Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 474 in total

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  1. Unidirectional ablation minimizes unwanted thermal damage and promotes better thermal ablation efficacy in time-based switching bipolar radiofrequency ablation
    Ooi EH, Ooi ET
    Comput Biol Med, 2021 10;137:104832.
    PMID: 34508975 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104832
    Switching bipolar radiofrequency ablation (bRFA) is a thermal treatment modality used for liver cancer treatment that is capable of producing larger, more confluent and more regular thermal coagulation. When implemented in the no-touch mode, switching bRFA can prevent tumour track seeding; a medical phenomenon defined by the deposition of cancer cells along the insertion track. Nevertheless, the no-touch mode was found to yield significant unwanted thermal damage as a result of the electrodes' position outside the tumour. It is postulated that the unwanted thermal damage can be minimized if ablation can be directed such that it focuses only within the tumour domain. As it turns out, this can be achieved by partially insulating the active tip of the RF electrodes such that electric current flows in and out of the tissue only through the non-insulated section of the electrode. This concept is known as unidirectional ablation and has been shown to produce the desired effect in monopolar RFA. In this paper, computational models based on a well-established mathematical framework for modelling RFA was developed to investigate if unidirectional ablation can minimize unwanted thermal damage during time-based switching bRFA. From the numerical results, unidirectional ablation was shown to produce treatment efficacy of nearly 100%, while at the same time, minimizing the amount of unwanted thermal damage. Nevertheless, this effect was observed only when the switch interval of the time-based protocol was set to 50 s. An extended switch interval negated the benefits of unidirectional ablation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  2. Aluminum Microcomb Electrodes on Silicon Wafer for Detecting Val66Met Polymorphism in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
    Li Z, Cui L, Zhao H, Du J, Gopinath SCB, Lakshmipriya T, et al.
    Dev Neurosci, 2021;43(1):53-62.
    PMID: 33849012 DOI: 10.1159/000515197
    OBJECTIVE: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) dysregulation is widely related with various psychiatric and neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, Rett syndrome, and addiction, and the available evidence suggests that BDNF is also highly correlated with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.

    METHODS: The BDNF target sequence was detected on a capture probe attached on aluminum microcomb electrodes on the silicon wafer surface. A capture-target-reporter sandwich-type assay was performed to enhance the detection of the BDNF target.

    RESULTS: The limit of detection was noticed to be 100 aM. Input of a reporter sequence at concentrations >10 aM improved the detection of the target sequence by enhancing changes in the generated currents. Control experiments with noncomplementary and single- and triple-mismatches of target and reporter sequences did not elicit changes in current levels, indicating the selective detection of the BDNF gene sequence.

    CONCLUSION: The above detection strategy will be useful for the detection and quantification of BDNF, thereby aiding in the provision of suitable treatments for BDNF-related disorders.

    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  3. Novel mesoporous MnCo2O4 nanorods as oxygen reduction catalyst at neutral pH in microbial fuel cells
    Kumar R, Singh L, Wahid ZA, Mahapatra DM, Liu H
    Bioresour Technol, 2018 Apr;254:1-6.
    PMID: 29413909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.053
    The aim of this work was to evaluate the comparative performance of hybrid metal oxide nanorods i.e. MnCo2O4 nanorods (MCON) and single metal oxide nanorods i.e. Co3O4 nanorods (CON) as oxygen reduction catalyst in microbial fuel cells (MFC). Compared to the single metal oxide, the hybrid MCON exhibited a higher BET surface area and provided additional positively charged ions, i.e., Co2+/Co3+ and Mn3+/Mn4+ on its surfaces, which increased the electro-conductivity of the cathode and improved the oxygen reduction kinetics significantly, achieved an io of 6.01 A/m2 that was 12.4% higher than CON. Moreover, the porous architecture of MCON facilitated the diffusion of electrolyte, reactants and electrons during the oxygen reduction, suggested by lower diffusion (Rd), activation (Ract) and ohmic resistance (Rohm) values. This enhanced oxygen reduction by MCON boosted the power generation in MFC, achieving a maximum power density of 587 mW/m2 that was ∼29% higher than CON.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  4. Optimization of degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and electricity generation in solar photocatalytic fuel cell system
    Khalik WF, Ho LN, Ong SA, Voon CH, Wong YS, Yusoff N, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2017 Oct;184:112-119.
