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Fulltext Fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth: an in vitro study

Michael, Mera Christina, Adam Husein, Wan Zaripah Wan Bakar, Eshamsul Sulaiman

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2010;5(2):36-41.
MyJurnal

Endodontically treated teeth are generally weaker than sound teeth. The study objective was to compare the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with different restorative techniques. Fifty extracted human maxillary central incisors of similar size were divided into five groups of 10 teeth. Group 1 was left intact as the control group. Other groups (Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5) were all endodontically treated followed by restorations using different restorative techniques; light cured composite resin (CR), CR and crown, post and CR, and post-CR core and crown respectively. The specimens were loaded in a universal testing machine with a static force at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min at 135 ° to the long axis of the root until failure. The means and the standard deviations of the maximum load at failure for groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 1259.11N (379.12N), 578.63N (196.70N), 667.13N (298.72N), 1247.65N (294.48N) and 623.60N (193.75N) respectively. The results of one-way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences existed among the groups tested (p

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Study on Correlations Between Glycated Haemoglobin, Lipid Profi les and Blood Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetics Living at Moderate High Altitude

Rajashekar Rao, B., Parineetha, P.B., Venkata Raman, V.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2010;9(2):39-44.
MyJurnal

Introduction: The study was conducted to look for the effects of polycythaemia on Glycosylated Haemoglobin (GHb) levels and to the see the correlations between the levels of haemoglobin, GHb, blood glucose, and lipid proﬁ les including Atherogenic Index of plasma (AIP), in type 2 diabetics living 5800ft above sea level at Gangtok in Sikkim, India. GHb is used to predict the risk of long term complications of Diabetes mellitus (DM) like coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of Group I (Type 2 DM male patients with PPG levels 200mg/dl) and age matched healthy males formed the control group. Results: In Group I, GHb levels correlated positively with AIP, but not with TC/HDL-C ratio. In Group II, both PPG and GHb levels correlated positively with Total cholesterol (TC), LDL Cholesterol, TC /HDL-C ratio and AIP. This shows that higher PPG levels are associated with more Atherogenic lipid proﬁ les. Study also showed higher GHb levels in controls at 7.61%, and correlated positively with postprandial glucose (PPG) levels (r = 0.92). Conclusion: In predicting risk for future CAD, PPG levels and AIP can be used as an adjunct parameter.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of star fruit and its effect on serum lipid profiles in rats

Teh, C.C., Khoo, Z.Y., Khursiah, F., Rao, N.K., Chin, J.H.

International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(4):987-994.
MyJurnal

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different storage conditions of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) juice on the activity of acetylcholinesterase in various organs of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The effect of oral administration of star fruit on serum lipid profiles was also examined in this study. A total of 15 female rats were assigned into three groups with five animals per group (n=5). The first group served as control group and given only distilled water (vehicle) while the other two groups were given different star fruit preparations, i.e. freshly prepared star fruit juice and after 3 hours storage, respectively. From the results obtained, a significant decrease in the hepatic acetylcholinesterase activity was observed in rats treated with star fruit juice. In conclusion, the star fruit juice at different storage conditions is selectively targeted on the acetylcholinesterase activity in rat liver but not in kidney and heart.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Histological changes in the fracture callus following the administration of water extract of piper sarmentosum (daun kadok) in estrogen-deficient rats

