Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 74 in total

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  1. Electrodeposited Ge Nanostructures Prepared by Different Non-Aqueous Solutions and their Application in Lithium Ion Battery: A Review
    Nadarajah K, Khan AF, Rahim NA
    Recent Pat Nanotechnol, 2016;10(1):26-43.
    PMID: 27018271
    BACKGROUND: Germanium (Ge) nanostructures exhibit wide range of potential applications in the field of nanoscale devices due to their excellent optical and electrical properties and have gained significant interest due to the Bohr exciton radius. Bohr radius of Ge (24.3 nm) is larger than that of Si (4.9 nm), leading to quantum size effects and nanostructures with controllable bandgaps.

    METHODS: This article provides a comprehensive review on various electrolytes for electrodeposition procedures developed to obtain the Ge nanostructures of desired structure, diameter, and density. We discuss the growth mechanisms and influence of different parameters such as type of solution, concentration, and value of applied potential or current density.

    RESULTS: The ionic liquids can be used for the development of Ge nanostructures and provide extensive electrochemical windows for electrodeposition. The obtained SixGe1-x structures also exhibited strong color change (from red to blue) at room temperature during the electrodeposition, which is likely to be due to a quantum size effect.

    CONCLUSION: The main advantages of the ionic liquids are 'it does not decompose', easy to purify and dry. Moreover, it exhibits fairly extensive electrochemical windows greater than 5 V for electrodeposition. Electrodeposition of SixGe1-x nanostructures from ionic liquids is quite a favorable process. The 3DOM Ge electrode is a promising material for nextgeneration lithium ion battery because of its high irreversible specific capacity. Few relevant patents to the topic have been reviewed and cited.

    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  2. Fulltext Investigation on the Electrochemical Performances of Mn2O3 as a Potential Anode for Na-Ion Batteries
    Yusoff NFM, Idris NH, Din MFM, Majid SR, Harun NA, Rahman MM
    Sci Rep, 2020 Jun 08;10(1):9207.
    PMID: 32513958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66148-w
    Currently, the development of the sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries has been accelerated to meet the energy demands of large-scale power applications. The difficulty of obtaining suitable electrode materials capable of storing large amount of Na-ion arises from the large radius of Na-ion that restricts its reversible capacity. Herein, Mn2O3 powders are synthesised through the thermal conversion of MnCO3 and reported for the first time as an anode for Na-ion batteries. The phase, morphology and charge/discharge characteristics of Mn2O3 obtained are evaluated systematically. The cubic-like Mn2O3 with particle sizes approximately 1.0-1.5 µm coupled with the formation of Mn2O3 sub-units on its surface create a positive effect on the insertion/deinsertion of Na-ion. Mn2O3 delivers a first discharge capacity of 544 mAh g-1 and retains its capacity by 85% after 200 cycles at 100 mA g-1, demonstrating the excellent cyclability of the Mn2O3 electrode. Therefore, this study provides a significant contribution towards exploring the potential of Mn2O3 as a promising anode in the development of Na-ion batteries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  3. Fulltext Toward Enhanced State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries Using Optimized Machine Learning Techniques
    Hannan MA, Lipu MSH, Hussain A, Ker PJ, Mahlia TMI, Mansor M, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 Mar 13;10(1):4687.
    PMID: 32170100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61464-7
    State of charge (SOC) is a crucial index used in the assessment of electric vehicle (EV) battery storage systems. Thus, SOC estimation of lithium-ion batteries has been widely investigated because of their fast charging, long-life cycle, and high energy density characteristics. However, precise SOC assessment of lithium-ion batteries remains challenging because of their varying characteristics under different working environments. Machine learning techniques have been widely used to design an advanced SOC estimation method without the information of battery chemical reactions, battery models, internal properties, and additional filters. Here, the capacity of optimized machine learning techniques are presented toward enhanced SOC estimation in terms of learning capability, accuracy, generalization performance, and convergence speed. We validate the proposed method through lithium-ion battery experiments, EV drive cycles, temperature, noise, and aging effects. We show that the proposed method outperforms several state-of-the-art approaches in terms of accuracy, adaptability, and robustness under diverse operating conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  4. Fulltext Effects on the Properties after Addition of Lithium Salt in Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(methyl acrylate) Blends
    Abdul Halim SI, Chan CH, Kressler J
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Dec 11;12(12).
