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Management of ankylosed temporomandibular joint in a young child

Boon LC, Nik-Hussein NN

J Pedod, 1990;14(3):136-8.
PMID: 2081129

Various alloplastic and autogenous tissues have been used in attempts to restore facial height and reconstruct temporomandibular articulation. A case is presented where an ectodermal rib graft was used to reconstruct the temporomandibular joint after arthroplasty in a young child.

Matched MeSH terms: Cartilage/transplantation
Fulltext Neural-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells incorporated into muscle stuffed vein scaffold forms a stable living nerve conduit

Hassan NH, Sulong AF, Ng MH, Htwe O, Idrus RB, Roohi S, et al.

J Orthop Res, 2012 Oct;30(10):1674-81.
PMID: 22411691 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22102

Autologous nerve grafts to bridge nerve gaps have donor site morbidity and possible neuroma formation resulting in development of various methods of bridging nerve gaps without using autologous nerve grafts. We have fabricated an acellular muscle stuffed vein seeded with differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a substitute for nerve autografts. Human vein and muscle were both decellularized by liquid nitrogen immersion with subsequent hydrolysis in hydrochloric acid. Human MSCs were subjected to a series of treatments with a reducing agent, retinoic acid, and a combination of trophic factors. The differentiated MSCs were seeded on the surface of acellular muscle tissue and then stuffed into the vein. Our study showed that 35-75% of the cells expressed neural markers such as S100b, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), p75 NGF receptor, and Nestin after differentiation. Histological and ultra structural analyses of muscle stuffed veins showed attachment of cells onto the surface of the acellular muscle and penetration of the cells into the hydrolyzed fraction of muscle fibers. We implanted these muscle stuffed veins into athymic mice and at 8 weeks post-implantation, the acellular muscle tissue had fully degraded and replaced with new matrix produced by the seeded cells. The vein was still intact and no inflammatory reactions were observed proving the biocompatibility and biodegradability of the conduit. In conclusion, we have successfully formed a stable living nerve conduit which may serve as a substitute for autologous nerves.

Matched MeSH terms: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods*
Sex inequality in kidney transplantation rates

Schaubel DE, Stewart DE, Morrison HI, Zimmerman DL, Cameron JI, Jeffery JJ, et al.

Arch. Intern. Med., 2000 8 6;160(15):2349-54.
PMID: 10927733 DOI: 10.1001/archinte.160.15.2349

BACKGROUND: Men in the United States undergoing renal replacement therapy are more likely than women to receive a kidney transplant. However, the ability to pay may, in part, be responsible for this finding.

OBJECTIVE: To compare adult male and female transplantation rates in a setting in which equal access to medical treatment is assumed.

METHODS: Using data from the Canadian Organ Replacement Register, the rate of first transplantations was computed for the 20, 131 men and the 13,458 women aged 20 years or older who initiated renal replacement therapy between January 1, 1981, and December 31, 1996. Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate the male-female transplantation rate ratio, adjusting for age, race, province, calendar period, underlying disease leading to renal failure, and dialytic modality. Actuarial survival methods were used to compare transplantation probability for covariable-matched cohorts of men and women.

RESULTS: Men experienced 20% greater covariable-adjusted kidney transplantation rates relative to women (rate ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.27). The sex disparity was stronger for cadaveric transplants (rate ratio, 1.23) compared with those from living donors (rate ratio, 1.10). The 5-year probability of receiving a transplant was 47% for men and 39% for women within covariable-matched cohorts (P

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Transplantation/statistics & numerical data*
Fulltext Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder presenting as T-prolymphocytic leukemia: a case report

Kasinathan G, Kori AN, Azmie NM

J Med Case Rep, 2019 Jul 22;13(1):223.
PMID: 31327318 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-019-2164-y