    PMID: 28586651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.160
    The photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) system was developed in order to study the effect of several operating parameters in degradation of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and its electricity generation. Light irradiation, initial dye concentration, aeration, pH and cathode electrode are the operating parameters that might give contribution in the efficiency of PFC system. The degradation of RB5 depends on the presence of light irradiation and solar light gives better performance to degrade the azo dye. The azo dye with low initial concentration decolorizes faster compared to higher initial concentration and presence of aeration in PFC system would enhance its performance. Reactive Black 5 rapidly decreased at higher pH due to the higher amount of OH generated at higher pH and Pt-loaded carbon (Pt/C) was more suitable to be used as cathode in PFC system compared to Cu foil and Fe foil. The rapid decolorization of RB5 would increase their voltage output and in addition, it would also increase their Voc, Jsc and Pmax. The breakage of azo bond and aromatic rings was confirmed through UV-Vis spectrum and COD analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  5. Fulltext Effect of Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) Nano-powder mixed dielectric medium on Tool Wear Rate (TWR) During Micro-EDM of Co- Cr-Mo
    Elsiti, N.M., Noordin, M.Y., Idris, A.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(3):847-858.
    MyJurnal
    Micro Electro Discharge Machining (micro-EDM) is widely used for producing different types of micro features and micro components. Tool wear rate (TWR) is an important factor that affects the accuracy of machining as well as the productivity of micro-EDM process. This study examines the effects of process parameters and the use of Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nano-powder mixed dielectric medium on tool wear rate when micro-EDM Co-Cr-Mo. A Copper electrode with 300 μm diameter and positive polarity was used to evaluate the machining process by focusing on TWR. Two different concentrations of nano-powder (i.e., 2 g/l and 4 g/l) were added to the dielectric. Results showed that increasing the discharge current and voltage leads to a corresponding increase in TWR, while the presence of γ-Fe2O3 nano-powder in the dielectric liquid decreases TWR. Mixed micro-EDM with 2 g/l of nano-powder achieved a lower TWR.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  6. Fulltext Progress of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor Based on Nanomaterial-Modified Electrode
    Mohamad Nor N, Ridhuan NS, Abdul Razak K
    Biosensors (Basel), 2022 Dec 06;12(12).
    PMID: 36551103 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121136
    This review covers the progress of nanomaterial-modified electrodes for enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. Fundamental insights into glucose biosensor components and the crucial factors controlling the electrochemical performance of glucose biosensors are discussed in detail. The metal, metal oxide, and hybrid/composite nanomaterial fabrication strategies for the modification of electrodes, mechanism of detection, and significance of the nanomaterials toward the electrochemical performance of enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors are compared and comprehensively reviewed. This review aims to provide readers with an overview and underlying concept of producing a reliable, stable, cost-effective, and excellent electrochemical performance of a glucose biosensor.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  7. Metal-free Sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride-modified GCE-based electrocatalyst for the enhanced electrochemical determination of Omeprazole in Drug formulations and Biological Samples
    Pandian K, Kalayarasi J, Gopinath SCB
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2022 Dec;69(6):2766-2779.
