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  1. Fulltext Effect of sugar beet pectin on oil uptake in fried banana and its acceptability
    Siti Suhara Ramli, Aini `Izzati Mohd Rosdi
    ESTEEM Academic Journal, 2019;15(1):64-75.
    MyJurnal
    Fried banana is one of the popular local snacks in Malaysia. However, tremendous interest in healthy food has risen among consumers and producers resulting in a rising demand for low-fat foods. Thus, oil uptake needs to be considered during frying since it also affects the flavour, odour
    and general organoleptic properties of the food. The main objective of this study is to determine the effect of different concentrations of sugar beet pectin in the frying batter of fried banana and introduce the new usage of sugar beet pectin as one of the ingredients in the frying batter. Three different formulations of frying batter were prepared using 1%, 1.5% and 2% of sugar beet pectin (SBP) together with other ingredients including rice flour, water, plain flour, baking powder and salt. The addition of sugar beet pectin improved the characteristic of the batter as well as the fried banana crust. The moisture content of the crust increased about 7.6% when 1.5% SBP (F2) was used in the formulation thereby reducing the oil absorption by 8.5%. The crust crispiness also increased by 16.7% when 1.5% SBP (F2) was added to the frying batter formulation. Batter pick-up value was found highest in F1 (1% SBP) with 8.84% increment as compared to batter with no added hydrocolloids. Addition of SBP in batter formulations significantly increased the batter pick-up value. In terms of acceptability, F1 (1% SBP) was the most preferred by the panellist which was due to the appearance and colour of the fried bananas. All formulations obtained attributes scores higher than six thus were accepted by the panellists.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Bicarbonate
  2. Racial disparity in the prevalence of thyroid disorder during pregnancy
    Sakinah SO, Khalid BA, Aishah AB
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1993 Jul;22(4):563-6.
    PMID: 8257059
    A study to determine the prevalence of goitre and abnormal thyroid status during pregnancy in Malaysian women was conducted. Two hundred and three women (Malay = 85, Chinese = 47 and Indian = 71) in the third trimester and with no known thyroid disease were studied. There was a marked racial disparity in the prevalence of goitre: Indian 61%, Malay 28% and Chinese 29% (p = 0.001). The serum thyrotropic hormone (TSH) was significantly higher in Indians (median: 1.36 uIU/ml) compared to Malays (1.14 uIU/ml, p = 0.009). The serum albumin was also significantly lower in Indians (mean +/- sd; 36.12 +/- 3.9 mmol/l) compared to Malays (39.3 +/- 4.8 mmol/l) or Chinese (39.1 +/- 5.2) (p < 0.001). Thyroid antibody was detected in 14.6% of these women with no significant racial difference in its prevalence. Three women were found to be thyrotoxic but none were hypothyroid. This study found a high prevalence of goitre among the pregnant Indian women, probably related to the protein malnutrition state. The high prevalence of positive thyroid antibody in our population indicates that a high percentage of women are at risk of developing postpartum thyroiditis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m
  3. Fulltext Preparation and characterization of a gastric floating dosage form of capecitabine
    Taghizadeh Davoudi E, Ibrahim Noordin M, Kadivar A, Kamalidehghan B, Farjam AS, Akbari Javar H
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:495319.
    PMID: 24288681 DOI: 10.1155/2013/495319
    Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea and vomiting, are considered amongst the main adverse effects associated with oral anticancer drugs due to their fast release in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Sustained release formulations with proper release profiles can overcome some side effects of conventional formulations. The current study was designed to prepare sustained release tablets of Capecitabine, which is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of advanced breast cancer, using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), carbomer934P, sodium alginate, and sodium bicarbonate. Tablets were prepared using the wet granulation method and characterized such that floating lag time, total floating time, hardness, friability, drug content, weight uniformity, and in vitro drug release were investigated. The sustained release tablets showed good hardness and passed the friability test. The tablets' floating lag time was determined to be 30-200 seconds, and it floated more than 24 hours and released the drug for 24 hours. Then, the stability test was done and compared with the initial samples. In conclusion, by adjusting the right ratios of the excipients including release-retarding gel-forming polymers like HPMC K4M, Na alginate, carbomer934P, and sodium bicarbonate, sustained release Capecitabine floating tablet was formulated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Bicarbonate/administration & dosage; Sodium Bicarbonate/chemistry
  4. Fulltext WS2: A New Window Layer Material for Solar Cell Application
    Bin Rafiq MKS, Amin N, Alharbi HF, Luqman M, Ayob A, Alharthi YS, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2020 Jan 21;10(1):771.
