Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 335 in total

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  1. Fulltext In vitro, in situ and in vivo studies on the anticandidal activity of Cassia fistula seed extract
    Jothy SL, Zakariah Z, Chen Y, Sasidharan S
    Molecules, 2012 Jun 07;17(6):6997-7009.
    PMID: 22678414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066997
    Cassia fistula seeds have many therapeutic uses in traditional medicine practice. The present investigation was undertaken to demonstrate the anticandidal activity of the C. fistula seed extract at ultra-structural level through transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations. The effect of seed extract on the growth profile of the Candida albicans was examined via time-kill assays and in vivo efficacy of the extract was tested in an animal model. In addition, the anticandidal effect of seed extract was further evaluated by microscopic observations using SEM and TEM to determine any major alterations in the ultrastructure of C. albicans. The complete inhibition of C. albicans growth was shown by C. fistula seed extract at 6.25 mg/mL concentration. The time-kill assay suggested that C. fistula seed extract had completely inhibited the growth of C. albicans and also exhibited prolonged anti-yeast activity. The SEM and TEM observations carried out to distinguish the metamorphosis in the morphology of control and C. fistula seed extract-treated C. albicans cells revealed the notable effect on the outer cell wall and cytoplasmic content of the C. albicans and complete collapse of yeast cell exposed to seed extract at concentration 6.25 mg/mL at 36 h. The in vitro time-kill study performed using the leaf extract at 1/2, 1 or 2 times of the MIC significantly inhibited the yeast growth with a noticeable drop in optical density (OD) of yeast culture, thus confirming the fungicidal effect of the extract on C. albicans. In addition, in vivo antifungal activity studies on candidiasis in mice showed a 6-fold decrease in C. albicans in kidneys and blood samples in the groups of animals treated with the extract (2.5 g/kg body weight). The results suggested that the C. fistula seed extract possessed good anticandidal activity and is a potential candidate for the development of anticandidal agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/chemistry
  2. Antifungal activity of Andrographis paniculata extracts and active principles against skin pathogenic fungal strains in vitro
    Sule A, Ahmed QU, Latip J, Samah OA, Omar MN, Umar A, et al.
    Pharm Biol, 2012 Jul;50(7):850-6.
    PMID: 22587518 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.641021
    Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Acanthaceae) is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated in southern Asia, China, and Europe. It is used in the treatment of skin infections in India, China, and Malaysia by folk medicine practitioners.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/chemistry
  3. Anti-fungal effect of Hevea brasiliensis latex C-serum on Aspergillus niger
    Daruliza KM, Lam KL, Yang KL, Priscilla JT, Sunderasan E, Ong MT
    Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2011 Sep;15(9):1027-33.
    PMID: 22013725
    Hevea brasiliensis extract could potentially be employed as a relatively low cost resource for various anti-fungal activities due to the simplicity of latex preparation and the abundance of latex that can be obtained in rubber producing regions. The present study was aimed at examining the species specific anti-fungal property of H. brasilensis latex C-serum against Aspergillus niger.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/toxicity
  4. Fulltext Triclosan Demonstrates Synergic Effect with Amphotericin B and Fluconazole and Induces Apoptosis-Like Cell Death in Cryptococcus neoformans
    Movahed E, Tan GM, Munusamy K, Yeow TC, Tay ST, Wong WF, et al.
    Front Microbiol, 2016;7:360.
    PMID: 27047474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00360
    Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungus that causes fatal meningoencephalitis especially in AIDS patients. There is an increasing need for discovery of new anti-cryptococcal drugs due to emergence of resistance cases in recent years. In this study, we aim to elucidate the antifungal effect of triclosan against C. neoformans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents
  5. Antifungal garcinia acid esters from the fruits of Garcinia atroviridis
    Mackeen MM, Ali AM, Lajis NH, Kawazu K, Kikuzaki H, Nakatani N
    Z Naturforsch C J Biosci, 2002 6 18;57(3-4):291-5.