Estai MA, Soelaiman IN, Shuid AN, Das S, Ali AM, Suhaimi FH

Iran J Med Sci, 2011 Dec;36(4):281-8.
PMID: 23115413

BACKGROUND: The fracture healing is impaired in osteoporosis. Piper sarmentosum is a plant, which contains potent antioxidant, naringenin that may enhance fracture healing. The present histological study aimed to determine the effects of water extract of Piper sarmentosum on the late phase of fracture healing in estrogen-deficient rats.
METHODS: Twenty four female Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 gm) were obtained. Six rats underwent sham operation and the rest were ovariectomized. Six weeks post-ovariectomy all the rats were fractured at the mid-diaphysis of the right femur and a K-wire was inserted for internal fixation. The sham group was given vehicle (normal saline) and the ovariectomized group was randomly subdivided into three groups: (i) ovariectomized-control group supplemented with vehicle; (ii) ovariectomized+estrogen replacement therapy group treated with estrogen (100 µg/kg/day) and (iii) ovariectomized+Piper sarmentosum group treated with Piper sarmentosum water extract (125 mg/kg). Following six weeks of treatment, the rats were sacrificed and the right femora were harvested for histological assessment of fracture callus.
RESULTS: The ovariectomized-control group showed a significant delay in fracture healing compared to the sham, ovariectomized-estrogen replacement therapy and ovariectomized-Piper sarmentosum groups. The median callus score for the ovariectomized-Piper sarmentosum group was 4.50 (range, 4-5), which was significantly higher than the median callus score 3.50 (range, 3-4) for the ovariectomized-control group (P=0.019). However, there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in the callus score among the sham, ovariectomized-estrogen replacement therapy and ovariectomized-Piper sarmentosum groups groups.
CONCLUSION: Treatment with water extract of Piper sarmentosum proved beneficial in the fracture healing in estrogen-deficient rats.
KEYWORDS: Antioxidant; callus; fracture healing; histology; osteoporosis; ovariectomy

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext The polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility: a metabolic disorder that needs early diagnosis and treatment

Arumugam, K., Majeed, N.A.

JUMMEC, 2011;14(1):6-9.
MyJurnal

We investigated the association between polycystic ovarian syndrome, dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance in a cross sectional analysis comparing 50 patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and 50 patients without the disease (control group) who were attending the Infertility clinic. Variables of interest were their body-mass index (Kg/m2), fasting and blood glucose levels after a 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test and their total cholesterol (mmol/L), total triglycerides (mmol/L), high density cholesterol lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mmol/L) and, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) levels. Except for HDL where significantly lower values were observed, significantly higher levels were detected in patients with PCOS than that of the control group. The difference persisted even when the obesity index were adjusted and matched. We conclude that both glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia were significantly associated with PCOS irrespective of the obesity index.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Can dark chocolate alleviate anxiety, depressive and stress symptoms among trainee nurses? A parallel, open-label study

Lua PL, Wong SY

ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2011;12(2):0-0.
MyJurnal

Objective: This interventional study was aimed to investigate the effects of dark chocolate
consumption on anxiety, depression, and stress (ADS) among trainee nurses. Methods: A
parallel and open-label experimental study was conducted. Of the 128 nurses enrolled, only 47 participated in the intervention study (mean age = 20.32 years; ranging from 19 to 22 years old). They were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG, n = 25) or a control group (CG, n = 22). The IG consumed dark chocolate and CG ingested mineral water for 3 consecutive days. The validated Malay Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were utilised for measuring ADS levels. Data were analysed descriptively and score comparisons were conducted using non-parametric tests. Results: No significant differences between IG and CG in ADS scores were detected at baseline (all p > 0.05). At post-consumption, ADS score were significantly reduced in IG (all p < 0.01) compared with CG (all p < 0.05). Larger effect sizes among these respondents had also revealed that there were mood-elevating effects of dark chocolate consumption. Conclusion: This study has discovered that 3-day consumption of dark chocolate may alleviate ADS status among trainee nurses suggesting that dark chocolate may have a more prominent role in improving emotional and mood generally. Further investigations are however warranted to confirm this finding.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Relationship between central corneal thickness and severity of open angle glaucoma using optical coherence tomography

Mushawiahti, M., Syed Zulkifli, S.Z., Aida Zairani, M.Z., Faridah, H.

Medicine & Health, 2011;6(2):107-113.
MyJurnal

Central corneal thickness plays a major role in the management of many types of glaucoma. Therefore, our aim is to determine the relationship between the severity of glaucoma measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and central corneal thickness (CCT) among normal tension and high tension glaucoma patients. This is an observational cross sectional study on 190 patients carried out in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Three groups of patients were identified; 60 normal tension glaucoma (NTG), 61 primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and 69 control. Patients were identified based on the glaucomatous visual field changes and previous record of intraocular pressure before treatment. Visual acuity and intraocular pressure measurements were recorded. Specular microscope was used to measure the CCT and the severity of glaucoma was evaluated objectively based on the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness using optical coherence tomography. Results showed NTG patients had significantly thinner cornea, 503.07±32.27µm compared to the control group, 517.45±31.74 µm (p=0.012).
However, there was no significant difference between the CCT of POAG and NTG groups (p=0.386).Retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness was significantly different between the glaucoma and the control groups (p