    PMID: 31964954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57596-5
    Radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering was used to deposit tungsten disulfide (WS2) thin films on top of soda lime glass substrates. The deposition power of RF magnetron sputtering varied at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 W to investigate the impact on film characteristics and determine the optimized conditions for suitable application in thin-film solar cells. Morphological, structural, and opto-electronic properties of as-grown films were investigated and analyzed for different deposition powers. All the WS2 films exhibited granular morphology and consisted of a rhombohedral phase with a strong preferential orientation toward the (101) crystal plane. Polycrystalline ultra-thin WS2 films with bandgap of 2.2 eV, carrier concentration of 1.01 × 1019 cm-3, and resistivity of 0.135 Ω-cm were successfully achieved at RF deposition power of 200 W. The optimized WS2 thin film was successfully incorporated as a window layer for the first time in CdTe/WS2 solar cell. Initial investigations revealed that the newly incorporated WS2 window layer in CdTe solar cell demonstrated photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 1.2% with Voc of 379 mV, Jsc of 11.5 mA/cm2, and FF of 27.1%. This study paves the way for WS2 thin film as a potential window layer to be used in thin-film solar cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Hydroxide
  5. Textitis as Seen on 18F-NaF Imaging Using an Ultra-High-Resolution Positron Emission Mammography Scanner
    Usmani S, Rasheed R, Al Kandari F
    J Nucl Med Technol, 2020 Jun;48(2):181-183.
    PMID: 32111663 DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.119.235986
    Textitis is a new term used to refer to the degenerative-strain osteoarthritis that comes from excessive use of a smart phone. 18F-NaF is increasingly used in diagnosing skeletal pain that is not identified on radiographs. We report a case of a 26-y-old woman with left breast cancer referred for 18F-NaF PET/CT, who was complaining of right thumb and wrist pain. Findings were negative for bone secondaries. Dedicated hands views were acquired on a positron emission mammography scanner and showed focal uptake at the first carpometacarpal and second metacarpophalangeal joints. On the basis of the strong history, the findings were likely due to active arthritic changes caused by repetitive strain injury from excessive text messaging.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Fluoride*
  6. Fulltext A New Empirical Model for Viscosity of Sulfonated Polyacrylamide Polymers
    Akbari S, Mahmood SM, Ghaedi H, Al-Hajri S
    Polymers (Basel), 2019 Jun 14;11(6).
    PMID: 31207965 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061046
    Copolymers of acrylamide with the sodium salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid-known as sulfonated polyacrylamide polymers-had been shown to produce very promising results in the enhancement of oil recovery, particularly in polymer flooding. The aim of this work is to develop an empirical model through the use of a design of experiments (DOE) approach for bulk viscosity of these copolymers as a function of polymer characteristics (i.e., sulfonation degree and molecular weight), oil reservoir conditions (i.e., temperature, formation brine salinity and hardness) and field operational variables (i.e., polymer concentration, shear rate and aging time). The data required for the non-linear regression analysis were generated from 120 planned experimental runs, which had used the Box-Behnken construct from the typical Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design. The data were collected during rheological experiments and the model that was constructed had been proven to be acceptable with the Adjusted R-Squared value of 0.9624. Apart from showing the polymer concentration as being the most important factor in the determination of polymer solution viscosity, the evaluation of the model terms as well as the Sobol sensitivity analysis had also shown a considerable interaction between the process parameters. As such, the proposed viscosity model can be suitably applied to the optimization of the polymer solution properties for the polymer flooding process and the prediction of the rheological data required for polymer flood simulators.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium
  7. Fulltext DNA Adsorption Studies of Poly(4,4'-Cychlohexylidene Bisphenol Oxalate)/Silica Nanocomposites
    Al Balawi AN, Yusof NA, Kamaruzaman S, Mohammad F, Wasoh H, Al-Lohedan HA
    Materials (Basel), 2019 Apr 11;12(7).
