Displaying publications 21 - 36 of 36 in total

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  1. Antiplasmodial studies of Eurycoma longifolia Jack using the lactate dehydrogenase assay of Plasmodium falciparum
    Chan KL, Choo CY, Abdullah NR, Ismail Z
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2004 Jun;92(2-3):223-7.
    PMID: 15138004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.025
    The roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack have been used as traditional medicine to treat malaria. A systematic bioactivity-guided fractionation of this plant was conducted involving the determination of the effect of its various extracts and their chemical constituents on the lactate dehydrogenase activity of in vitro chloroquine-resistant Gombak A isolate and chloroquine-sensitive D10 strain of Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Their antiplasmodial activity was also compared with their known in vitro cytotoxicity against KB cells. Four quassinoids, eurycomanone (1), 13,21-dihydroeurycomanone (3), 13 alpha(21)-epoxyeurycomanone (4), eurycomalactone (6) and an alkaloid, 9-methoxycanthin-6-one (7), displayed higher antiplasmodial activity against Gombak A isolate but were less active against the D10 strain when compared with chloroquine. Amongst the compounds tested, 1 and 3 showed higher selectivity indices obtained for the cytotoxicity to antiplasmodial activity ratio than 14,15 beta-dihydroxyklaineanone (2), eurycomanol (5), 6 and 7.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins/isolation & purification; Quassins/pharmacology*
  2. Eurycomanone suppresses expression of lung cancer cell tumor markers, prohibitin, annexin 1 and endoplasmic reticulum protein 28
    Wong PF, Cheong WF, Shu MH, Teh CH, Chan KL, AbuBakar S
    Phytomedicine, 2012 Jan 15;19(2):138-44.
    PMID: 21903368 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.07.001
    Bioactive compounds from the medicinal plant, Eurycoma longifolia Jack have been shown to promote anti-proliferative effects on various cancer cell lines. Here we examined the effects of purified eurycomanone, a quassinoid found in Eurycoma longifolia Jack extract, on the expression of selected genes of the A549 lung cancer cells. Eurycomanone inhibited A549 lung cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 μg/ml. The concentration that inhibited 50% of cell growth (GI(50)) was 5.1 μg/ml. The anti-proliferative effects were not fully reversible following the removal of eurycomanone, in which 30% of cell inhibition still remained (p<0.0001, T-test). At 8 μg/ml (GI(70)), eurycomanone suppressed anchorage-independent growth of A549 cells by >25% (p<0.05, T-test, n=8) as determined using soft agar colony formation assay. Cisplatin, a chemotherapy drug used for the treatment of non small cell lung cancer on the other hand, inhibited A549 cells proliferation at concentrations ranging from 0.2 μg/ml to 15 μg/ml with a GI(50) of 0.58 μg/ml. The treatment with eurycomanone reduced the abundance expression of the lung cancer markers, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A2/B1, p53 tumor suppressor protein and other cancer-associated genes including prohibitin (PHB), annexin 1 (ANX1) and endoplasmic reticulum protein 28 (ERp28) but not the house keeping genes. The mRNA expressions of all genes with the exception of PHB were significantly downregulated, 72 h after treatment (p<0.05, T-test, n=9). These findings suggest that eurycomanone at viable therapeutic concentrations of 5-20 μg/ml exhibited significant anti-proliferative and anti-clonogenic cell growth effects on A549 lung cancer cells. The treatment also resulted in suppression of the lung cancer cell tumor markers and several known cancer cell growth-associated genes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins/isolation & purification; Quassins/pharmacology*; Quassins/chemistry
  3. Fulltext A review on extraction techniques and therapeutic value of polar bioactives from Asian medicinal herbs: Case study on Orthosiphon aristatus, Eurycoma longifolia and Andrographis paniculata
    Abd Aziz NA, Hasham R, Sarmidi MR, Suhaimi SH, Idris MKH
    Saudi Pharm J, 2021 Feb;29(2):143-165.