    PMID: 12064729
    Two new garcinia acid derivatives, 2-(butoxycarbonylmethyl)-3-butoxycarbonyl-2-hydroxy-3-propanolide and 1',1"-dibutyl methyl hydroxycitrate, were isolated from the fruits of Garcinia atroviridis guided by TLC bioautography against the fungus Cladosporium herbarum. The structures of these compounds were established by spectral analysis. The former compound represents a unique beta-lactone structure and the latter compound is most likely an artefact of garcinia acid (= hydroxycitric acid). Both compounds showed selective antifungal activity comparable to that of cycloheximide (MID: 0.5 microg/spot) only against C herbarum at the MIDs of 0.4 and 0.8 microg/spot but were inactive against bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), other fungi (Alternaria sp., Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus ochraceous) including the yeast Candida albicans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology; Antifungal Agents/chemistry*
  6. Pleurotus sajor-caju can be used to synthesize silver nanoparticles with antifungal activity against Candida albicans
    Musa SF, Yeat TS, Kamal LZM, Tabana YM, Ahmed MA, El Ouweini A, et al.
    J Sci Food Agric, 2018 Feb;98(3):1197-1207.
    PMID: 28746729 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8573
    BACKGROUND: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has become widely practiced worldwide. In this study, AgNPs were synthesized using a hot-water extract of the edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju. The product, PSC-AgNPs, was characterized by using UV-visible spectra, dynamic light scattering analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. To assess its antifungal activity against Candida albicans, gene transcription and protein expression analyses were conducted for CaICL1 and its product, ICL, using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively.

    RESULTS: PSC-AgNPs with an average particle size of 11.68 nm inhibited the growth of the pathogenic yeast C. albicans. Values for minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration were 250 and 500 mg L-1 , respectively. TEM images revealed that the average particle size of PSC-AgNPs was 16.8 nm, with the values for zeta potential and the polydispersity index being -8.54 mV and 0.137, respectively. XRD and FTIR spectra showed PSC-AgNPs to have a face-centered cubic crystalline structure. The polysaccharides and amino acid residues present in P. sajor-caju extract were found to be involved in reducing Ag+ to AgNP. Both CaICL1 transcription and ICL protein expression were found to be suppressed in the cells treated with PSC-AgNPs as compared with the control.

    CONCLUSION: Our PSC-AgNP preparation makes for a promising antifungal agent that can downregulate isocitrate lyase. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/metabolism*; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/chemistry
  7. ASP2397: a novel antifungal agent produced by Acremonium persicinum MF-347833
    Nakamura I, Yoshimura S, Masaki T, Takase S, Ohsumi K, Hashimoto M, et al.
    J Antibiot (Tokyo), 2017 Jan;70(1):45-51.
    PMID: 27599768 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.107
    The novel antifungal agent ASP2397 (Vical's compound ID VL-2397) is produced by the fungal strain MF-347833 that was isolated from Malaysian leaf litter and is identified here as an Acremonium species based on its morphology, physiological properties and 28S ribosomal DNA sequence. Because of its potential importance for producing novel antifungal agents, we determined the taxonomic and biologic properties of MF-347833. We show here that ASP2397 is a cyclic hexapeptide that chelates aluminum ion and is therefore similar to ferrichrome, a hydroxamate siderophore. However, ASP2397 differs structurally from licensed antifungal agents such as amphotericin B, triazoles and echinocandins. To understand the relationship between chemical structure and biological function, we isolated certain ASP2397 derivatives from the culture broth, and we further chemically converted the metal-free form to other derivatives.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification*; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/chemistry
  8. Fulltext Antifungal Prospect of Bacillus cereus Postbiotic on Crustacean Pathogen, Lagenidium thermophilum
    Elliecpearl Jasca J, Annita Seok KY, Suraini L, Chun YA, Julian R, Sano M, et al.
    Biocontrol Sci, 2021;26(4):201-205.