    PMID: 30978916 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071178
    The present study deals with the synthesis, characterization, and DNA extraction of poly(4,4'-cyclohexylidene bisphenol oxalate)/silica (Si) nanocomposites (NCs). The effects of varying the monomer/Si (3.7%, 7%, and 13%) ratio towards the size and morphology of the resulting NC and its DNA extraction capabilities have also been studied. For the NC synthesis, two different methods were followed, including the direct mixing of poly(4,4'-cyclohexylidene bisphenol oxalate) with fumed Si, and in situ polymerization of the 4,4'-cyclohexylidene bisphenol monomer in the presence of fumed silica (11 nm). The formed NCs were thoroughly investigated by using different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis where the results supported that there was the successful formation of poly(4,4'-cyclohexylidene bisphenol oxalate)/Si NC. Within the three different NC samples, the one with 13% Si was found to maintain a very high surface area of 12.237 m²/g, as compared to the other two samples consisting of 7% Si (3.362 m²/g) and 3.7% Si (1.788 m²/g). Further, the solid phase DNA extraction studies indicated that the efficiency is strongly influenced by the amount of polymer (0.2 g > 0.1 g > 0.02 g) and the type of binding buffer. Among the three binding buffers tested, the guanidine hydrochloride/EtOH buffer produced the most satisfactory results in terms of yield (1,348,000 ng) and extraction efficiency (3370 ng/mL) as compared to the other two buffers of NaCl (2 M) and phosphate buffered silane. Based on our results, it can be indicated that the developed poly(4,4'-cyclohexylidene bisphenol oxalate)/Si NC can serve as one of the suitable candidates for the extraction of DNA in high amounts as compared to other traditional solid phase approaches.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride
  8. Fulltext Effect of frozen storage on the characteristics of a developed and commercial fish sausages
    Al-Bulushi IM, Kasapis S, Dykes GA, Al-Waili H, Guizani N, Al-Oufi H
    J Food Sci Technol, 2013 Dec;50(6):1158-64.
    PMID: 24426029 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0441-x
    The effect of frozen storage on the physiochemical, chemical and microbial characteristics of two types of fish sausages was studied. Fish sausages developed (DFS) with a spice-sugar formulation and commercial fish sausages (CFS) were stored at -20 °C for 3 months. Fresh DFS contained 12.22% lipids and had a 3.53 cfu/g total bacteria count (TBC) whereas, CFS contained 5.5% lipids and had a 4.81 cfu/g TBC. During storage, TBC decreased significantly (p  0.05) in CFS. A peroxide value (PV) was not detectable until week four and eight of storage in CFS and DFS, respectively. The salt-soluble proteins (SSP) level was stable in DFS but in CFS it declined significantly (p  0.05) in both sausage types. This study showed that the effect of storage at -20 °C on fish sausages characteristics varied between formulations and depended on the ingredients of fish sausages.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
  9. Fulltext Synergetic Effect of Surfactant Concentration, Salinity, and Pressure on Adsorbed Methane in Shale at Low Pressure: An Experimental and Modeling Study
    Abdulelah H, Negash BM, Yekeen N, Al-Hajri S, Padmanabhan E, Al-Yaseri A
    ACS Omega, 2020 Aug 18;5(32):20107-20121.