    PMID: 35287249 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2321
    This study presents a novel sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (S@g-C3 N4 ) with a wider potential range as electrocatalyst for electrochemical sensor application. The S@g-C3 N4 nanosheets were successfully prepared with a ball milling method by mixing appropriate molar concentration required precursors. The as-synthesized heteroatom-doped graphitic carbon nitride is characterized by spectroscopic techniques including PL, DRS-UV, FT-IR, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation. The morphological features were studied by FE-SEM and HR-TEM analysis. Chit-S@g-C3 N4 -modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was employed for the electrochemical detection of omeprazole (OMZ) use in drug formulations. We have noted an oxidation peak current response at a potential of +0.8 V versus Ag/AgCl in PBS medium (0.1 M, pH 7.0). Differential pulse voltammetry amperometry experimental method can be used to measure the concentration of OMZ for quantitative studies in known samples. Under the optimized experimental condition, the calibration plot was constructed by plotting the peak currents versus OMZ in the linear ranges from 6.0 × 10-7 to 26 × 10-5  M. The linear regression equation is estimated to be Ip (μA) = 0.9518 (C/μM) + 0.3340 with a good correlation coefficient of 0.9996. The lower determination limit was found to be 20 nM and the current sensitivity was calculated (31.722 μA μM-1  cm-2 ). The developed sensor was utilized successfully to determine the OMZ concentration in drug formulations and biological fluids. These results revealed that the Chit-S@g-C3 N4 -modified GCE showed excellent electroanalytical performance for the detection of OMZ at a low LOD, wider linear range, high sensitivity, good reproducibility, long-term storage stability, and selectivity with an acceptable relative standard deviation value.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  8. Electrochemical biosensor based on Temporin-PTA peptide for detection of microorganisms
    da Silva-Junio AG, Frias IAM, Lima-Neto RG, Migliolo L, E Silva PS, Oliveira MDL, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2022 Jul 15;216:114788.
    PMID: 35525110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114788
    Bacterial and fungal infections are challenging due to their low susceptibility and resistance to antimicrobial drugs. For this reason, antimicrobial peptides (AMP) emerge as excellent alternatives to overcome these problems. At the same time, their active insertion into the cell wall of microorganisms can be availed for biorecognition applications in biosensing platforms. Temporin-PTA (T-PTA) is an AMP found in the skin secretions of the Malaysian fire frog Hylarana picturata, which presents antibacterial activity against MRSA, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. In this work, T-PTA was explored as an innovative sensing layer aiming for the electrochemical differentiation of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and C. tropicalis based on the structural differences of their membranes. The biosensor was analyzed through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). In this approach, the different structural features of each microorganism resulted in different adherence degrees and, therefore, different electrochemical responses. The transducing layer was fabricated by the self-assembling of a 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) monolayer and gold-capped magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Au) implemented to improve the electrical signal of the biointeraction. We found that each interaction, expressed in variations of electron transfer resistance and anodic peak current, demonstrated a singular response from which the platform can discriminate all different microorganisms. We found expressive sensitivity towards Gram-negative species, especially K. pneumoniae. A detection limit of 101 CFU.mL-1 and a linear range of 101 to 105 CFU.mL-1 were obtained. The T-PTA biosensor platform is a promising and effective tool for microbial identification.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  9. Rapid Surface Modification of Stainless Steel 304L Electrodes for Microbial Electrochemical Sensor Application
    Yeo RYZ, Chin BH, Hil Me MF, Chia JF, Pham HT, Othman AR, et al.
    ACS Biomater Sci Eng, 2023 Nov 13;9(11):6034-6044.
    PMID: 37846081 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00453
    Electrogenic microorganisms serve as important biocatalysts for microbial electrochemical sensors (MESes). The electrical signal produced is based on the rate of electron transfer between the microbes and electrodes, which represents the biotoxicity of water. However, existing MESes require complex and sophisticated fabrication methods. Here, several low-cost and rapid surface modification strategies (carbon powder-coated, flame-oxidized, and acid-bleached) have been demonstrated and studied for biosensing purposes. Surface-modified MESe bioanodes were successfully applied to detect multiple model pollutants including sodium acetate, ethanol, thinner, and palm oil mill effluent under three different testing sequences, namely, pollutant incremental, pollutant dumping, and water dilution tests. The carbon powder-coated bioanode showed the most responsive signal profile for all the three tests, which is in line with the average roughness values (Ra) when tested with atomic force microscopy. The carbon powder-coated electrode possessed a Ra value of 0.844, while flame-oxidized, acid-bleached, and control samples recorded 0.323, 0.336, and 0.264, respectively. The higher roughness was caused by the carbon coating and provided adhesive sites for microbial attachment and growth. The accuracy of MESe was also verified by correlating with chemical oxygen demand (COD) results. Similar to the sensitivity test, the carbon powder-coated bioanode obtained the highest R2 value of 0.9754 when correlated with COD results, indicating a high potential of replacing conventional water quality analysis methods. The reported work is of great significance to showcase facile surface modification techniques for MESes, which are cost-effective and sustainable while retaining the biocompatibility toward the microbial community with carbon-based coatings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  10. Fulltext Bioenergy Generation and Phenol Degradation through Microbial Fuel Cells Energized by Domestic Organic Waste
    Yaqoob AA, Al-Zaqri N, Alamzeb M, Hussain F, Oh SE, Umar K
    Molecules, 2023 May 25;28(11).