    PMID: 33322501 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122963
    The studies of phase behavior, dielectric relaxation, and other properties of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) blends with the addition of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) were done for different blend compositions. Samples were prepared by a solution casting technique. The binary PEO/PMA blends exhibit a single and compositional-dependent glass transition temperature (Tg), which is also true for ternary mixtures of PEO/PMA/LiClO4 when PEO was in excess with low content of salt. These may indicate miscibility of the constituents for the molten systems and amorphous domains of the systems at room temperature from the macroscopic point of view. Subsequently, the morphology of PEO/PMA blends with or without salt are correlated to the phase behavior of the systems. Phase morphology and molecular interaction of polymer chains by salt ions of the systems may rule the dielectric or electric relaxation at room temperature, which was estimated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The frequency-dependent impedance spectra are of interest for the elucidation of polarization and relaxation of the charged entities for the systems. Relaxation can be noted only when a sufficient amount of salt is added into the systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium Compounds
  5. Fulltext Anomalous metal segregation in lithium-rich material provides design rules for stable cathode in lithium-ion battery
    Lin R, Hu E, Liu M, Wang Y, Cheng H, Wu J, et al.
    Nat Commun, 2019 04 09;10(1):1650.
    PMID: 30967531 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09248-0
    Despite the importance of studying the instability of delithiated cathode materials, it remains difficult to underpin the degradation mechanism of lithium-rich cathode materials due to the complication of combined chemical and structural evolutions. Herein, we use state-of-the-art electron microscopy tools, in conjunction with synchrotron X-ray techniques and first-principle calculations to study a 4d-element-containing compound, Li2Ru0.5Mn0.5O3. We find surprisingly, after cycling, ruthenium segregates out as metallic nanoclusters on the reconstructed surface. Our calculations show that the unexpected ruthenium metal segregation is due to its thermodynamic insolubility in the oxygen deprived surface. This insolubility can disrupt the reconstructed surface, which explains the formation of a porous structure in this material. This work reveals the importance of studying the thermodynamic stability of the reconstructed film on the cathode materials and offers a theoretical guidance for choosing manganese substituting elements in lithium-rich as well as stoichiometric layer-layer compounds for stabilizing the cathode surface.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  6. The evolution of the pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus
    Ahmed Juvale II, Che Has AT
    Heliyon, 2020 Jul;6(7):e04557.
    PMID: 32775726 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04557
    The pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus is a well-established, clinically translatable model that satisfies all of the criteria essential for an animal model of status epilepticus: a latency period followed by spontaneous recurrent seizures, replication of behavioural, electrographic, metabolic, and neuropathological changes, as well as, pharmacoresistance to anti-epileptic drugs similar to that observed in human status epilepticus. However, this model is also characterized by high mortality rates and studies in recent years have also seen difficulties in seizure induction due to pilocarpine resistant animals. This can be attributed to differences in rodent strains, species, gender, and the presence of the multi-transporter, P-glycoprotein at the blood brain barrier. The current paper highlights the various alterations made to the original pilocarpine model over the years to combat both the high mortality and low induction rates. These range from the initial lithium-pilocarpine model to the more recent Reduced Intensity Status Epilepticus (RISE) model, which finally brought the mortality rates down to 1%. These modifications are essential to improve animal welfare and future experimental outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  7. Electrochemical Characteristics of a Polymer/Garnet Trilayer Composite Electrolyte for Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries
    Walle KZ, Musuvadhi Babulal L, Wu SH, Chien WC, Jose R, Lue SJ, et al.
    ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021 Jan 20;13(2):2507-2520.