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext The effect of lead exposure of mice during pregnancy on the concentration and motility of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa in offspring mature male mice

al-Khfaji, I.N., Fakhrildin, M.B., Al-Ani, I.M., Mangalo, H.H., Al-Obaidi, S.R.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2011;10(1):37-42.
MyJurnal

Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of lead on concentration and motility of spermatozoa recovered from epididymis and testes in mature male offspring whose mothers were exposed to different doses and concentrations of lead acetate during gestation period. Materials and Methods: Seventy two healthy mature female mice were divided into three major groups according to the number of injections involving 1, 2 and 3 injections. Each major group was subdivided into four minor groups according to the concentration dose of (0, 25, 50 and 100) mg/Kg of lead acetate. Sperm concentration, percentage of motility and grade of activity were microscopically examined and statistically analyzed. Results: A significant reduction in the sperm functions were seen in relation to an increased in the number of injections and/or concentration of lead acetate dose as compared with the control groups. Conclusion: The toxic effects of lead acetate may interfere with spermatogenesis and metabolism of spermatozoa.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Lipid Peroxidation in Chronic Cerebral HypoperfusionInduced Neurodegeneration in Rats

Anil Kumar, S., Saif, S.A., Oothuman, P., Mustafa, M.I.A.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2011;10(2):3-6.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Reduced cerebral blood ﬂ ow is associated with neurodegenerative disorders and dementia, in particular. Experimental evidence has demonstrated the initiating role of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in neuronal damage to the hippocampus, the cerebral cortex, the white matter areas and the visual system. Permanent, bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries of rats (two vessel occlusion - 2VO) has been introduced for the reproduction of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion as it occurs in Alzheimer’s disease and human aging. Increased generation of free radicals through lipid peroxidation can damage neuronal cell membrane. Markers of lipid peroxidation have been found to be elevated in brain tissues and body ﬂ uids in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Materials and Methods: Malondialdehyde (MDA), ﬁ nal product of lipid peroxidation, was estimated by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay kit at eight weeks after induction of 2VO in the rats and control group. Results: Our study revealed a highly signiﬁ cant (p

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Wear of rotary instruments: a pilot study

Abdul Aziz, A., Abu Kasim, N.H., Ramasindarum, C., Mohamad Yusof, M.Y.P., Paiizi, M., Ahmad, R.

Ann Dent, 2011;18(1):1-7.
MyJurnal

The aim of this study was to assess the wear of tungsten carbide burs and round rotary diamond instruments through measurements of rake angle and visual observations respectively under a field emission scanning electron microscope. Sixty short and long head pear-shaped tungsten carbide burs and 18 round rotary diamond instruments that had been used to complete < 5, > 5 and > 10 cavity preparations (n=10/group) were selected from the 3rd and 4th year dental students, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya. There were two control groups consisting of long and short tungsten carbide burs of ten each. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyse the rake angle data. The data from the two control groups were collectively analysed following multiple paired t-test (p>.05) which showed no significant difference between the two types of tungsten carbide bur (short and long head). The mean rake angle of the control group was significantly higher (p < .05) compared to the < 5, > 5 and > 10 cavity preparation groups. The rake angle of the > 10 cavity preparation group was significantly lower than the other two test groups (p < .05). Round rotary diamond instruments in the < 5 cavity preparation group showed intact diamond particles with distinct cutting facets comparable to the control group. However, diamonds instruments in the > 5 and > 10 cavity preparation groups showed blunt diamond particles. In conclusion, wear of tungsten carbide burs and round rotary diamond instruments were evident after repeated use. Wear was more pronounced when instruments were used to prepare more than ten cavities.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Effects of passive joint mobilization on patients with knee osteoarthritis

Nor Azlin M, Lyn SK

Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40(12):1461-1465.