    PMID: 37298824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114349
    Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) seem to have emerged in recent years to degrade the organic pollutants from wastewater. The current research also focused on phenol biodegradation using MFCs. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), phenol is a priority pollutant to remediate due to its potential adverse effects on human health. At the same time, the present study focused on the weakness of MFCs, which is the low generation of electrons due to the organic substrate. The present study used rotten rice as an organic substrate to empower the MFC's functional capacity to degrade the phenol while simultaneously generating bioenergy. In 19 days of operation, the phenol degradation efficiency was 70% at a current density of 17.10 mA/m2 and a voltage of 199 mV. The electrochemical analysis showed that the internal resistance was 312.58 Ω and the maximum specific capacitance value was 0.00020 F/g on day 30, which demonstrated mature biofilm production and its stability throughout the operation. The biofilm study and bacterial identification process revealed that the presence of conductive pili species (Bacillus genus) are the most dominant on the anode electrode. However, the present study also explained well the oxidation mechanism of rotten rice with phenol degradation. The most critical challenges for future recommendations are also enclosed in a separate section for the research community with concluding remarks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  11. Potential of low-cost TiO2-PVC composite in photoelectrocatalytic degradation of reactive orange 16 under visible light
    Jaafar NF, Nordin N, Mohamed Haris NY, Mohd Halim NH, Lahuri AH, Samad WZ
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Apr;30(16):47144-47157.
    PMID: 36732455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25623-3
    In recent years, previously reported studies revealed a high efficiency of pollutant degradation by coupling photocatalysis and electrochemical processes (PECs) using titanium dioxide (TiO2) photoelectrode rather than using photocatalysis or electrocatalysis alone. However, some of the TiO2 photoelectrodes that have been reported were not cost-effective. This is due to the use of expensive chemicals and certain expensive equipment in the fabrication process, other than involving complicated preparation steps. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the PEC performance and stability of low-cost TiO2-polyvinyl chloride (TiO2-PVC) composite photoelectrode for Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) degradation. The materials characterisation using the ATR-FTIR, XRD and UV-Vis DRS proved that TiO2 and TiO2-PVC were successfully synthesised. The micrograph obtained for the surface characterisation using the FESEM showed that the smooth surface of freshly prepared photoelectrodes turned slightly rough with tiny pits formation after five continuous PEC processes. Nevertheless, the photoelectrode retained its original shape in good condition for further PEC processes. By PEC process, the fabricated photoelectrode showed 99.4% and 51.1% of colour and total organic carbon (TOC) removal, respectively, at optimised PEC parameters (1.0 mol L-1 NaCl concentration, 10 V applied voltage, 120 min degradation time and initial pH 2). Moreover, the fabricated photoelectrode demonstrated sufficient reusability potential (~ 96.3%) after five cycles of PEC processes. In summary, a low-cost and stable composite photoelectrode with high efficiency in RO16 degradation was successfully fabricated and could be potentially applied for other emerging pollutants degradation via the PEC degradation technique.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  12. Fulltext Sustainable circular biorefinery approach for novel building blocks and bioenergy production from algae using microbial fuel cell
    Tong KTX, Tan IS, Foo HCY, Show PL, Lam MK, Wong MK
    Bioengineered, 2023 Dec;14(1):246-289.