    PMID: 33406841 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17422
    Although solid-state Li-metal batteries (LMBs) featuring polymer-based solid electrolytes might one day replace conventional Li-ion batteries, the poor Li-ion conductivity of solid polymer electrolytes at low temperatures has hindered their practical applications. Herein, we describe the first example of using a co-precipitation method in a Taylor flow reactor to produce the metal hydroxides of both the Ga/F dual-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (Ga/F-LLZO) ceramic electrolyte precursors and the Li2MoO4-modified Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (LMO@T-LNCM 811) cathode materials for LMBs. The Li/Nafion (LiNf)-coated Ga/F-LLZO (LiNf@Ga/F-LLZO) ceramic filler was finely dispersed in the poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polyacrylonitrile/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide)/succinonitrile matrix to give a trilayer composite polymer electrolyte (denoted "Tri-CPE") through a simple solution-casting. The bulk ionic conductivity of the Tri-CPE at room temperature was approximately 4.50 × 10-4 S cm-1 and exhibited a high Li+ ion transference number (0.84). It also exhibits a broader electrochemical window of 1-5.04 V versus Li/Li+. A full cell based on a CR2032 coin cell containing the LMO@T-LNCM811-based composite cathode, when cycled under 1 C/1 C at room temperature for 300 cycles, achieved an average Columbic efficiency of 99.4% and a capacity retention of 89.8%. This novel fabrication strategy for Tri-CPE structures has potential applications in the preparation of highly safe high-voltage cathodes for solid-state LMBs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  8. Fulltext THE POTENTIAL OF SOLID ELECTROLYTE FROM FISH WASTE FOR BATTERY APPLICATION
    Muhammad Ashraff Aiman Roslan, Nik Aziz Nik Ali
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2020;2(1):9-14.
    MyJurnal
    This experiment was conducted to study the potential of solid electrolyte from the fish waste of Clarias gariepinus for battery application. The battery was one of the important components that supplies electrical energy to users throughout the world, and it strongly contributed to technology development in the economic sector, transportation, residential as well as agriculture. The presence of ammonia in organic fish waste could produce renewable energy and helped to reduce the use of lithium-ion batteries in modern industries. Two different parameters were being observed in this study, which was the quantity of fish and the number of the cell layer. The process of collecting the fish waste was carried out in the hatchery at Universiti Malaysia Terengganu using two methods, which were filtering and soaking. The result showed that the highest value of energy output was 0.430V from waste filtering of 50 fish and 0.207V from soaking in waste of 50 fish. Meanwhile, the lowest energy output was from the tank that contained ten fish with an energy output of 0.177V for filtering and 0.101V for soaking. Besides, for a different number of the cell layer, the highest value of energy output was 0.414V at 25 layers, and the lowest voltage was 0.175V at five layers. Thus, from the study was observed that the produced voltage was dependent on the quantity of fish and the number of the cell layer, when the quantity of fish and number of cell layer increases, the output energy was also increased.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  9. Fulltext Clozapine re-challenge with lithium supplementation following clozapine-induced neutropenia
    Ahmad Nabil Md Rosli, Subbiah, Rakesh, Maniam, T.
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2014;15(1):90-92.
    MyJurnal
    Objectives: This paper aims to report on a case in which re-challenging with clozapine in combination with lithium in a patient who developed neutropenia was carried out. Methods: The patient was treated with clozapine for treatment- resistant schizophrenia. After five weeks he showed much improvement but developed neutropenia. Withdrawal of clozapine brought on a relapse of psychotic symptoms. Subsequently, clozapine was reintroduced along with Lithium. The neutrophil count was monitored closely. Results: The neutrophil and white blood cell count were noted to return to normal upon re-challenging, and the patient’s clinical condition also improved. Conclusion: Simultaneous administration of lithium and clozapine to patients experiencing neutropenia on clozapine is a possible strategy. However, very close monitoring of the white count is needed. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 15 (1): January - June 2014: 90-92.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  10. Fulltext Physical and conductivity studies of plasticised Methyl Cellulose-Lithium Triflate based polymer electrolyte
    Nursyahida Sahli, Nordiana Nabilla Ramly, Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya, Ab Malik Marwan Ali
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(103):183-190.