    PMID: 35013016 DOI: 10.4265/bio.26.201
    Pathogenic marine fungi, Lagenidium thermophilum is known causative agent in the crustacean industry. Current disinfection practice in hatchery has risks and negative impacts which prompts suitable substitute to synthetic antifungal agents. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the antifungal potential of postbiotic from four potential probiotics towards marine oomycetes, L. thermophilum IPMB 1401. The screening test showed that the Lactobacillus plantarum GS12 and Bacillus cereus GS15 postbiotics were positive for antifungal activity on L. thermophilum IPMB 1401. These two bacterial extracts have minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） at 50%. The toxicity assay on MIC level of the postbiotic revealed that the cumulative mortality of brine shrimp nauplii exposed to B. cereus postbiotic was significantly lower compared to L. plantarum GS12 postbiotic and formalin. This indicates a high potential of B. cereus GS15 as a prospect for alternative control method for fungal infections in the crustacean culture industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents
  9. Antifungal and cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants from Malaysia
    Chan YS, Cheah YH, Chong PZ, Khor HL, Teh WS, Khoo KS, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2018 Jan;31(1):119-127.
    PMID: 29348093
    This study was conducted to investigate the antifungal potential and cytotoxicity of selected medicinal plants from Malaysia. The extracts from the stem of Cissus quadrangularis and the leaves of Asplenium nidus, Pereskia bleo, Persicaria odorata and Sauropus androgynus were assayed against six fungi using p-iodonitrotetrazolium-based on colorimetric broth microdilution method. All the plant extracts were found to be fungicidal against at least one type of fungus. The strongest fungicidal activity (minimum fungicidal concentration=0.16 mg/mL) were exhibited by the hexane extract of C. quadrangularis, the hexane, chloroform, ethanol and methanol extracts of P. bleo, the hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of P. odorata, and the water extract of A. nidus. In terms of cytotoxicity on the African monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells, the chloroform extract of P. odorata produced the lowest 50% cytotoxic concentration (100.3 ± 4.2 μ g/mL). In contrast, none of the water extracts from the studied plants caused significant toxicity on the cells. The water extract of A. nidus warrants further investigation since it showed the strongest fungicidal activity and the highest total activity (179.22 L/g) against Issatchenkia orientalis, and did not cause any toxicity to the Vero cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/toxicity*
  10. Nangallenes A and B, halogenated nonterpenoid C15-acetogenins from the Bornean red alga Laurencia nangii
    Kamada T, Phan CS, Vairappan CS
    J Asian Nat Prod Res, 2019 Mar;21(3):241-247.
    PMID: 29281900 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1417265
    Two new halogenated nonterpenoids C15-acetogenins, nangallenes A-B (1-2), together with two known halogenated compounds itomanallene A (3) and 2,10-dibromo-3-chloro-α-chamigrene (4), were isolated and identified from the organic extract of the marine red alga Laurencia nangii Masuda collected from the coastal waters in Semporna, Borneo. Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic analysis including IR, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESI-MS), and 1D and 2D NMR techniques. All these metabolites were submitted for the antifungal assay against four species of selected marine fungi. Compounds 1-4 showed potent activity against Haliphthoros sabahensis and Lagenidium thermophilum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology; Antifungal Agents/chemistry*
  11. Fulltext Isolation of Bacterial Endophytes Associated with Cinchona ledgeriana Moens. and Their Potential in Plant-growth Promotion, Antifungal and Quinoline Alkaloids Production
    Akhbar Anugrah F, Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha I, Masita R, Zubaidah S, Izzati Mohd Noh N
    J Gen Appl Microbiol, 2025 Feb 13;70(4).