    PMID: 37482680 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2236842
    The imminent need for transition to a circular biorefinery using microbial fuel cells (MFC), based on the valorization of renewable resources, will ameliorate the carbon footprint induced by industrialization. MFC catalyzed by bioelectrochemical process drew significant attention initially for its exceptional potential for integrated production of biochemicals and bioenergy. Nonetheless, the associated costly bioproduct production and slow microbial kinetics have constrained its commercialization. This review encompasses the potential and development of macroalgal biomass as a substrate in the MFC system for L-lactic acid (L-LA) and bioelectricity generation. Besides, an insight into the state-of-the-art technological advancement in the MFC system is also deliberated in detail. Investigations in recent years have shown that MFC developed with different anolyte enhances power density from several µW/m2 up to 8160 mW/m2. Further, this review provides a plausible picture of macroalgal-based L-LA and bioelectricity circular biorefinery in the MFC system for future research directions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  13. UVA-irradiated dual photoanodes and dual cathodes photocatalytic fuel cell: mechanisms and Reactive Red 120 degradation pathways
    Ong YP, Ho LN, Ong SA, Ibrahim AH, Banjuraizah J, Thor SH, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022 Nov;29(54):81368-81382.
    PMID: 35729394 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21413-5
    To enhance dye removal and energy recovery efficiencies in single-pair electrode photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC-AC), dual cathodes PFC (PFC-ACC) and dual photoanodes PFC (PFC-AAC) were established. Results revealed that PFC-AAC yielded the highest decolorization rate (1.44 h-1) due to the promotion of active species such as superoxide radical (•O2-) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) when the number of photoanode was doubled. The results from scavenging test and UV-Vis spectrophotometry disclosed that •OH was the primary active species in dye degradation of PFC. Additionally, PFC-AAC also exhibited the highest power output (17.99 μW) but the experimental power output was much lower than the theoretical power output (28.24 μW) due to the strong competition of electron donors of doubled photoanodes to electron acceptors at the single cathode and its high internal resistance. Besides, it was found that the increments of dye volume and initial dye concentration decreased the decolorization rate but increased the power output due to the higher amount of sacrificial agents presented in PFC. Based on the abovementioned findings and the respective dye intermediate products identified from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the possible degradation pathway of RR120 was scrutinized and proposed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  14. Research on the descaling characteristics of a new electrochemical water treatment device
    Wei Y, Wang D, Li G, Yu H, Dong X, Jiang H
    Water Sci Technol, 2023 Nov;88(10):2566-2580.
    PMID: 38017678 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.365
    In recent years, chemical water treatment equipment has gained significant attention due to its environmental-friendly features, multifunctionality, and broad applicability. Recognizing the limitations of existing chemical treatment equipment, such as challenges in scale removal and the high water content in scale deposits, we propose a novel drum design for both anode and cathode, enabling simultaneous scale suction and dehydration. We constructed a small experimental platform to validate the equipment's performance based on our model. Notably, under the optimal operating parameters, the hardness removal rate for circulating water falls within the range of 19.6-24.46%. Moreover, the scale accumulation rate per unit area and unit time reaches 13.7 g h-1 m-2. Additionally, the energy consumption per unit weight of the scale remains impressively low at 0.16 kWh g-1. Furthermore, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration decreased from an initial 106.0 mg L-1 to a mere 18.8 mg L-1, resulting in a remarkable total removal rate of 82.26%. In conclusion, our innovative electrochemical water treatment equipment demonstrates exceptional performance in scale removal, organic matter degradation, and water resource conservation, offering valuable insights for future research and development in chemical treatment equipment and electrochemical theory.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  15. Aromatic biomass (torch ginger) leaf-derived three-dimensional honeycomb-like carbon to enhance gravimetric supercapacitor
    Taer E, Yanti N, Padang E, Apriwandi A, Zulkarnain Z, Haryanti NH, et al.
    J Sci Food Agric, 2023 Dec;103(15):7411-7423.
    PMID: 37431642 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12846
    BACKGROUND: Porous carbon electrode (PCE) is identified as a highly suitable electrode material for commercial application due to its production process, which is characterized by simplicity, cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. PCE was synthesized using torch ginger (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Smith) leaves as the base material. The leaves were treated with different concentrations of ZnCl2 , resulting in a supercapacitor cell electrode with unique honeycomb-like three-dimensional (3D) morphological pore structure. This PCE comprises nanofibers from lignin content and volatile compounds from aromatic biomass waste.