A controlled, single blinded experimental study was conducted to determine the effects of passive joint mobilization on pain and stairs ascending-descending time in subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA knee). A total of 22 subjects aged 40 and above with mild and moderate OA knee were assigned to either passive knee mobilization plus conventional physiotherapy (experimental group) or conventional physiotherapy alone (control group). Both groups received 2 therapy sessions per week, for 4 weeks. A blinded assessor measured pain with Visual analogue scale and stairs ascending-descending time with Aggregated Locomotor Function test, at baseline and at week 4. There was a significant reduction in pain among subjects in the experimental group (18.07 mm, t = 3.48, p = 0.01) compared to the control group (6.66 mm, t = 0.44, p = 0.67). Non-significant clinical difference was found in stairs ascending-descending time between the two groups (i.e. 6.25s in the experimental group versus 6.78 s in the control group, F(1,10) = 0.70, p = 0.42). No significant correlation was found between pain score and stairs ascending-descending time, r = 0.34, p = 0.16. The addition of passive joint mobilization to conventional physiotherapy reduced pain but not stairs ascending-descending time among subjects with knee osteoarthritis.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Following Crush Injury to Rat Peroneal Nerve by Aqueous Extract of Medicinal Mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae)

Wong KH, Naidu M, David P, Abdulla MA, Abdullah N, Kuppusamy UR, et al.

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2011;2011:580752.
PMID: 21941586 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq062

Nerve crush injury is a well-established axonotmetic model in experimental regeneration studies to investigate the impact of various pharmacological treatments. Hericium erinaceus is a temperate mushroom but is now being cultivated in tropical Malaysia. In this study, we investigated the activity of aqueous extract of H. erinaceus fresh fruiting bodies in promoting functional recovery following an axonotmetic peroneal nerve injury in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats by daily oral administration. The aim was to investigate the possible use of this mushroom in the treatment of injured nerve. Functional recovery was assessed in behavioral experiment by walking track analysis. Peroneal functional index (PFI) was determined before surgery and after surgery as rats showed signs of recovery. Histological examinations were performed on peroneal nerve by immunofluorescence staining and neuromuscular junction by combined silver-cholinesterase stain. Analysis of PFI indicated that return of hind limb function occurred earlier in rats of aqueous extract or mecobalamin (positive control) group compared to negative control group. Regeneration of axons and reinnervation of motor endplates in extensor digitorum longus muscle in rats of aqueous extract or mecobalamin group developed better than in negative control group. These data suggest that daily oral administration of aqueous extract of H. erinaceus fresh fruiting bodies could promote the regeneration of injured rat peroneal nerve in the early stage of recovery.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Hepatoprotective Effects of Orthosiphon stamineus Extract on Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Cirrhosis in Rats

Alshawsh MA, Abdulla MA, Ismail S, Amin ZA

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2011;2011:103039.
PMID: 21647311 DOI: 10.1155/2011/103039

Orthosiphon stamineus as medicinal plant is commonly used in Malaysia for treatment of hepatitis and jaundice; in this study, the ethanol extracts were applied to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects in a thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxic model in Sprague Dawley rats. Five groups of adult rats were arranged as follows: Group 1 (normal control group), Group 2 Thioacetamide (TAA) as positive control (hepatotoxic group), Group 3 Silymarin as a well-known standard drug (hepatoprotective group), and Groups 4 and 5 as high and low dose (treatment groups). After 60-day treatment, all rats were sacrificed. The hepatotoxic group showed a coarse granulation on the liver surface when compared to the smooth aspect observed on the liver surface of the other groups. Histopathological study confirmed the result; moreover, there was a significant increase in serum liver biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, ALP, and Bilirubin) and the level of liver Malondialdehyde (MDA), accompanied by a significant decrease in the level of total protein and Albumin in the TAA control group when compared with that of the normal group. The high-dose treatment group (200 mg/kg) significantly restored the elevated liver function enzymes near to normal. This study revealed that 200 mg/kg extracts of O. stamineus exerted a hepatoprotective effect.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Effect of repeatedly heated palm olein on blood pressure-regulating enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation in rats

Leong XF, Salimon J, Mustafa MR, Jaarin K

Malays J Med Sci, 2012 Jan;19(1):20-9.
PMID: 22977371

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The process of deep-fat frying in dietary cooking oil plays a role in the generation of free radicals. In this study, palm olein heated to 180 °C was tested for its effect on the activity of blood pressure-regulating enzymes and lipid peroxidation.
METHODS: Forty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally assigned into 6 groups.The first group was fed with normal rat chow as the control group, and the subsequent groups were fed with rat chow fortified with 15% weight/weight of the following: fresh palm olein, palm olein heated once, palm olein heated twice, palm olein heated 5 times, or palm olein heated 10 times. The duration of feeding was 6 months. Fatty acid analyses of oil were performed using gas chromatography. Peroxide values were determined using standard titration. Plasma was collected for biochemical analyses.
RESULTS: Repeatedly heated palm olein increased the levels of peroxide, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and lipid peroxidation as well as reduced the level of heme oxygenase. Fresh palm olein and palm olein heated once had lesser effects on lipid peroxidation and a better effect on the activity of blood pressure-regulating enzymes than repeatedly heated palm olein.
CONCLUSION: Repeatedly heated palm olein may negatively affect the activity of blood pressure-regulating enzymes and increase lipid peroxidation.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Stability Ball Training on Lower Back Strength has Greater Effect in Untrained Female Compared to Male