INTRODUCTION: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder is a serious disorder which occurs post hematopoietic stem cell transplant or solid organ transplantation. T-prolymphocytic leukemia is a T cell type monomorphic post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder which accounts for only 2% of all mature lymphocytic leukemias in adults over the age of 30.
CASE PRESENTATION: A 59-year-old man of Chinese ethnicity presented to our hematology unit with headache, lethargy, and exertional dyspnea for the past 1 month. He underwent an uneventful cadaveric renal transplant 20 years ago for chronic glomerulonephritis-induced end-stage renal disease. He had been on long-term immunosuppressants since then consisting of orally administered prednisolone 10 mg daily and orally administered cyclosporine A 50 mg twice daily. On examination, he was pale with a palpable liver and spleen. He had a functioning renal graft. Marrow flow cytometry confirmed T-prolymphocytic leukemia with lymphocytes expressing CD2, CD3, CD7, CD52, and TCL-1. His human T-cell lymphotropic virus and Epstein-Barr virus serology and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were negative. He was treated with one cycle of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy to which he failed to respond. In view of his renal allograft, he was not suitable for alemtuzumab due to the risk of nephrotoxicity. He was given orally administered venetoclax but he died on day 17 due to severe auto tumor lysis syndrome.
CONCLUSION: The place of immunophenotyping in the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder is of significant importance. More research needs to be carried out to further comprehend the pathophysiology and treatment modalities for this disorder.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects*
Fulltext Nasopharyngeal Mantle Cell Lymphoma: An Extremely Rare Entity

Paul M, Asmi NH, Omar EK, Abdullah S, Mohamad I

Oman Med J, 2019 Jan;34(1):74-77.
PMID: 30671189 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2019.13

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with a poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. It seldom affects the Waldeyer's ring let alone the nasopharynx. Patients usually present at late stages of the disease leading to poor failure-free and overall survival rates. Intensive chemotherapy regimes and autologous stem cell transplantation have reported increased survival rates. We report a relapsed case of nasopharyngeal MCL, which previously occurred in the gastrointestinal tract. The patient had undergone a hemicolectomy for colon intussusception secondary to the intraluminal lymphoma mass. He was unable to complete the treatment regime for MCL due to the adverse side effects. Oropharyngeal mass was discovered during routine outpatient follow-up, which was confirmed as nasopharyngeal MCL. We discuss the prognosis, disease progression, and possible treatments.

Matched MeSH terms: Transplantation, Autologous; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Insight into delivery of dermal fibroblast by non-biodegradable bacterial nanocellulose composite hydrogel on wound healing

Loh EYX, Fauzi MB, Ng MH, Ng PY, Ng SF, Mohd Amin MCI

Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Sep 15;159:497-509.
PMID: 32387606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.011

In skin tissue engineering, a biodegradable scaffold is usually used where cells grow, produce its own cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix, until the regenerated tissue gradually replaces the scaffold upon its degradation. However, the role of non-biodegradable scaffold remains unexplored. This study investigates the potential of a non-biodegradable bacterial nanocellulose/acrylic acid (BNC/AA) hydrogel to transfer human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) to the wound and the resulting healing effects of transferred HDF in athymic mice. Results demonstrated that the fabricated hydrogel successfully transferred >50% of HDF onto the wound site within 24 h, with evidence of HDF detected on day 7. The gene and protein study unveiled faster wound healing in the hydrogel with HDF group and characterized more mature newly formed skin microstructure on day 7, despite no visible differences. These findings give a new perspective regarding the role of non-biodegradable materials in skin tissue engineering, in the presence of exogenous cells, mainly at the molecular level.

Matched MeSH terms: Fibroblasts/transplantation*
Tuberculosis in living related donor renal transplant recipients

Suleiman AB, Musa Z, Morad Z

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1988 Jul;17(3):454-6.
PMID: 3064705

Ten out of 237 patients who underwent renal transplantation between 1975 and October 1986 developed tuberculosis. Most patients presented with vague symptoms, and typical symptoms commonly associated with tuberculosis were not common. Six had positive urine cultures. One patient had positive sputum and urine cultures and one had positive sputum and cerebrospinal fluid cultures for tuberculosis. In this last patient cryptococcus was also cultured from the sputum and CSF. Nine of the 10 patients responded well to antituberculosis therapy and was cured of the infection. The patient with associated cryptococcal infection died 2 months after presentation. Side effects of antituberculous therapy was minimal and easily resolved on stopping the offending drug.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Transplantation*
Fulltext A comparison of endoscopic and microscopic inlay butterfly cartilage tympanoplasties and their educational utility