    RESULTS: From the characterization of physical properties, PCE-0.3 had an impressive amorphous porosity, wettability and 3D honeycomb-like structural morphology with a pore framework consisting of micropores and mesopores. According to the structural advantages of 3D hierarchical pores such as interconnected honeycombs, PCE-0.3 as supercapacitor electrode had a high specific capacitance of up to 285.89 F g-1 at 1 A. Furthermore, the supercapacitor exhibited high energy and power density of 21.54 Wh kg-1 and 161.13 W kg-1 , respectively, with a low internal resistance of 0.059 Ω.

    CONCLUSION: The results indicated that 3D porous carbon materials such as interconnected honeycombs derived from the aromatic biomass of torch ginger leaves have significant potential for the development of sustainable energy storage devices. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  16. Microwave-assisted upcycling of plastic waste to high-performance carbon anode for lithium-ion batteries
    Mohd Abdah MAA, Mohammad Azlan FN, Wong WP, Mustafa MN, Walvekar R, Khalid M
    Chemosphere, 2024 Feb;349:140973.
    PMID: 38122940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140973
    The increasing demand for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has emphasized the need for affordable and sustainable materials, prompting the exploration of waste upcycling to address global sustainability challenges. In this study, we efficiently converted polypropylene (PP) plastic waste from used centrifuge tubes into activated polypropylene carbon (APC) using microwave-assisted pyrolysis. The synthesis of APC was optimized using response surface methodology/central composite design (RSM/CCD). Based on the RSM results, the optimal conditions for PP plastic conversion into carbon were determined as follows: HNO3 concentration of 3.5 M, microwave temperature of 230 °C, and holding time of 25 min. Under these conditions, the obtained intensity ratio of Id/Ig in PP carbon was 0.681 ± 0.013, with an error of 6.81 ± 0.013 % between predicted and actual values. The physicochemical studies, including FESEM-EDX, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy, confirmed the successful synthesis of APC samples. The APC 800 material exhibited a well-organized three-dimensional structure characterized by large pores and mesopores, enabling fast ion transport in the electrode. As a result, the APC 800 electrode demonstrated an initial discharge capacity of 381.0 mAh/g, an improved initial coulombic efficiency of 85.1%, and excellent cycling stability after 100 cycles. Notably, the APC 800 electrode displayed remarkable rate performance, showing a reversible capacity of 355.1 mAh/g when the current density was reset to 0.2 A/g, highlighting its high electrochemical reversibility. The outstanding characteristics of APC 800 as an anode electrode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries suggest a promising future for its application in the field.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  17. Kenaf-based activated carbon: A sustainable solution for high-performance aqueous symmetric supercapacitors
    Subramaniam T, Ansari MNM, Krishnan SG, Khalid M
    Chemosphere, 2024 Apr;354:141593.
    PMID: 38460854 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141593
    This study presents an innovative method for synthesizing activated carbon with an exceptionally high surface area (3359 m2 g-1) using kenaf fiber-based biochar through chemical activation. The achieved specific surface area surpasses activated carbon derived from other reported fiber-based precursors. The resulting activated carbon was investigated as electrodes for supercapacitors, revealing a remarkable maximum capacitance of 312 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1. An aqueous symmetric supercapacitor employing these high-surface-area electrodes exhibited an outstanding energy density of 18.9 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 250 W kg-1. Notably, the supercapacitor retained exceptional capacitance, maintaining 93% of its initial capacitance even after 5000 charge-discharge cycles.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  18. Stimulating bioelectric generation and recovery of toxic metals through benthic microbial fuel cell driven by local sago (Cycas revoluta) waste
    Daud NNM, Al-Zaqri N, Yaakop AS, Ibrahim MNM, Guerrero-Barajas C
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 Mar;31(12):18750-18764.