    PMID: 33679177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.016
    Medicinal plants have gained much interest in the prevention and treatment of common human disease such as cold and fever, hypertension and postpartum. Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants were synthesised using effective extraction methods which have important roles in the pharmaceutical product development. Orthosiphon aristatus (OA), Eurycoma longifolia (EL) and Andrographis paniculata (AP) are among popular medicinal herbs in Southeast Asia. The major compounds for these medicinal plants are polar bioactive compounds (rosmarinic acid, eurycomanone and andrographolide) which have multiple benefits to human health. The bioactive compounds are used as a drug to function against a variety of diseases with the support of scientific evidence. This paper was intended to prepare a complete review about the extraction techniques (e.g. OA, EL and AP) of these medicinal plants based on existing studies and scientific works. Suitable solvents and techniques to obtain their major bioactive compounds and their therapeutic potentials were discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins
  4. High performance liquid chromatography in phytochemical analysis of Eurycoma longifolia
    Chan KL, Choo CY, Morita H, Itokawa H
    Planta Med, 1998 Dec;64(8):741-5.
    PMID: 17253320 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-957570
    An analytical method using HPLC with UV detection was developed to investigate the quassinoid content of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceae) collected from various sources. Eurycomanone (1), longilactone (2), 14,15beta-dihydroxyklaineanone (3), 15beta-acetyl-14-hydroxyklaineanone (4), 6alpha-hydroxyeurycomalactone (5), and eurycomalactone (7) were isolated as reference standards and together with the synthesized 1beta,12alpha,15beta-triacetyleurycomanone (6, internal standard), were identified by NMR, MS, UV and IR spectroscopies. Their coefficient of variation values for 0.50-35 microg ml(-1) concentrations of quassinoids and their retention times measured within- and between-day were small. The recoveries of the spiked quassinoids in E. longifolia samples and their detection limits at 8.5 times signal to noise ratio were 99.75-109.13% and 0.01 microg ml(-1), respectively. From the root samples analysed, 1 had the highest concentration, being about 16.8-39.6 fold higher than the other quassinoids 2, 3, 5, 7 but 145.3 fold higher than 4 which showed the lowest concentration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins
  5. Fulltext Comparison of apoptotic responses in Blastocystis sp. upon treatment with Tongkat Ali and Metronidazole
    Girish S, Kumar S, Aminudin N, Hashim NM
    Sci Rep, 2021 04 09;11(1):7833.
    PMID: 33837230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81418-x
    Blastocystis sp. infection, although many remain asymptomatic, there is growing data in recent studies that suggests it is a frequent cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in children and adults. This proposes that treatment against this infection is necessary however metronidazole (MTZ), which is the current choice of treatment, has expressed non-uniformity in its efficacy in combating this infection which has led to the study of alternative treatment. In our previous study, it was established that Tongkat Ali fractions exhibited promising anti-protozoal properties which leads to the current aim of the study, to further narrow down the purification process in order to identify the specific active compound promoting the anti-protozoal effect through HPLC analysis. Based on the data analysis and in-vitro susceptibility assay, the collected Tongkat Ali fraction that demonstrated anti-blastocystis property was shown to contain eurycomanone. Previous studies have suggested that there is a mechanism in Blastocystis sp. that regulates the apoptotic process to produce higher number of viable cells when treated. In reference to this, our current study also aims to investigate the apoptotic response of Tongkat Ali extract and eurycomanone across different subtype groups with comparison to MTZ. Based on our investigation, both Tongkat Ali extract and eurycomanone induced the high apoptotic rate however exhibited a reduction in viable cell count (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins/pharmacology*
  6. Fulltext The Effects of Quassinoid-Rich Eurycoma longifolia Extract on Bone Turnover and Histomorphometry Indices in the Androgen-Deficient Osteoporosis Rat Model
    Jayusman PA, Mohamed IN, Alias E, Mohamed N, Shuid AN
    Nutrients, 2018 Jun 21;10(7).