Hashim ND, Lee SA, Jang SH, Moon IS

PLoS One, 2020;15(10):e0241152.
PMID: 33125420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241152

OBJECTIVES: Inlay butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty (IBCT) is a simple grafting technique. Endoscopy facilitates visualization by eliminating blind spots. We analyzed the outcomes of IBCT using both endoscopic and microscopic approaches, and assessed how trainees perceived the educational opportunities afforded.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients who underwent IBCT were allocated to Group I (n = 30; microscopic IBCT) and Group II (n = 30; endoscopic IBCT) by the dates of their visits. Anatomical success was defined as an intact, repaired tympanic membrane; functional success was defined as a significant decrease in the air-bone gap. Postoperative discomfort was analyzed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Thirteen trainees completed structured questionnaires exploring anatomical identification and the surgical steps.
RESULTS: The surgical success rates were 96.7% in Group I and 100% in Group II. We found no between-group differences in the mean decrease in the air-bone gap or the extent of postoperative discomfort. Significant postoperative hearing improvements were evident in both groups. The mean operative time was shorter when the microscopic approach was chosen (17.7±4.53 vs. 26.13±9.94 min). The two approaches significantly differed in terms of the identification of external and middle ear anatomical features by the trainees, and their understanding of the surgical steps.
CONCLUSION: Both endoscopic and microscopic IBCT were associated with good success rates. The endoscopic approach facilitates visualization, and a better understanding of the middle ear anatomy and the required surgical steps and thus is of greater educational utility.

Matched MeSH terms: Cartilage/transplantation*
Fulltext Primary plasma cell leukaemia in a 39-year-old man

Kasinathan G

BMJ Case Rep, 2020 Jul 23;13(7).
PMID: 32709663 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-235543

Plasma cell leukaemia (PCL) is an aggressive haematological malignancy which is classified into primary (pPCL) and secondary PCL. A 39-year-old Indian man presented to the Department of Hematology with a 2-week history of fever and lethargy. Clinically, he was pale and febrile. Haemogram revealed bicytopenia with leucocytosis. The peripheral blood film portrayed rouleax formation with 45% of circulating plasma cells. Serum protein electrophoresis and immunofixation revealed IgG lambda paraproteinaemia of 48 g/L. Bone marrow aspirate, flow cytometry and trephine were consistent with IgG lambda pPCL. He was treated with six cycles of bortezomib, thalidomide and dexamethasone combination chemotherapy followed by high-dose melphalan conditioning and autologous stem cell transplant. Currently, he is in complete remission for the past 18 months and is on oral lenalidomide maintenance therapy. Prognosis is often dismal in pPCL with the median overall survival below 1 year if treatment is delayed.

Matched MeSH terms: Transplantation, Autologous; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Transport of methyl eugenol-derived sex pheromonal components in the male fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis

Kah-Wei Hee A, Tan KH

Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 2006 Aug;143(4):422-8.
PMID: 16750428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.04.009

Males of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) are attracted strongly to and feed compulsively on methyl eugenol (1,2-dimethoxy- 4 -(2-propenyl)benzene), a highly potent male attractant. Pharmacophagy of methyl eugenol results in the production of phenylpropanoids 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenol and (E)-coniferyl alcohol that are sequestered and stored in the rectal gland prior to release as sex pheromonal components during mating at dusk. While these pheromonal components have also been detected in the hemolymph and crop of methyl eugenol-fed males, there is currently little information on the transport of these compounds from the crop to rectal gland in male B. dorsalis. Therefore, using physiological techniques such as parabiosis, rectal gland transplantation and hemolymph transfusion coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses, we were able to ascertain and confirm the role of the hemolymph in the transport of these sex pheromonal components from the crop to the rectal gland. Further, the temporal profile of these methyl eugenol-derived bioactive compounds in the hemolymph also shows an increase with time post-methyl eugenol-feeding, i.e., 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenol attaining maximum amounts 15 min after ME consumption and decreasing thereafter, while for (E)-coniferyl alcohol-the increase and decrease are more gradual. These results further demonstrate the ability of insect hemolymph to transport many diverse forms of bioactive molecules including attractant-derived sex pheromonal components.