Sukalinggam CL, Sukalinggam GL, Kasim F, Yusof A

J Hum Kinet, 2012 Jun;33:133-41.
PMID: 23487252 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-012-0052-2

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of short-term stability ball (SB) training on males and females by comparing the strength changes produced in the core muscles. Forty-two previously untrained subjects, mean age = 23.62 ± 2.89 years were matched by their maximum strength (back strength: male = 190-200 kg, female = 45-50 kg and abdominal strength: male = 110-120 kg, female = 35-40 kg 1RM) and randomly placed in either one of these 3 groups; unstable SB group (n = 14), stable floor group (n = 14) and control group (n = 14) who did no exercise. SB training showed greatest improvement (p < 0.001) in back and abdominal strength (25.79 % and 29.51 % respectively), compared with the gain in floor training (FT) back and abdominal strength (10.28 % and 8.47 % respectively). Untrained female subjects achieved a higher percentage of improvement in strength compared to males in both back and abdominal muscles, and this is most evident in the SB training group. It is apparent that performing core training exercises on unstable surfaces stressed the musculature, possibly activating the neuro-adaptive mechanisms that led to the early phase gains in strength.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Soursop (Anona muricata L.): Blood hematology and serum biochemistry of Sprague-Dawley rats

Syahida, M., Maskat, M. Y., Suri, R., Mamot, S., Hadijah, H.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(3):955-959.
MyJurnal

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of soursop (Annona muricata L.) extract on Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to in vivo 28-day repeated doses. The extract was given to the study group via force feeding. In the 28-day study, Annona muricata L. extract was dosed at 0 (CD, control dose), 0.5 (LD, low dose), 1.0 (MD, medium dose), 2.0g/kg (HD, high dose) body weight. For control group, distilled water was given to the animals. Administration of Annona muricata L. extract did not cause negative effect in blood hematology even though a statistically significant (p

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Dark chocolate consumption on anxiety, depression and health-related quality of life of patients with cancer: a randomised clinical investigation

Lua, P.L., Wong, S.Y.

Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2012;21(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Objective: Anxiety and depressive symptoms are common among cancer patients and have been shown to adversely affect their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Dark chocolate is popular for its beneficial effects on mood regulations. This study aimed to assess the effects of dark chocolate consumption on anxiety and depressive symptoms and the HRQoL status
among cancer patients. Methods: A sample of 133 cancer patients was recruited from 3 public hospitals in the East Coast Peninsular of Malaysia. The anxiety and depressive symptoms was assessed by the Malay Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) while HRQoL was measured via the Malay McGill Quality of Life questionnaire (MMQoL). Patients were randomly assigned to Study Group (SG) and Control Group (CG) whereby dark chocolate (50g) was administered to SG while CG consumed mineral water for 3 consecutive days. Results: Specifically, the anxiety and depressive symptoms was significantly reduced after dark chocolate consumption. The HRQoL score was also significantly increased in SG at post-intervention. Conclusion: These findings indicated that a 3-day dark chocolate consumption may reduce anxiety, depressive symptoms and thus also improved the HRQoL status in hospitalised cancer patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Religious personality and smoking among form two students in rural schools in Malacca, Malaysia

Nor Afiah, M.Z., Rahmah, M.A., Salmiah, M.S., Fazilah, I., Shamsul Azhar, S.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2012;11(2):39-44.
MyJurnal