    MyJurnal
    Solid polymer electrolyte based on methyl cellulose (MC)-lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) plasticised with ethylene carbonate (EC) was prepared using solution cast technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies proved that the amorphous nature of the electrolyte systems was increases due to the addition of salt and plasticiser. The improved surface morphology of plasticised polymer system ensures it has good electrode-electrolyte contact during performance testing. The polymer electrolyte was found to have high thermal stability indicating that the electrolyte can be used at higher temperature. The ionic conductivity increased up to 1.24 x 10-4 S cm-1 at optimum amount of EC plasticiser associated to the effect of plasticiser that initially leads to the formation of Li+-EC complex. Consequently, it reduces the fraction of polymer-Li+ complex which contributes to the increase of the segmental chain flexibility in the plasticized system. Temperature dependent studies indicate ionic conductivity increase due to the temperature increase and is in line with Arrhenius behaviour pattern. An activation energy of 0.26 eV at highest conductivity sample was obtained. The addition of plasticiser lowers the activation energy thus increasing the ion mobility of the system and contributing to ionic conductivity increment. The plasticization method is a promising means to dealing with the solid polymer electrolyte problem and producing electrolytes that meet the needs of electrochemical devices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  11. Fulltext Employing of Trukhan Model to Estimate Ion Transport Parameters in PVA Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte
    Aziz SB, B Marif R, Brza MA, Hamsan MH, Kadir MFZ
    Polymers (Basel), 2019 Oct 16;11(10).
    PMID: 31623158 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101694
    In the current paper, ion transport parameters in poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) based solid polymer electrolyte were examined using Trukhan model successfully. The desired amount of lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) was dissolved in PVA host polymer to synthesis of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). Ion transport parameters such as mobility (μ), diffusion coefficient (D), and charge carrier number density (n) are investigated in detail using impedance spectroscopy. The data results from impedance plots illustrated a decrement of bulk resistance with an increase in temperature. Using electrical equivalent circuits (EEC), electrical impedance plots (ZivsZr) are fitted at various temperatures. The results of impedance study demonstrated that the resistivity of the sample decreases with increasing temperature. The decrease of resistance or impedance with increasing temperature distinguished from Bode plots. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss values increased with an increase in temperature. The loss tangent peaks shifted to higher frequency region and the intensity increased with an increase in temperature. In this contribution, ion transport as a complicated subject in polymer physics is studied. The conductivity versus reciprocal of temperature was found to obey Arrhenius behavior type. The ion transport mechanism is discussed from the tanδ spectra. The ion transport parameters at ambient temperature are found to be 9 × 10-8 cm2/s, 0.8 × 1017 cm-3, and 3 × 10-6 cm2/Vs for D, n, andμ respectively. All these parameters have shown increasing as temperature increased. The electric modulus parameters are studied in an attempt to understand the relaxation dynamics and to clarify the relaxation process and ion dynamics relationship.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  12. Properties of ENR-50 based electrolyte system
    Zainal N, Mohamed N, Idris R
    Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:481-485.
    In this work, epoxidized natural rubber 50 (ENR-50) has been used as a host polymer for the preparation of electrolyte system. Attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses showed the presence of lithium saltENR interactions. The glass transition temperature displayed an increasing trend with the increase in salt concentration indicating that the ionic conductivity was not influenced by segmental motion of the ENR-50 chains. The increase in
    glass transition temperature with the addition of salt was due to the formation of transient cross-linking between ENR-50 chains via the coordinated interaction between ENR-50 chains and salt. The highest room temperature ionic conductivity obtained was in the order of 10-5 S cm-1 for the film containing 50 wt% of lithium salt. The ionic conductivity of this electrolyte system increased with increasing temperature and obeyed the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher behavior. The increase in ionic conductivity of the electrolyte system with salt concentration could also be correlated to the charge carriers concentration and/or migration rate of charge carriers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  13. Fulltext Hypertensive bipolar: chronic lithium toxicity in patients taking ACE inhibitor
    Masiran R, Abdul Aziz MF
    BMJ Case Rep, 2017 Aug 28;2017.