    PMID: 38349489 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32372-4
    Benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) is the most promising type of bioelectrochemical approach for producing electrons and protons from natural organic waste. In the present work, a single-chamber BMFC was used, containing sago (Cycas revoluta) waste as the organic feed for microorganisms. The local wastewater was supplemented with heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Co2+, Ag+, and Cu2+) and used as an inoculation source to evaluate the performance of BMFC against the toxic metal remediations. According to the experimental results, the maximum power density obtained was 42.55 mW/m2 within 25 days of the BMFC operation. The maximum remediation efficiency of the metal ion removal from the wastewater was found to be 99.30% (Ag+). The conductive pili-type bacteria species (Acinetobacter species, Leucobacter species, Bacillus species, Proteus species. and Klebsiella pneumoniae) were found in the present study during isolation and identification processes. This study's multiple parameter optimization revealed that pH 7 and room temperature is the best condition for optimal performance. Finally, this study included the mechanism, future recommendations, and concluding remarks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  19. Fulltext Determination of Tube Output (kVp) and Exposure Mode for Breast Phantom of Various Thicknesses/Glandularity for Digital Mammography
    Izdihar K, Kanaga KC, Krishnapillai V, Sulaiman T
    Malays J Med Sci, 2015 Jan-Feb;22(1):40-9.
    PMID: 25892949
    BACKGROUND: Optimisation of average glandular dose (AGD) for two-dimensional (2D) mammography is important, as imaging using ionizing radiation has the probability to induce cancer resulting from stochastic effects. This study aims to observe the effects of kVp, anode/filter material, and exposure mode on the dose and image quality of 2D mammography.
    METHODS: This experimental study was conducted using full-field digital mammography. The entrance surface air kerma was determined using thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) 100H and ionization chamber (IC) on three types of Computerized Imaging Reference System (CIRS) phantom with 50/50, 30/70, and 20/80 breast glandularity, respectively, in the auto-time mode and auto-filter mode. The Euref protocol was used to calculate the AGD while the image quality was evaluated using contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), figure of merit (FOM), and image quality figure (IQF).
    RESULTS: It is shown that AGD values in the auto-time mode did not decrease significantly with the increasing tube voltage of the silver filter (r = -0.187, P > 0.05) and rhodium filter (r = -0.131, P > 0.05) for all the phantoms. The general linear model showed that AGD for all phantoms had a significant effect between different exposure factors [F (6,12.3) = 4.48 and mode of exposure F (1,86) = 4.17, P < 0.05, respectively] but there is no significant difference between the different anode/filter combination [F (1,4) = 0.571].
    CONCLUSION: In summary, the 28, 29, and 31 kVp are the optimum kVp for 50%, 30%, and 20% breast glandularity, respectively. Besides the auto-filter mode is suitable for 50%, 30%, and 20% breast glandularity because it is automatic, faster, and may avoid error done by the operator.
    KEYWORDS: CDMAM; digital mammography; radiation dose
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes
  20. Performance variation according to anode-embedded orientation in a sediment microbial fuel cell employing a chessboard-like hundred-piece anode
    An J, Nam J, Kim B, Lee HS, Kim BH, Chang IS
    Bioresour Technol, 2015 Aug;190:175-81.
    PMID: 25941759 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.071
    The effect of two different anode-embedding orientations, lengthwise- and widthwise-embedded anodes was explored, on the performance of sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) using a chessboard anode. The maximum current densities and power densities in SMFCs having lengthwise-embedded anodes (SLA1-SLA10) varied from 38.2mA/m(2) to 121mA/m(2) and from 5.5mW/m(2) to 20mW/m(2). In comparison, the maximum current densities and maximum power densities in SMFCs having anodes widthwise-embedded between 0cm to 8cm (SWA2-SWA5) increased from 82mA/m(2) to 140mA/m(2) and from 14.7mW/m(2) to 31.1mW/m(2) as the anode depth became deeper. Although there was a difference in the performance among SWA5-SWA10, it was considered negligible. Hence, it is concluded that it is important to embed anodes widthwise at the specific anode depths, in order to improve of SMFC performance. Chessboard anode used in this work could be a good option for the determination of optimal anode depths.
    Matched MeSH terms: Electrodes*
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