Introduction: There is an increasing trend in smoking among rural adolescents compared to urban adolescents in Malaysia. This study was to determine the relationship between religious personality and smoking among form two students from the rural schools in Malacca. Methods: This was an unmatched case-control study conducted from May 2010 to August 2010 among form two school children from rural area in Malacca. There were 484 cases, and 444 controls selected using randomized cluster sampling. The dependent variable was smoking, and the independent factors were religious personality. Validated and reliability-tested questionnaires were used for data collection. Results: The mean age (year) at which smoking was first tried among the cases was 11.39 + 2.107. There were eleven out of twenty three significant differences between religious personality statements in the cases and control group. Those were: reciting the Quran/Holy book/Scriptures even when busy, making efforts to deepen the understanding of the religion, trying to understand the teachings of the religion in the Holy book/Quran, inviting others to perform solat/prayer/religious service, making sure all the family members are following the teachings according to the religion, referring to the learned people when feeling uncertain about the rulings/teachings of the religion, performing work duties enthusiastically because of the religion/God, making efforts to remember death and afterlife often, making efforts to internalize the ethical conduct of the religion in daily life, setting aside money every year for religious purposes and looking for opportunities to give charity. Conclusion: Religious personality is an important factor which may influence adolescents volved in smoking.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Fulltext Blood glucose level and other biochemical changes induced in normal mice by oral Traditional Chinese Medicine complex for diabetes (TCM-D™)

Donald, Koh Fook Chen, Joon, Wah Mak, Soo, Shen Ooi, Kwai Hoe Chong, Kok, Fee Mak

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2012;6(2):24-31.
MyJurnal

Background: A number of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) preparations are being used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Some components of these preparations have biochemical effects other than those of lowering blood glucose and indeed have been used for other medical indications in traditional practice. The primary objective of the study was to determine the effect of the oral mixture of Traditional Chinese Medicine for diabetes (TCM-D™ complex) on blood glucose level and the biochemical changes if any, on the liver (ALT, AST, gamma-GT, albumin, globulin) and renal (blood creatinine, urea) functions in normal mice. The oral mixture is an aqueous extract of four wellknown traditional Chinese medicinal herbs and consists of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Glycyrrhiza uranlensis Fisch., and Panax ginseng (red) CA Meyer in the proportion of 36%, 28%, 18%, and 18% respectively of the dry weight. These herbs have
been shown to have blood glucose lowering activity and have been used for other traditional medicinal purposes.The safety of the combination was evaluated in the present study. Methods: Experimental Balb/c mice were treated orally via gastric tube with the extract at daily doses equivalent to 1 and 10 times the recommended human dose for 8 weeks. Blood glucose and other biochemical profiles were monitored at pre-treatment and monthly posttreatment until killed. Results: When compared to pre-treatment levels, the blood glucose levels were significantly lower in treated animals compared to those in the control group. At the recommended TCM-D™ dose the levels in treated animals were significantly lower than that of control animals and at pre-treatment. When compared with pre-treatment, the glucose levels were lowest at Week 8 of treatment, the mean levels being 111.23%, 83.32% and 70.33% in control, and in animals given 1 x and 10 x the recommended TCM-D™ dosage respectively. The blood glucose lowering effect was also associated with a significant weight loss in treated animals. There were transient increases in AST and ALT levels but these reverted to normal at Week 8 of treatment. The levels of bilirubin, g-GT, albumin, creatinine and blood urea were also not significantly different at Week 8 from pre-treatment levels in all groups. Conclusion: Even at 10 times the dosage recommended for humans, TCM-D™ did not affect the liver and renal functions of treated animals. Treated and control animals remained healthy and normal throughout the period of observation.

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
Influence of fresh and thermoxidized carotino oil on cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in erythrocytes from sprague dawley rats

Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja Yahyai, Athifah Najwani Shahidan

Scientific Research Journal, 2012;9(1):63-74.
MyJurnal

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a second messenger molecule involved in the intracellular signalling mechanism which is important in a wide range of cellular process including metabolism, gene expression, cell proliferation and cell death. This study was conducted to determine the effect of fresh (FCC)) and thermoxidized carotino oil (TCO) on erythrocyte cGMP levels from Sprague dawley rats. A total of 30 Sprague dawley rats were randomly segregated into three groups: the first of which was placed on a Fresh Carotino Oil (FCO) diet, the second on a Thermoxidized Carotino Oil (TCO) diet and the control group on commercial rat chow only for a period of 6 and 9 weeks. The two oil diets comprised of 20% (w.10 of each oil mixed with commercial rat,feed. The enzyme immunoassays, performed in week 6, revealed that the erythrocytes cGMP levels for the FCO and TCO groups were 66.198±3.193 pmol/mL and 61.990±6.318 ptnol/mL respectively, and were significantly (p

Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups

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