    PMID: 29933617 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070799
    Male osteoporosis is associated with higher rates of disability and mortality. Hence the search for suitable intervention and treatment to prevent the degeneration of skeletal health in men is necessary. Eurycoma longifolia (EL), a traditional plant with aphrodisiac potential may be used to treat and prevent male osteoporosis. The skeletal protective effect of quassinoid-rich EL extract, which has a high content of eurycomanone, has not been studied. This study aimed to determine whether EL could prevent skeletal deteriorations in gonadal hormone-deficient male rats. Ninety-six male Sprague⁻Dawley rats were randomly assigned to baseline, sham-operated (Sham), orchidectomised or chemically castrated groups. Chemical castration was achieved via subcutaneous injection of degarelix at 2 mg/kg. The orchidectomised and degarelix-castrated rats were then divided into negative control groups (ORX, DGX), testosterone-treated groups (intramuscular injection at 7 mg/kg weekly) (ORX + TES, DGX + TES), and EL-supplemented groups receiving daily oral gavages at doses of 25 mg/kg (ORX + EL25, DGX + EL25), 50 mg/kg (ORX + EL50, DGX + EL50), and 100 mg/kg (ORX + EL100, DGX + EL100). Following 10 weeks of treatment, the rats were euthanized and their blood and femora were collected. Bone biochemical markers, serum testosterone, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa β-ligand (RANKL) levels and histomorphometric indices were evaluated. Quassinoid-rich EL supplementation was found to reduce degenerative changes of trabecular structure by improving bone volume, trabecular number, and separation. A reduction in the percentage of osteoclast and increase in percentage of osteoblast on bone surface were also seen with EL supplementation. Dynamic histomorphometric analysis showed that the single-labeled surface was significantly decreased while the double-labeled surface was significantly increased with EL supplementations. There was a marginal but significant increase in serum testosterone levels in the ORX + EL25, DGX + EL50, and DGX + EL100 groups compared to their negative control groups. Quassinoid-rich EL extract was effective in reducing skeletal deteriorations in the androgen-deficient osteoporosis rat model.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins/pharmacology*
  7. Eurycomanone, the major quassinoid in Eurycoma longifolia root extract increases spermatogenesis by inhibiting the activity of phosphodiesterase and aromatase in steroidogenesis
    Low BS, Choi SB, Abdul Wahab H, Das PK, Chan KL
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2013 Aug 26;149(1):201-7.
    PMID: 23810842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.023
    Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simaroubaceae family), known locally as 'Tongkat Ali' by the ethnic population, is popularly taken as a traditional remedy to improve the male libido, sexual prowess and fertility. Presently, many tea, coffee and carbonated beverages, pre-mixed with the root extract are available commercially for the improvement of general health and labido. Eurycomanone, the highest concentrated quassinoid in the root extract of E. longifolia improved fertility by increasing testosterone and spermatogenesis of rats through the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, but the mechanisms underlying the effects are not totally clear.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins/isolation & purification; Quassins/pharmacology*
  8. Acute, reproductive toxicity and two-generation teratology studies of a standardized quassinoid-rich extract of Eurycoma longifolia Jack in Sprague-Dawley rats
    Low BS, Das PK, Chan KL
    Phytother Res, 2014 Jul;28(7):1022-9.