    PMID: 32832765 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01738
    The influence of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, and salinity on adsorbed methane (CH4) in shale was assessed and modeled in a series of systematically designed experiments. Two cases were investigated. In case 1, the crushed Marcellus shale samples were allowed to react with anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and brine. In case 2, another set of crushed Marcellus shale samples were treated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and brine. The surfactant concentration and salinity of brine were varied following the Box-Behnken experimental design. CH4 adsorption was then assessed volumetrically in the treated shale at varying pressures (1-50 bar) and a constant temperature of 30 °C using a pressure equilibrium cell. Mathematical analysis of the experimental data yielded two separate models, which expressed the amount of adsorbed CH4 as a function of SDS/CTAB concentration, salinity, and pressure. In case 1, the highest amount of adsorbed CH4 was about 1 mmol/g. Such an amount was achieved at 50 bar, provided that the SDS concentration is kept close to its critical micelle concentration (CMC), which is 0.2 wt %, and salinity is in the range of 0.1-20 ppt. However, in case 2, the maximum amount of adsorbed CH4 was just 0.3 mmol/g. This value was obtained at 50 bar and high salinity (∼75 ppt) when the CTAB concentration was above the CMC (>0.029 wt %). The findings provide researchers with insights that can help in optimizing the ratio of salinity and surfactant concentration used in shale gas fracturing fluid.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
  10. Fulltext Engineering Properties of Waste Sawdust-Based Lightweight Alkali-Activated Concrete: Experimental Assessment and Numerical Prediction
    Alabduljabbar H, Huseien GF, Sam ARM, Alyouef R, Algaifi HA, Alaskar A
    Materials (Basel), 2020 Dec 02;13(23).
    PMID: 33276508 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235490
    Alkali activated concretes have emerged as a prospective alternative to conventional concrete wherein diverse waste materials have been converted as valuable spin-offs. This paper presents a wide experimental study on the sustainability of employing waste sawdust as a fine/coarse aggregate replacement incorporating fly ash (FA) and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) to make high-performance cement-free lightweight concretes. Waste sawdust was replaced with aggregate at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 vol% incorporating alkali binder, including 70% FA and 30% GBFS. The blend was activated using a low sodium hydroxide concentration (2 M). The acoustic, thermal, and predicted engineering properties of concretes were evaluated, and the life cycle of various mixtures were calculated to investigate the sustainability of concrete. Besides this, by using the available experimental test database, an optimized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was developed to estimate the mechanical properties of the designed alkali-activated mortar mixes depending on each sawdust volume percentage. Based on the findings, it was found that the sound absorption and reduction in thermal conductivity were enhanced with increasing sawdust contents. The compressive strengths of the specimens were found to be influenced by the sawdust content and the strength dropped from 65 to 48 MPa with the corresponding increase in the sawdust levels from 0% up to 100%. The results also showed that the emissions of carbon dioxide, energy utilization, and outlay tended to drop with an increase in the amount of sawdust and show more the lightweight concrete to be more sustainable for construction applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Hydroxide
  11. Fulltext Iontophoresis and topical application of 8% arginine-calcium carbonate to treat dentinal hypersensitivity
    Kumar S, Thomas BS, Gupta K, Guddattu V, Alexander M
    Niger J Clin Pract, 2018 Aug;21(8):1029-1033.
    PMID: 30074006 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_341_17
    Aim and objectives: The aim and the objectives were. (1) to assess the efficacy of a desensitizing toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate (Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™), (2) to assess the efficacy of a desensitizing toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate (Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™) used in combination with iontophoresis, and (3) to compare the effectiveness of the above methods.

    Subjects and Methods: Two groups of 40 patients each having dentinal hypersensitivity were treated using 8% proarginine and iontophoresis. The patients were recalled after 1, 2, and 4 weeks. The scores were tabulated and the results were analyzed using SPSS statistical software.

    Results: Visual analog scale between the two groups showed a significant difference from the 1st week till the 4th week. ANOVA values showed the reduction in the dentinal hypersensitivity in Group 2 using the iontophoresis along with the 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate toothpaste. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel correlation test of the Schiff's dentinal hypersensitivity cross-tabulation showed P < 0.001 which was statistically significant reduction after the 4th week following the application of 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate along with iontophoresis.

    Conclusion: Iontophoresis, when used along with Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™ toothpaste, can provide additional benefit as this provides a better sealing effect.

    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Fluoride/administration & dosage; Sodium Fluoride/therapeutic use*
  12. Supplementation of selenium reduces chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in male Sprague-Dawley rats
    Alwahaibi N, Mohamed J, Alhamadani A
    J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2010 Apr;24(2):119-23.