Matched MeSH terms: Salt Gland/transplantation
Placement of removable metal biliary stent in post-orthotopic liver transplantation anastomotic stricture

Tee HP, James MW, Kaffes AJ

World J Gastroenterol, 2010 Jul 28;16(28):3597-600.
PMID: 20653071

Postoperative biliary strictures are the most common cause of benign biliary stricture in Western countries, secondary to either operative injury or bile duct anastomotic stricture following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Surgery or endoscopic interventions are the mainstay of treatment for benign biliary strictures. We aim to report the outcome of 2 patients with refractory anastomotic biliary stricture post-OLT, who had successful temporary placement of a prototype removable covered self-expandable metal stent (RCSEMS). These 2 patients (both men, aged 44 and 53 years) were given temporary placement of a prototype RCSEMS (8.5 Fr gauge delivery system, 8 mm x 40 mm stent dimensions) in the common bile duct across the biliary stricture. There was no morbidity associated with stent placement and removal in these 2 cases. Clinical parameters improved after the RCSEMS placement. Long-term biliary patency was achieved in both the patients. No further biliary intervention was required within 14 and 18 mo follow-up after stent removal.

Matched MeSH terms: Liver Transplantation/adverse effects*
Massive Traumatic Skin Defect Successfully Treated with Autologous, Bilayered, Tissue-Engineered MyDerm Skin Substitute: A Case Report

Mohamed Haflah NH, Ng MH, Mohd Yunus MH, Naicker AS, Htwe O, Abdul Razak KA, et al.

JBJS Case Connect, 2018 6 15;8(2):e38.
PMID: 29901479 DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.CC.17.00250

CASE: A 22-year-old man sustained a laceration that measured 180 cm, after debridement, over the anterolateral aspect of the right leg following a road traffic accident. The wound was treated with MyDerm (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia), a cell-based, bilayered, bioengineered dermal substitute that contains no animal-derived components and is fully autologous. For its construction, only a small area of skin was harvested from the left groin, which was closed primarily with absorbable sutures.
CONCLUSION: MyDerm is an alternative option for the treatment of a massive skin defect in patients who desire removal of only a negligible amount of skin from the donor site and when use of an autograft is insufficient.

Matched MeSH terms: Transplantation, Autologous/instrumentation*
Mesenchymal stem cells: From stem cells to sarcomas

Lye KL, Nordin N, Vidyadaran S, Thilakavathy K

Cell Biol Int, 2016 Jun;40(6):610-8.
PMID: 26992453 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10603

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered vast interests in clinical settings, especially in regenerative medicine due to their unique properties-they are reliably isolated and expanded from various tissue sources; they are able to differentiate into mesodermal tissues such as bones, cartilages, adipose tissues, and muscles; and they have unique immunosuppressive properties. However, there are some concerns pertaining to the role of MSCs in the human body. On one hand, they are crucial component in the regeneration and repair of the human body. On the contrary, they are shown to transform into sarcomas. Although the exact mechanisms are still unknown, many new leads have pointed to the belief that MSCs do play a role in sarcomagenesis. This review focuses on the current updates and findings of the role of MSCs in their transformation process into sarcomas.