    PMID: 24318772 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5094
    The roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack are popularly sought as herbal medicinal supplements to improve libido and general health amongst the local ethnic population. The major quassinoids of E. longifolia improved spermatogenesis and fertility but toxicity studies have not been well documented. The reproductive toxicity, two generation of foetus teratology and the up-and-down acute toxicity were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats orally treated with quassinoid-rich E. longifolia extract (TAF273). The results showed that the median lethal dose (LD50 ) of TAF273 for female and male rats was 1293 and >2000 mg/kg, respectively. Fertility index and litter size of the TAF273 treated were significantly increased when compared with those of the non-treated animals. The TAF273-treated dams decreased in percentage of pre-implantation loss, post-implantation loss and late resorption. No toxic symptoms were observed on the TAF273-treated pregnant female rats and their foetuses were normal. The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) obtained from reproductive toxicity and teratology studies of TAF273 in rats was 100 mg/kg body weight/day, being more than 10-fold lower than the LD50 value. Thus, any human dose derived from converting the rat doses of 100 mg/kg and below may be considered as safe for further clinical studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins/pharmacology*
  9. Effect of eurycomanone on cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 in vitro
    Pan Y, Tiong KH, Abd-Rashid BA, Ismail Z, Ismail R, Mak JW, et al.
    J Nat Med, 2014 Apr;68(2):402-6.
    PMID: 23881640 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-013-0794-8
    Eurycomanone, an active constituent isolated from Eurycoma longifolia Jack, was examined for modulatory effects on cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 using in vitro assays. The IC50 value was determined to assess the potencies of modulation for each CYP isoform. Our results indicated that eurycomanone did not potently inhibit any of the CYP isoforms investigated, with IC50 values greater than 250 μg/ml. Hence there appears to be little likelihood of drug-herb interaction between eurycomanone or herbal products with high content of this compound and CYP drug substrates via CYP inhibition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins/pharmacology*
  10. Modification of propranolol's bioavailability by Eurycoma longifolia water-based extract
    Salman SA, Amrah S, Wahab MS, Ismail Z, Ismail R, Yuen KH, et al.
    J Clin Pharm Ther, 2010 Dec;35(6):691-6.
    PMID: 21054461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01147.x
    Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia), a herb commonly consumed for its aphrodisiac properties, is widely used by Asian males. This may include hypertensive patients receiving propranolol which may cause sexual dysfunction as one of its side-effects. There is no published study of the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between propranolol and the herb.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins/pharmacology*
  11. Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack): a review on its ethnobotany and pharmacological importance
    Bhat R, Karim AA
    Fitoterapia, 2010 Oct;81(7):669-79.
    PMID: 20434529 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.04.006
    Eurycoma longifolia Jack is an herbal medicinal plant of South-East Asian origin, popularly recognized as 'Tongkat Ali.' The plant parts have been traditionally used for its antimalarial, aphrodisiac, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial and anti-pyretic activities, which have also been proved scientifically. The plant parts are rich in various bioactive compounds (like eurycomaoside, eurycolactone, eurycomalactone, eurycomanone, and pasakbumin-B) among which the alkaloids and quassinoids form a major portion. Even though toxicity and safety evaluation studies have been pursued, still a major gap exists in providing scientific base for commercial utilization and clearance of the Tongkat Ali products with regard to consumer's safety. The present review aims at reviewing the research works undertaken till date, on this plant in order to provide sufficient baseline information for future works and for commercial exploitation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins
  12. Anti-angiogenic quassinoid-rich fraction from Eurycoma longifolia modulates endothelial cell function
    Al-Salahi OS, Kit-Lam C, Majid AM, Al-Suede FS, Mohammed Saghir SA, Abdullah WZ, et al.
    Microvasc Res, 2013 Nov;90:30-9.