    PMID: 28847993 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220631
    A patient with bipolar I disorder has been treated with lithium and haloperidol for the last 20 years and received an ACE inhibitor for his hypertension since 9 years ago. Despite regular clinic follow-ups and blood monitoring, he recently developed tremors and delirium. On hospital admission, serum level of lithium was far above toxic level. Mental state examination revealed an anxious and disorientated man with irrelevant speech. Immediate discontinuation of lithium resulted in slow reduction of serum lithium levels and gradual resolution of tremor but his delirium persisted for 2 weeks. His condition took a turn for the worse when he developed acute renal failure and arm abscess. We discussed about lithium toxicity and the vulnerability factors which have induced delirium and renal failure in this patient.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium/blood; Lithium/therapeutic use; Lithium/toxicity*
  14. Effect of co-doping of sodium on the thermoluminescence dosimetry properties of copper-doped zinc lithium borate glass system
    Saidu A, Wagiran H, Saeed MA, Alajerami YSM, Kadir ABA
    Appl Radiat Isot, 2016 Dec;118:375-381.
    PMID: 27894049 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.10.005
    The effect of sodium as a co-dopant on the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of copper-doped zinc lithium borate (ZLB: Cu) subjected to Co-60 gamma radiation is reported in this study. TL intensity is enhanced with the introduction of sodium in ZLB: Cu. The obtained glow curve is simple with a single peak. The annealing procedure and the best heating rate for the proposed thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) are established, and the phosphor is reusable. The TL response within the dose range of 0.5-1000Gy is investigated. The results show that the thermal fading behaviour is improved significantly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium Compounds
  15. Fulltext Comparing Triflate and Hexafluorophosphate Anions of Ionic Liquids in Polymer Electrolytes for Supercapacitor Applications
    Liew CW, Ramesh S
    Materials (Basel), 2014 May 21;7(5):4019-4033.
    PMID: 28788662 DOI: 10.3390/ma7054019
    Two different ionic liquid-based biopolymer electrolyte systems were prepared using a solution casting technique. Corn starch and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) were employed as polymer and salt, respectively. Additionally, two different counteranions of ionic liquids, viz. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BmImPF₆) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (also known as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate) (BmImTf) were used and studied in this present work. The maximum ionic conductivities of (1.47 ± 0.02) × 10(-4) and (3.21 ± 0.01) × 10(-4) S∙cm(-1) were achieved with adulteration of 50 wt% of BmImPF₆ and 80 wt% of BmImTf, respectively at ambient temperature. Activated carbon-based electrodes were prepared and used in supercapacitor fabrication. Supercapacitors were then assembled using the most conducting polymer electrolyte from each system. The electrochemical properties of the supercapacitors were then analyzed. The supercapacitor containing the triflate-based biopolymer electrolyte depicted a higher specific capacitance with a wider electrochemical stability window compared to that of the hexafluorophosphate system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium
  16. Fulltext Rheological studies of PMMA-PVC based polymer blend electrolytes with LiTFSI as doping salt
    Liew CW, Durairaj R, Ramesh S
    PLoS One, 2014;9(7):e102815.
    PMID: 25051241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102815
    In this research, two systems are studied. In the first system, the ratio of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) is varied, whereas in the second system, the composition of PMMA-PVC polymer blends is varied with dopant salt, lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) with a fixed ratio of 70 wt% of PMMA to 30 wt% of PVC. Oscillation tests such as amplitude sweep and frequency sweep are discussed in order to study the viscoelastic properties of samples. Elastic properties are much higher than viscous properties within the range in the amplitude sweep and oscillatory shear sweep studies. The crossover of G' and G'' is absent. Linear viscoelastic (LVE) range was further determined in order to perform the frequency sweep. However, the absence of viscous behavior in the frequency sweep indicates the solid-like characteristic within the frequency regime. The viscosity of all samples is found to decrease as shear rate increases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium/chemistry*
  17. Fulltext Variant GADL1 and response to lithium in bipolar I disorder
    Consortium on Lithium Genetics, Hou L, Heilbronner U, Rietschel M, Kato T, Kuo PH, et al.