    PMID: 20413070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2009.09.003
    Selenium is an essential micronutrient mineral found mainly in soils and has been shown to prevent certain cancers in humans and animals. However, the dose and effects of selenium on liver cancer are controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium selenite (4 mg/kg in drinking water) on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Hepatocarcinogenesis was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) (200 mg/kg body weight) and 2 weeks later, the carcinogenic effect was promoted by 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) (0.02%). 44 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups: negative control, positive control (DEN+2-AAF), pre-selenium group (sodium selenite for 4 weeks, then DEN+2-AAF), pre-selenium control group (sodium selenite for 4 weeks, no DEN or 2-AAF), post-selenium group (sodium selenite for 8 weeks after 4 weeks of DEN injection) and post-selenium control group (sodium selenite for 8 weeks, no DEN or 2-AAF). Hematoxylin and eosin plus Gordon and Sweet's methods were used to stain liver tissues. The results showed that the number and sizes of hepatic nodules in pre- and post-selenium treatment groups significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared with the positive control. Microscopic analysis of pre- and post-selenium groups showed that the majority of nodules were hyperplastic with preserved liver architecture, whereas the positive control was full of neoplastic nodules with a completely disrupted liver architecture. Hence, pre- and post-selenium treatments can reduce the extent of liver cancer on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Selenite/administration & dosage*
  13. Nuclear factor-kappa B as a promising target for selenium chemoprevention in rat hepatocarcinogenesis
    Alwahaibi NY, Budin SB, Mohamed J, Alhamdani A
    J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010 Apr;25(4):786-91.
    PMID: 20492335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06160.x
    Selenium's molecular mechanism for cancer chemoprevention remains unknown. We aimed to study the gene expression of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), tumor growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and cyclin D1 and the effects of sodium selenite using preventive and therapeutic approaches in chemically-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Selenite/pharmacology*
  14. Fulltext Acute Toxicity and Gastroprotection Studies of a New Schiff Base Derived Manganese (II) Complex against HCl/Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcerations in Rats
    Ibrahim MY, Hashim NM, Dhiyaaldeen SM, Al-Obaidi MM, El-Ferjani RM, Adam H, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2016 05 27;6:26819.
    PMID: 27229938 DOI: 10.1038/srep26819
    Manganese is a crucial element for health. In this study, the gastroprotective efficacy of Mn (II) complex (MDLA) against acidified ethanol (HCl/Ethanol)-induced gastric ulceration in rats was evaluated. The animals were distributed into 5 groups. Groups 1 and 2 received carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), group 3 was pretreated with omeprazole, and groups 4 and 5 were given 10 and 20 mg/kg of MDLA, respectively. After one hour, CMC and HCl/Ethanol were given to groups 2-5 whilst the animals in group 1 were ingested with CMC. After sacrifice, gastric lesions were evaluated by wall mucus, gross appearance, histology, antioxidant enzymes and immunohistochemistry. Group 2 displayed severe gastric damage with a significant reduction in wall mucus. Conversely, gastric lesions were reduced in groups 3-5 by 85.72%, 56.51% and 65.93%, respectively. The rats in groups 3-5 showed up-regulation of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) with down-regulation of Bcl-2-associated protein x (Bax). Pretreatment with omeprazole or MDLA led to an increase in the uptake of Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain in the glandular part of the gastric tissue, raised levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. These results suggested the gastroprotective action of Mn (II) complex.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium
  15. Fulltext Statistical Optimization for Acid Hydrolysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Its Physiochemical Characterization by Using Metal Ion Catalyst
    Karim MZ, Chowdhury ZZ, Hamid SBA, Ali ME
    Materials (Basel), 2014 Oct 13;7(10):6982-6999.