    PMID: 39462602 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2024.09.002
    For centuries, quinoline alkaloids from the tree bark of Cinchona ledgeriana (C. ledgeriana) have been used in the treatment of malaria. However, unsustainable harvesting and poor growth conditions greatly limit its use as raw materials. Since plant endophytes are known to contribute to the physiology of the host and its metabolism for survival, this study showed the potential of endophytes isolated from C. ledgeriana roots in promoting the germination of Catharathus roseus (C. roseus) seedlings and the biosynthesis of quinoline alkaloid. In this present study, we found that the Enterobacteriaceae family comprised the majority of the bacterial community, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most abundant species at the C. ledgeriana roots. Characterization of culturable bacterial endophytes from the C. ledgeriana roots showed that all the isolates displayed plant growth-promoting factors and antifungal activities. Interestingly, chromatographic analyses led to the identification of the quinoline alkaloids producing Achromobacter xylosoxidans (A. xylosoxidans) A1. Moreover, the co-cultures of A. xylosoxidans A1, Cytobacillus solani (C. solani) A3, and Klebsiella aerogenes A6 increased the fresh and dry weight of the C. roseus seedlings. These results suggest that these bacterial endophytes may enhance quinine and quinidine production as well as the growth of the plant host.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification; Antifungal Agents/metabolism; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
  12. Fulltext Microwave assisted synthesis, spectral and antifungal studies of 2-phenyl-N,N'-bis(pyridin-4-ylcarbonyl)butanediamide ligand and its metal complexes
    Shiekh RA, Malik MA, Al-Thabaiti SA, Wani MY, Nabi A
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:404617.
    PMID: 24772018 DOI: 10.1155/2014/404617
    2-Phenyl-N,N'-bis(pyridin-4-ylcarbonyl)butanediamide ligand with a series of transition metal complexes has been synthesized via two routes: microwave irradiation and conventional heating method. Microwave irritation method happened to be the efficient and versatile route for the synthesis of these metal complexes. These complexes were found to have the general composition M(L)Cl2/M(L)(CH3COO)2 (where M = Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and L = ligand). Different physical and spectroscopic techniques were used to investigate the structural features of the synthesized compounds, which supported an octahedral geometry for these complexes. In vitro antifungal activity of the ligand and its metal complexes revealed that the metal complexes are highly active compared to the standard drug. Metal complexes showed enhanced activity compared to the ligand, which is an important step towards the designing of antifungal drug candidates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/chemistry*
  13. Lipid constituents of the edible mushroom, Pleurotus giganteus demonstrate anti-Candida activity
    Phan CW, Lee GS, Macreadie IG, Malek SN, Pamela D, Sabaratnam V
    Nat Prod Commun, 2013 Dec;8(12):1763-5.
    PMID: 24555294
    Different solvent extracts of Pleurotus giganteus fruiting bodies were tested for antifungal activities against Candida species responsible for human infections. The lipids extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction significantly inhibited the growth of all the Candida species tested. Analysis by GC/MS revealed lipid components such as fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, ergosterol, and ergosterol derivatives. The sample with high amounts of fatty acid methyl esters was the most effective antifungal agent. The samples were not cytotoxic to a mammalian cell line, mouse embryonic fibroblasts BALB/c 3T3 clone A31. To our knowledge, this is the first report of antifungal activity of the lipid components of Pleurotus giganteus against Candida species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/analysis*; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
  14. Fulltext Standardization of Cassia spectabilis with respect to authenticity, assay and chemical constituent analysis
    Torey A, Sasidharan S, Yeng C, Latha LY
    Molecules, 2010 May 10;15(5):3411-20.
