.7%), neck (66.7%), shoulders (58.7%) and wrists/hands (50.2%) while MSD of the elbow and lower extremities was found to more severe and often affect their daily work. Most of the respondents who reported MSD accommodated their own symptoms with analgesics or sought alternative treatment (20.1%). Majority reported that they often used vibratory instruments (76.1%), involved in biomechanical risk activities, and perceived that they have a high job demand and lack of authority to make decisions related to work. Age (OR: 3.58; 95% CI: 1.644, 7.773), number of extractions (OR: 4.69; 95% CI: 1.348, 16.327) as well as psychosocial factors (OR: 4.05; 95% CI: 1.547, 10.613) were significantly associated with prevalence of MSD.
    Conclusion(s): Therefore, preventive measures should be implemented to reduce the burden of MSD.
    KEYWORDS: musculoskeletal disorders, dental therapist, impact, symptom severity, risk factor
    Matched MeSH terms: Allied Health Personnel
  19. Fulltext The experience of Malaysian occupational therapists in conducting home assessments and home visits with older clients
    Muhammad Hibatullah Romli, Mackenzie, Lynette, Tan, Maw Pin, Lovarini, Meryl, Clemson, Lindy
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2017;13(1):17-25.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Home visits are complex processes for clients and occupational therapists. Despite the benefits of home
    visits, the numbers of home visits being conducted are decreasing in international settings due to service constraints
    or client reluctance. Published international studies may not be applicable to Malaysia due to cultural and geodemographic
    differences relating to the home context. This study aimed to explore the experience of occupational
    therapists in Malaysia in conducting home visits. Materials and Methods: A focus group discussion was conducted
    with seven occupational therapists in one teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur. The group session was audio-recorded,
    transcribed, summarised and analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Themes developed were: i) client factors
    inhibiting effective service provision, ii) uninformed policies and guidelines, and iii) professional identity and
    growth. Conclusions: Our study has revealed major challenges for Malaysian occupational therapists with regards
    to conducting home visits. Future studies should now evaluate factors underlying reluctance to participate in home
    visits and effective strategies to overcome these difficulties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Allied Health Personnel
  20. Fulltext Early management of head injury in adults in primary care
    Liew BS, Zainab K, Cecilia A, Zarina Y, Clement T
    Malays Fam Physician, 2017;12(1):22-25.
    PMID: 28503270
    Head injury is common and preventable. Assessment of the head injury patient includes airway, cervical spine protection, breathing, circulation, haemorrhage control and the Glasgow Coma Scale. Hypotension, hypoxia, hypocarbia and hypercarbia should be avoided by continuous monitoring of vital signs and hourly head chart to prevent secondary brain injury. This paper aims to assist primary healthcare providers to select the appropriate patient for transfer and imaging for further management of head injury.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Personnel
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