    PMID: 28788226 DOI: 10.3390/ma7106982
    Hydrolyzing the amorphous region while keeping the crystalline region unaltered is the key technology for producing nanocellulose. This study investigated if the dissolution properties of the amorphous region of microcrystalline cellulose can be enhanced in the presence of Fe(3+) salt in acidic medium. The process parameters, including temperature, time and the concentration of metal chloride catalyst (FeCl₃), were optimized by using the response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental observation demonstrated that temperature and time play vital roles in hydrolyzing the amorphous sections of cellulose. This would yield hydrocellulose with higher crystallinity. The factors that were varied for the production of hydrocellulose were the temperature (x₁), time (x₂) and FeCl₃ catalyst concentration (x₃). Responses were measured in terms of percentage of crystallinity (y₁) and the yield (y₂) of the prepared hydrocellulose. Relevant mathematical models were developed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to obtain the most significant factors influencing the responses of the percentage of crystallinity and yield. Under optimum conditions, the percentage of crystallinity and yield were 83.46% and 86.98% respectively, at 90.95 °C, 6 h, with a catalyst concentration of 1 M. The physiochemical characteristics of the prepared hydrocellulose were determined in terms of XRD, SEM, TGA and FTIR analyses. The addition of FeCl₃ salt in acid hydrolyzing medium is a novel technique for substantially increasing crystallinity with a significant morphological change.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride
  16. Effect of iodized oil supplementation on thyroid hormone levels and mental performance among Orang Asli schoolchildren and pregnant mothers in an endemic goitre area in Peninsular Malaysia
    Isa ZM, Alias IZ, Kadir KA, Ali O
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2000 Dec;9(4):274-81.
    PMID: 24394503
    Although endemic goitre is no longer a major public health problem in Malaysia, iodine deficiency still remains a significant problem in a few remote settlements. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of iodized oil intervention in the prevention of endemic goitre among the indigenous people in Malaysia. A pretest and post-test controlled trial was conducted among primary schoolchildren and pregnant mothers in Lasah, Sungai Siput and Perak. Legap Post and Yum Post were selected as the intervention areas, while Perwor Post and Poi Post were taken as controls. The variables studied included thyroid hormone concentrations, thyroid volume, urinary iodine excretions and mental performance. A baseline and two follow-up visits were conducted in both intervention and control areas. Intervention subjects were given iodized oil in the form of capsules which were taken orally (Laboratoire Guerbet, Paris, France). There was a significant increase in serum thyroxine hormone (T4) concentrations (p<0.0001) and a significant decrease in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations (p<0.05) in the schoolchildren following the intervention, however, pregnant mothers did not show any significant changes in T4 and TSH concentrations. Thyroid size was significantly reduced in both groups (p<0.05). Urinary iodine excretions showed a significant increase in both groups following the intervention (p<0.01). However, mental performance in schoolchildren was not affected. In conclusion, iodized oil (oral) is effective in reducing thyroid size, as well as improving the supply of iodine among schoolchildren and pregnant mothers in endemic goitre areas; however, its long-term effects need to be monitored closely. This method can be considered as an alternative while awaiting national coverage for the salt iodization program.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride, Dietary
  17. Comparative effects of different soil conditioners on wheat growth and yield grown in saline-sodic soils
    Zia-ur-Rehman M, Sabir M, Shahjahan, Ahmed HR, Muhammad Rizwan, Ali S
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:339-346.
    Among abiotic stresses, salinity is the main abiotic stress limiting crop growth and yield worldwide. Improving agri-food production in salt-prone areas is the key to meet the increasing food demands in near future. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different soil conditioners, gypsum (GYP), citric acid (CA), ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in salinesodic soil. Gypsum was applied at a rate of 100% soil gypsum requirement while other amendments were applied each at a rate of 5 g kg-1 of soil. The results showed that EDTA treatment increased pH and electrical conductivity (ECe) of soil while pH significantly decreased when treated with citric acid. Soil sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) decreased in all treatments following the order: CT > PVA > EDTA > CA > GYP. Addition of CA positively affected growth parameters as compared to other soil conditioners including plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant, plant dry weight and grain yield while EDTA negatively affected these parameters. Addition of CA also significantly increased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and chlorophyll contents while EDTA decreased these parameters. We conclude that increase in plant growth and yield with CA might be due to the effect of CA on soil properties which positively affected plant physiological parameters.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium; Sodium Chloride
  18. Report - Synthesis of new antibacterial agents encompassing tosyl, piperidine, propanamide and 1,3,4-oxadiazole functionalities
    Sattar A, Aziz-Ur-Rehman -, Abbasi MA, Siddiqui SZ, Rasool S, Ali Shah SA
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2020 Jul;33(4):1697-1705.