    N Engl J Med, 2014 05 08;370(19):1857-9.
    PMID: 24806176 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1401817
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium/therapeutic use*
  18. Synthesis of kenaf cellulose carbamate using microwave irradiation for preparation of cellulose membrane
    Gan S, Zakaria S, Chia CH, Kaco H, Padzil FN
    Carbohydr Polym, 2014 Jun 15;106:160-5.
    PMID: 24721064 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.076
    Cellulose carbamate (CCs) was produced from kenaf core pulp (KCP) using microwave reactor-assisted method. The effects of urea concentration and reaction time on the formation of nitrogen content in CCs were investigated. The CCs' solubility in LiOH/urea system was determined and its membranes were characterized. As the urea content and reaction time increased, the nitrogen content form in CCs increased which enhanced the CCs' solubility. The formation of CCs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nitrogen content analysis. The CCs' morphology was examined using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cellulose II and crystallinity index of the membranes were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pore size of the membrane displayed upward trend with respect to the urea content observed under Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). This investigation provides a simple and efficient procedure of CCs determination which is useful in producing environmental friendly regenerated CCs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium Compounds/chemistry
  19. Characterization of conducting cellulose acetate based polymer electrolytes doped with "green" ionic mixture
    Ramesh S, Shanti R, Morris E
    Carbohydr Polym, 2013 Jan 2;91(1):14-21.
    PMID: 23044100 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.061
    Polymer electrolytes were developed by solution casting technique utilizing the materials of cellulose acetate (CA), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and deep eutectic solvent (DES). The DES is synthesized from the mixture of choline chloride and urea of 1:2 ratios. The increasing DES content well plasticizes the CA:LiTFSI:DES matrix and gradually improves the ionic conductivity and chemical integrity. The highest conducting sample was identified for the composition of CA:LiTFSI:DES (28 wt.%:12 wt.%:60 wt.%), which has the greatest ability to retain the room temperature ionic conductivity over the entire 30 days of storage time. The changes in FTIR cage peaks upon varying the DES content in CA:LiTFSI:DES prove the complexation. This complexation results in the collapse of CA matrix crystallinity, observed from the reduced intensity of XRD diffraction peaks. The DES-plasticized sample is found to be more heat-stable compared to pure CA. Nevertheless, the addition of DES diminishes the CA:LiTFSI matrix's heat-resistivity but at the minimum addition the thermal stability is enhanced.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium/chemistry*
  20. Synthesis of oxygenated fuel additives via the solventless etherification of glycerol
    Ayoub M, Khayoon MS, Abdullah AZ
    Bioresour Technol, 2012 May;112:308-12.
    PMID: 22437049 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.103
    The synthesis of oxygenated fuel additives via solvent freebase-catalyzed etherification of glycerol is reported. The products of glycerol etherification arediglycerol (DG) and triglycerol (TG) with DG being the favorable one. The catalytic activity of different homogeneous alkali catalysts (LiOH, NaOH, KOH and Na(2)CO(3)) was investigated during the glycerol etherification process. LiOH exhibited an excellent catalytic activity during this reaction, indicated by the complete glycerol conversion with a corresponding selectivity of 33% toward DG. The best reaction conditions were a reaction temperature of 240°C, a catalyst/glycerol mass ratio of 0.02 and a reaction time of 6h. The influences of various reaction variables such as nature of the catalyst, catalyst loading, reaction time and reaction temperature on glycerol etherification were elucidated. Industrially, the findings attained in this study might contribute towards promoting the biodiesel industry through utilization of its by-products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lithium Compounds/chemistry
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