Matched MeSH terms: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
Detection and differentiation of opportunistic viral infections potentially contributing to renal graft rejection by tetraplex-nested PCR

Ashouri Saheli Z, Shenagari M, Harzandi N, Monfared A

Trop Biomed, 2019 Sep 01;36(3):766-775.
PMID: 33597498

The need for an intensive care protocol, sometimes weekly or biweekly, has led to a significant increase in laboratory costs for kidney recipients. In the present study, an inhouse tetraplex nested PCR assay was developed and validated for the specific detection of BKV, JCV, HCMV and EBV in clinical samples. We determined the Limit of Detection (LOD) and analytical specificity. To demonstrate the diagnostic performance of the assay, a total of 102 archival plasma samples were tested and compared with a commercial uniplex real-time PCR kits. The analytical sensitivity of the in-house tetraplex nested PCR assay was 173 copies/ml, when all four viruses were present in the specimens. These values were 79.2, 58.7, 87.6 and 96.1 copies/ml when only, BKV, JCV, HCMV and EBV respectively, were present. The cross-reactivity assays were shown no detectable signal in the tetraplex PCR results. The estimated diagnostic sensitivities were 92.6% for BKV, 92.3% for JCV and 100% for both HCMV and EBV as compared with commercial kits. Regarding the sensitivity and specificity, it seems that the developed Multiplex Nested PCR assay could be used as a reliable virusassociated renal rejection (VRR) panel in post renal transplant surveillance.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Transplantation*
Fulltext Fiber density of collagen grafts impacts rabbit urethral regeneration

Larsson HM, Vythilingam G, Pinnagoda K, Vardar E, Engelhardt EM, Sothilingam S, et al.

Sci Rep, 2018 07 03;8(1):10057.
PMID: 29968749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27621-9

There is a need for efficient and "off-the-shelf" grafts in urethral reconstructive surgery. Currently available surgical techniques require harvesting of grafts from autologous sites, with increased risk of surgical complications and added patient discomfort. Therefore, a cost-effective and cell-free graft with adequate regenerative potential has a great chance to be translated into clinical practice. Tubular cell-free collagen grafts were prepared by varying the collagen density and fiber distribution, thereby creating a polarized low fiber density collagen graft (LD-graft). A uniform, high fiber density collagen graft (HD-graft) was engineered as a control. These two grafts were implanted to bridge a 2 cm long iatrogenic urethral defect in a rabbit model. Histology revealed that rabbits implanted with the LD-graft had a better smooth muscle regeneration compared to the HD-graft. The overall functional outcome assessed by contrast voiding cystourethrography showed patency of the urethra in 90% for the LD-graft and in 66.6% for the HD-graft. Functional regeneration of the rabbit implanted with the LD-graft could further be demonstrated by successful mating, resulting in healthy offspring. In conclusion, cell-free low-density polarized collagen grafts show better urethral regeneration than high-density collagen grafts.

Matched MeSH terms: Urethra/transplantation
Contralateral Obturator Nerve to Femoral Nerve Transfer for Restoration of Knee Extension After Acute Flaccid Myelitis: A Case Report

Doi K, Sem SH, Hattori Y, Sakamoto S, Hayashi K, Maruyama A

JBJS Case Connect, 2019 Dec;9(4):e0073.
PMID: 31850914 DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.CC.19.00073

CASE: A 7-year-old boy presented with left femoral and obturator nerves (ONs) palsy after an asthmatic attack with a viral prodrome, and his right lower limb was unaffected. He was diagnosed with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) after positive spinal magnetic resonance imaging findings. After contralateral ON to femoral nerve transfer (CONFNT), his left quadriceps was reinnervated at 5.5 months, full knee extension was recovered at 14 months, and good functional outcomes were achieved at 31 months.
CONCLUSIONS: This first clinical report on CONFNT demonstrated a feasible good alternative in treating young patients with AFM with unilateral L2-L4 palsy and short duration of deficit.

Matched MeSH terms: Femoral Nerve/transplantation*
Outcome of surgery of necrotising pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: HKL experience

Premjeet S, Narasimman S

Med J Malaysia, 2019 04;74(2):179-181.
PMID: 31079132

Necrotising pneumonia or lung gangrene is a challenging problem and it is diagnosed more often today, especially in tertiary hospitals. It is always a challenge to treat these patients as they are usually immunocompromised and are often ill when the diagnosis is made. We report three immunocompromised patients with necrotising pneumonia who were treated surgically. We share the outcomes of these patients and discuss the management of necrotising pneumonia in the immunocompromised.

Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects
Fulltext Autogenous free fat graft combined with platelet-rich fibrin heals a refractory mandibular osteoradionecrosis

Law B, Mohd Yunus SS, Ramli R

Clin Ter, 2020 3 7;171(2):e110-e113.
PMID: 32141481 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2020.2199

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a well-recognized, debilitating complication of radiotherapy for patients with head and neck cancer. There is no universally accepted treatment for ORN of the jawbones. We report on a case of refractory mandibular ORN treated by sequestrectomy of mandible and autogenous transplantation of fat graft combined with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). Improved perfusion was observed using the laser Doppler flowmetry. This case highlights the use of autogenous free fat graft and PRF as an adjunct therapy to sequestrectomy in the management of ORN.

Matched MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue/transplantation*
Looking into dental pulp stem cells in the therapy of photoreceptors and retinal degenerative disorders

Alsaeedi HA, Lam C, Koh AE, Teh SW, Mok PL, Higuchi A, et al.

J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol., 2020 Jan;203:111727.
PMID: 31862637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111727

Blindness and vision impairment are caused by irremediable retinal degeneration in affected individuals worldwide. Cell therapy for a retinal replacement can potentially rescue their vision, specifically for those who lost the light sensing photoreceptors in the eye. As such, well-characterized retinal cells are required for the replacement purposes. Stem cell-based therapy in photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium transplantation is well received, however, the drawbacks of retinal transplantation is the limited clinical protocols development, insufficient number of transplanted cells for recovery, the selection of potential stem cell sources that can be differentiated into the target cells, and the ability of cells to migrate to the host tissue. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) belong to a subset of mesenchymal stem cells, and are recently being studied due to its high capability of differentiating into cells of the neuronal lineage. In this review, we look into the potential uses of DPSC in treating retinal degeneration, and also the current data supporting its application.

Matched MeSH terms: Stem Cell Transplantation*
Fulltext Impact of CTLA-4 and NOD2/CARD15 gene variations on graft- versus-host disease after allogeneic hsct: a structured review

AL-Battawi, S., Hameed, S., Ng, E.S.C., Amini, F.

JUMMEC, 2018;21(2):45-52.
MyJurnal

Graft-versus-host Disease (GVHD) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic
stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). In spite of immune-suppressive prophylaxis, most survivors suffer from
acute and chronic GVHD (aGVHD and cGVHD). The outcome of alloHSCT may be affected by the presence of
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in non-HLA genes including those involved in innate immune responses.
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and caspase recruitment
domain 15 (NOD2/CARD15) gene polymorphisms on the incidence and severity of aGVHD and cGVHD following
alloHSCT. A structured literature review was carried out using various keywords and MESH terms such as
stem cell transplantation, allogenic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, GVHD, and non-HLA gene
polymorphism, in PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane Database. A total of 8 studies that met inclusion
criteria (English publications from 2006 to 2017) were included. Ten SNPs in CTLA-4 gene and three SNPs in
NOD2/CARD15 gene were tested in patients with underlying haematological malignancies. Four studies tested
the SNPs of CTLA-4 gene and two were found to have an association with CTLA-4 SNPs (rs3087243, rs231775)
and increased incidence of aGVHD. The other four studies tested the SNPs of NOD2/CARD15 gene and one
found an association between SNP13 and increased incidence of aGVHD. None of these eight studies found
any effect on severity of GVHD. In conclusion, two SNPs in CTLA-4 and one SNP in NOD2/CARD15 increased
the incidence of aGVHD but not its severity. The higher incidence of aGVHD in studies with larger sample size
could support the impact of SNPs in the outcome of alloHSCT. However, due to the heterogeneity of studies in
regard to the age of patients and donor, and conditioning regimen, it is difficult to draw a definite conclusion.

Matched MeSH terms: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Transplantation Conditioning

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