    PMID: 20657490 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15053411
    Quality control standardizations of the various medicinal plants used in traditional medicine is becoming more important today in view of the commercialization of formulations based on these plants. An attempt at standardization of Cassia spectabilis leaf has been carried out with respect to authenticity, assay and chemical constituent analysis. The authentication involved many parameters, including gross morphology, microscopy of the leaves and functional group analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The assay part of standardization involved determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract which could help assess the chemical effects and establish curative values. The MIC of the C. spectabilis leaf extracts was investigated using the Broth Dilution Method. The extracts showed a MIC value of 6.25 mg/mL, independent of the extraction time. The chemical constituent aspect of standardization involves quantification of the main chemical components in C. spectabilis. The GCMS method used for quantification of 2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione in the extract was rapid, accurate, precise, linear (R(2) = 0.8685), rugged and robust. Hence this method was suitable for quantification of this component in C. spectabilis. The standardization of C. spectabilis is needed to facilitate marketing of medicinal plants, with a view to promoting the export of valuable Malaysian Traditional Medicinal plants such as C. spectabilis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/analysis; Antifungal Agents/standards*
  15. Fungicidal effect and oral acute toxicity of Cassia spectabilis leaf extract
    Sangetha S, Zuraini Z, Sasidharan S, Suryani S
    Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, 2008;49(4):299-304.
    PMID: 19001757
    The fungicidal activity of Cassia spectabilis leaf extracts was investigated using the disk diffusion technique and the broth dilution method. The extract showed a favorable antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans with a minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) value of 6.25 mg / ml. Apart from the fungicidal effects, imaging using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done to determine the major alterations in the microstructure of the C. albicans. The main abnormalities noted in the SEM studies were the alterations in morphology and complete collapse of the yeast cells after 36 h of exposure to the extract. The in vitro time-kill study performed using the leaf extract at 1/2, 1 or 2 times of the MIC significantly inhibited the yeast growth with a noticeable drop in optical density (OD) of yeast culture, thus confirming the fungicidal effect of the extract on C. albicans. In addition, in vivo antifungal activity studies on candidiasis in mice showed a 5-fold decrease in Candida in kidneys and blood samples in the groups of animals treated with the extract (2.5 g / kg body weight). In an acute toxicity study using mice, the acute minimum fatal dose of the extract was greater than 2000 mg / kg, and we found no histopathological changes in macroscopic examination by necropsy of mice treated with extract. We conclude that the extract may be safely used as an anticandidal agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*
  16. Novel Antifungal Peptides Produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides DU15 Effectively Inhibit Growth of Aspergillus niger
    Muhialdin BJ, Hassan Z, Abu Bakar F, Algboory HL, Saari N
    J Food Sci, 2015 May;80(5):M1026-30.
    PMID: 25847317 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12844
    The ability of Leuconostoc mesenteroides DU15 to produce antifungal peptides that inhibit growth of Aspergillus niger was evaluated under optimum growth conditions of 30 °C for 48 h. The cell-free supernatant showed inhibitory activity against A. niger. Five novel peptides were isolated with the sequences GPFPL, YVPLF, LLHGVPLP, GPFPLEMTLGPT, and TVYPFPGPL as identified by de novo sequencing using PEAKS 6 software. Peptide LLHGVPLP was the only positively charged (cationic peptides) and peptide GPFPLEMTLGPT negatively charged (anionic), whereas the rest are neutral. The identified peptides had high hydrophobicity ratio and low molecular weights with amino acids sequences ranging from 5 to 12 residues. The mode of action of these peptides is observed under the scanning electron microscope and is due to cell lysis of fungi. This work reveals the potential of peptides from L. mesenteroides DU15 as natural antifungal preservatives in inhibiting the growth of A. niger that is implicated to the spoilage during storage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/metabolism; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*
  17. Fulltext Treatment of vaginal candidiasis using a three-day course of Tioconazole: a preliminary report
    Rachagan SP, Sivanesaratnam V
    Med J Malaysia, 1986 Mar;41(1):30-2.
    PMID: 3796344
    A preliminary report on the short-term use of Tioconazole for vaginal candidiasis is presented. The cure rate was found to be approximately 90% in mild degrees of the disease, with good patient compliance and minimal side effects. However no conclusion can be drawn for moderate or severe cases of the condition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use*
  18. Preparation, and structural of new NiS-SiO2 and Cr2S3-TiO2 nano-catalyst: Photocatalytic and antimicrobial studies
    Hosseini M, Fazelian N, Fakhri A, Kamyab H, Yadav KK, Chelliapan S
    J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol., 2019 May;194:128-134.