    PMID: 23899415 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.07.007
    Targeting angiogenesis could be an excellent strategy to combat angiogenesis-dependent pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, proliferative retinopathy and atherosclerosis. Recently a number of clinical investigations are being undertaken to assess the potential therapeutic application of various anti-angiogenic agents. Many of these angiogenesis inhibitors are directed against the functions of endothelial cells, which are considered as the building blocks of blood vessels. Similarly, roots of a traditional medicinal plant, Eurycoma longifolia, can be used as an alternative treatment to prevent and treat the angiogenesis-related diseases. In the present study, antiangiogenic potential of partially purified quassinoid-rich fraction (TAF273) of E. longifolia root extract was evaluated using ex vivo and in vivo angiogenesis models and the anti-angiogenic efficacy of TAF273 was investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). TAF273 caused significant suppression in sprouting of microvessels in rat aorta with IC50 11.5μg/ml. TAF273 (50μg/ml) showed remarkable inhibition (63.13%) of neovascularization in chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo. Tumor histology also revealed marked reduction in extent of vascularization. In vitro, TAF273 significantly inhibited the major angiogenesis steps such as proliferation, migration and differentiation of HUVECs. Phytochemical analysis revealed high content of quassinoids in TAF273. Specially, HPLC characterization showed that TAF273 is enriched with eurycomanone, 13α(21)-epoxyeurycomanone and eurycomanol. These results demonstrated that the antiangiogenic activity of TAF273 may be due to its inhibitory effect on endothelial cell proliferation, differentiation and migration which could be attributed to the high content of quassinoids in E. longifolia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins/isolation & purification; Quassins/pharmacology*; Quassins/chemistry
  13. Fulltext Effect of Eurycoma longifolia Stem Extract on Uric Acid Excretion in Hyperuricemia Mice
    Bao R, Liu M, Wang D, Wen S, Yu H, Zhong Y, et al.
    Front Pharmacol, 2019;10:1464.
    PMID: 31920654 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01464
    Background:Eurycoma longifolia is a tropical medicinal plant belonging to Simaroubaceae distributed in South East Asia. The stems are traditionally used for the treatment of sexual insufficiency, fever, hypertension, and malaria. Furthermore, it has antidiabetic and anticancer activities. Recently, it has been reported to reduce uric acid, but the mechanism is unclear. Hypothesis/Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore the effect and mechanism of E. longifolia stem 70% ethanol extract (EL) and its active compounds on uric acid excretion. Study Design and Methods: Potassium oxonate (PO) induced hyperuricemia rats model and adenine-PO induced hyperuricemia mice model were used to evaluate the effects of EL. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography was used to determine the levels of plasma or serum uric acid and creatinine. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to observe kidney pathological changes, and western blot was applied to detect protein expression levels of uric acid transporters. Effects of constituents on urate uptake were tested in hURAT1-expressing HEK293T cells. Results: EL significantly reduced serum and plasma uric acid levels at dosages of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in hyperuricemia rats and mice, increased the clearance rate of uric acid and creatinine, and improved the renal pathological injury. The protein expression levels of urate reabsorption transporter 1 (URAT1) and glucose transporter 9 were down-regulated, while sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 were up-regulated in the kidney after EL treatment. The quassinoids isolated from EL showed inhibitory effects on urate uptake in hURAT1-expressing HEK293T cells, and the effect of eurycomanol was further confirmed in vivo. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that EL significantly reduced blood uric acid levels, prevented pathological changes of kidney in PO induced hyperuricemia animal model, and improved renal urate transports. We partly clarified the mechanism was related to suppressing effect of URAT1 by quassinoid in EL. This study is the first to demonstrate that EL plays a role in hyperuricemia by promoting renal uric acid excretion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins
  14. Safety assessment of standardized aqueous Brucea javanica extract in rats
    Man F, Choo CY
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2018 Apr 06;215:21-26.
    PMID: 29288829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.040
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The seeds of Brucea javanica and its aqueous decoction is a traditional medicine consumed by diabetic patients in Malaysia. The daily consumption of B. javanica seeds and it's aqueous decoction causes much concern as the quassinoids and its glycosides from the seeds exhibited various pharmacological activity at low doses.

    AIMS OF STUDY: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the repeated dose toxicity of the standardized aqueous extract administered daily for 30 days through oral administration at its effective hypoglycemia doses.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The seeds were dried, ground and extracted in deionized water. A HPLC-photodiode array method was developed and validated for the standardization of both the hypoglycemia agents, namely bruceine D and E in aqueous extract. Both normoglycemia and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were fed orally with 15, 30 and 60mg/kg body weight of standardized aqueous extract. The blood glucose was measured at 0-8h. In repeated dose toxicity, similar doses were administered orally to rats for 30 days. At the end of 30 days, the blood was withdrawn and subjected to biochemical and haematology analysis while organs were harvested for histology analysis.