    PMID: 33583804
    A series of propanamide compounds 6a-l was derived by N-substitution reactions, encompassing tosyl, piperidine and 1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties. The intended array of compounds 6a-l was afforded by a series of five steps reaction scheme. 1-Tosylpiperidin-4-carboxylate (1) was synthesized by the reaction of tosyl chloride (a) with ethyl isonipecotate (b) under mild basic conditions. Compound 1 was subjected to nucleophillic substitution by hydrazine to synthesize 1-tosylpiperidin-4-carbohydrazide (2). The compound, 5-(1-tosylpiperidin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (3) was synthesized by intermolecular cyclization of compound 2 by CS2 under strong basic conditions. The target compounds, 6a-l, were finally synthesized from 3 by reacting with different electrophiles, 5a-l, in an aprotic polar solvent with sodium hydride as an activator. The different propanamoyl electrophiles, 5a-l, were synthesized by the reaction of different aromatic and aliphatic amines, 4a-l, with 3-bromopropionyl chloride under mild basic conditions. The structural elucidation was carried out using modern spectroscopic techniques including IR, 1H-NMR and EI-MS. The antibacterial potential of synthesized compounds was assessed against five bacterial strains. Compounds 6a, 6c, 6d, 6e and 6f were found to be potent antibacterial agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Compounds
  19. Fulltext Synthesis and characterization of novel dimeric ionic liquids by conventional approaches
    Ganesan K, Alias Y
    Int J Mol Sci, 2008 Jun;9(7):1207-13.
    PMID: 19325800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9071207
    The (1)H-NMR shifts of the imidazolium protons of some novel dimeric ionic liquids were examined in various deuterated solvents. Interactions between the solvent and the imidazolium salt of butyl substituted ionic liquids were observed to give higher chemical shifts than methyl substitution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
  20. Fulltext Experimental study on electromagnetic-assisted ZnO nanofluid flooding for enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
    Adil M, Lee K, Mohd Zaid H, Ahmad Latiff NR, Alnarabiji MS
    PLoS One, 2018;13(2):e0193518.
    PMID: 29489897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193518
    Recently, nano-EOR has emerged as a new frontier for improved and enhanced oil recovery (IOR & EOR). Despite their benefits, the nanoparticles tend to agglomerate at reservoir conditions which cause their detachment from the oil/water interface, and are consequently retained rather than transported through a porous medium. Dielectric nanoparticles including ZnO have been proposed to be a good replacement for EOR due to their high melting point and thermal properties. But more importantly, these particles can be polarized under electromagnetic (EM) irradiation, which provides an innovative smart Nano-EOR process denoted as EM-Assisted Nano-EOR. In this study, parameters involved in the oil recovery mechanism under EM waves, such as reducing mobility ratio, lowering interfacial tensions (IFT) and altering wettability were investigated. Two-phase displacement experiments were performed in sandpacks under the water-wet condition at 95°C, with permeability in the range of 265-300 mD. A crude oil from Tapis oil field was employed; while ZnO nanofluids of two different particle sizes (55.7 and 117.1 nm) were prepared using 0.1 wt. % nanoparticles that dispersed into brine (3 wt. % NaCl) along with SDBS as a dispersant. In each flooding scheme, three injection sequential scenarios have been conducted: (i) brine flooding as a secondary process, (ii) surfactant/nano/EM-assisted nano flooding, and (iii) second brine flooding to flush nanoparticles. Compare with surfactant flooding (2% original oil in place/OOIP) as tertiary recovery, nano flooding almost reaches 8.5-10.2% of OOIP. On the other hand, EM-assisted nano flooding provides an incremental oil recovery of approximately 9-10.4% of OOIP. By evaluating the contact angle and interfacial tension, it was established that the degree of IFT reduction plays a governing role in the oil displacement mechanism via nano-EOR, compare to mobility ratio. These results reveal a promising way to employ water-based ZnO nanofluid for enhanced oil recovery purposes at a relatively high reservoir temperature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride
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