    PMID: 30953914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.03.016
    NiS-SiO2 and Cr2S3-TiO2 synthesized by Ultrasound-Microwave method was tested for the photo-degradation of methyl red as azo dye under ultraviolet (UV) light. The structure and morphology of the synthesized materials were examined through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and the band gap energy differences were determined through diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The crystallite size and band gap values of SiO2, TiO2, NiS-SiO2 and Cr2S3-TiO2-1 were obtained from XRD and UV-vis DRS analysis and found insignificant 44.22, 54.11, and 57.11 nm, and 8.9, 3.2, 3.0, 2.7 eV, respectively. The NiS-SiO2 and Cr2S3-TiO2 nanocomposites exhibited good stability and catalytic performance in the azo dye degradation; the composite provides a complete degradation after 50 min under UV irradiation. The effects of different quencher compounds on the Methyl red dye degradation were also investigated. The result for this experiment shows the system without the quencher was highly degradation of Methyl red. The antibacterial influence of the SiO2, TiO2, NiS-SiO2 and Cr2S3-TiO2-1 were studied versus two species bacteria. The antifungal performance of this nanoparticle was analyzed versus two species fungi as the C. albicans and P. funiculosum. Biological data demonstrated that the prepared catalyst has great bactericidal and fungicidal properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/pharmacology*; Antifungal Agents/chemistry*
  19. Echinocandins in the treatment of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis: clinical and economic perspectives
    Neoh CF, Slavin M, Chen SC, Stewart K, Kong DC
    Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2014 Mar;43(3):207-14.
    PMID: 24670423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.08.010
    Candidaemia and invasive candidiasis (IC) complicate modern medical therapy, contributing to high morbidity and mortality. Managing candidiasis is costly, with an additional healthcare expenditure of nearly US$300 million annually. Recent consensus guidelines have suggested the use of newer antifungal agents, such as echinocandins, for the treatment of candidaemia and IC owing to promising clinical outcomes compared with older-generation antifungal agents, but at higher drug acquisition and administration costs. Comprehensive cost-effectiveness data for echinocandins in treating candidaemia and IC remain relatively scant, underlining the need for more studies to incorporate robust economic analyses into clinical decisions. Assessment of the cost efficiencies of these expensive antifungal agents is essential for maximising health outcomes within the constraints of healthcare resources. This review will explore the epidemiology of candidaemia and IC in the context of clinical and economic aspects of the antifungal agents used to treat IC, especially the echinocandins. Standardising the outcome measure, methodology and reporting of results used in economic studies is central to ensure validity and comparability of the findings. Future studies comparing the economic advantages of all available antifungal treatment options and in the context of new diagnostic tools for fungal infections are anticipated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/economics; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use*
  20. Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of norfloxacin based acetohydrazides
    Walayat K, Ahmad M, Rasul A, Aslam S, Anjum MN, Sultan S, et al.
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Mar;33(2(Supplementary)):855-860.
    PMID: 32863262
    The drug resistance phenomenon in microbes is resulting in the ineffectiveness of available drugs to treat the infections. Thus, there is a continued need to discover new molecules to combat the drug resistance phenomenon. Norfloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. In this research work, norfloxacin is structurally modified by hybridizing with a range of substituted acetohydrazidic moieties through a multistep reaction. The first step involves the coupling of norfloxacin 1 with methyl chloroacetate followed by the treatment with hydrazine hydrate to result in corresponding acetohydrazide 3. A range of substituted benzaldehydes were reacted with the acetohydrazide to form the targeted series of norfloxacin derivatives 4a-i. The final compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity. Among the tested compounds, 4c, 4d, 4e and 4f displayed better antifungal activity against F.avenaceum, while compound 4c and 4e were active against F. bubigeum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Antifungal Agents/chemical synthesis; Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
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