    RESULTS: Oral administration of standardized aqueous extract exhibited a dose-response relationship in both the normoglycemia and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Daily oral administration of 15, 30 and 60mg/kg standardized aqueous extract for 30 days to rats did not show signs to toxicity in its biochemical, haematology and histology analysis.

    CONCLUSION: In conclusion, although the seeds were reported to contain compounds with various pharmacological activity, the daily oral administration to rats for 30 days do not showed signs of toxicity at its effective hypoglycemia doses.

    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins
  15. Fulltext Bioavailability of Eurycomanone in Its Pure Form and in a Standardised Eurycoma longifolia Water Extract
    Ahmad N, Samiulla DS, Teh BP, Zainol M, Zolkifli NA, Muhammad A, et al.
    Pharmaceutics, 2018 Jul 11;10(3).
    PMID: 29997335 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030090
    Eurycoma longifolia is one of the commonly consumed herbal preparations and its major chemical compound, eurycomanone, has been described to have antimalarial, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, and cytotoxic activities. Today, the consumption of E. longifolia is popular through the incorporation of its extract in food items, most frequently in drinks such as tea and coffee. In the current study, the characterisation of the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) attributes of eurycomanone were conducted via a series of in vitro and in vivo studies in rats and mice. The solubility and chemical stability of eurycomanone under the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract environment were determined. The permeability of eurycomanone was investigated by determining its distribution coefficient in aqueous and organic environments and its permeability using the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay system and Caco-2 cultured cells. Eurycomanone's stability in plasma and its protein-binding ability were measured by using an equilibrium dialysis method. Its stability in liver microsomes across species (mice, rat, dog, monkey, and human) and rat liver hepatocytes was also investigated. Along with the PK evaluations of eurycomanone in mice and rats, the PK parameters for the Malaysian Standard (MS: 2409:201) standardised water extract of E. longifolia were also evaluated in rats. Both rodent models showed that eurycomanone in both the compound form and extract form had a half-life of 0.30 h. The differences in the bioavailability of eurycomanone in the compound form between the rats (11.8%) and mice (54.9%) suggests that the PK parameters cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. The results also suggest that eurycomanone is not readily absorbed across biological membranes. However, once absorbed, the compound is not easily metabolised (is stable), hence retaining its bioactive properties, which may be responsible for the various reported biological activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins
  16. Fulltext Brain Cortical and Hippocampal Dopamine: A New Mechanistic Approach for Eurycoma longifolia Well-Known Aphrodisiac Activity and Its Chemical Characterization
    Ezzat SM, Ezzat MI, Okba MM, Hassan SM, Alkorashy AI, Karar MM, et al.
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2019;2019:7543460.
    PMID: 31275418 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7543460
    Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Fam.: Simaroubaceae), known as Tongkat Ali (TA), has been known as a symbol of virility and sexual power for men. Metabolic profiling of the aqueous extract of E. longifolia (AEEL) using UPLC-MS/MS in both positive and negative modes allowed the identification of seventeen metabolites. The identified compounds were classified into four groups: quassinoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, and biphenylneolignans. AEEL is considered safe with oral LD50 cut-off >5000 mg/kg. Oral administration of 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg of AEEL for 10 consecutive days to Sprague-Dawley male rats caused significant reductions in mounting, intromission, and ejaculation latencies and increased penile erection index. AEEL increased total body weight and relative weights of seminal vesicles and prostate. Total and free serum testosterone and brain cortical and hippocampal dopamine content was significantly elevated in treated groups with no significant effects on serotonin or noradrenaline content.
    Matched MeSH terms: Quassins
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