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A fourth-order compact finite difference scheme for the goursat problem

Mohd Agos Salim Nasir, Ahmad Izani Md Ismail

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:341-346.

A high-order uniform Cartesian grid compact finite difference scheme for the Goursat problem is developed. The basic idea of high-order compact schemes is to find the compact approximations to the derivatives terms by differentiating centrally the governing equations. Our compact scheme will approximate the derivative terms by involving the higher terms and reducing the number of grid points. The compact finite difference scheme is given for general form of the Goursat problem in uniform domain and illustrates the performance by applying a linear problem. Numerical experiments have been conducted with the new scheme and encouraging results have been obtained. In this paper we present the compact finite difference scheme for the Goursat problem. With the aid of computational software the scheme was programmed for determining the relative errors of linear Goursat problem.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Numerical Analysis of Hydrodynamic Flow in Microfluidic Biochip for Single-Cell Trapping Application

Khalili AA, Ahmad MR

Int J Mol Sci, 2015;16(11):26770-85.
PMID: 26569218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125987

Single-cell analysis has become the interest of a wide range of biological and biomedical engineering research. It could provide precise information on individual cells, leading to important knowledge regarding human diseases. To perform single-cell analysis, it is crucial to isolate the individual cells before further manipulation is carried out. Recently, microfluidic biochips have been widely used for cell trapping and single cell analysis, such as mechanical and electrical detection. This work focuses on developing a finite element simulation model of single-cell trapping system for any types of cells or particles based on the hydrodynamic flow resistance (Rh) manipulations in the main channel and trap channel to achieve successful trapping. Analysis is carried out using finite element ABAQUS-FEA™ software. A guideline to design and optimize single-cell trapping model is proposed and the example of a thorough optimization analysis is carried out using a yeast cell model. The results show the finite element model is able to trap a single cell inside the fluidic environment. Fluid's velocity profile and streamline plots for successful and unsuccessful single yeast cell trapping are presented according to the hydrodynamic concept. The single-cell trapping model can be a significant important guideline in designing a new chip for biomedical applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Online 3D terrain visualization of GIS data: a comparison between three different web servers

Ruzinoor Che Mat, Abdul Rashid Mohd. Shariff, Pradhan, Biswajeet, Ahmad Rodzi Mahmud

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2011;19(3):31-39.
MyJurnal

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and three dimensional (3D) World Wide Web (WWW) applications usage are on the rise. The demand for online 3D terrain visualization for GIS data has increased. Current users demand for more complex data which have higher accuracy and realism. This is aided by the emergence of geo-browsers in the market which provide free service and also cater for the commercialized market. Other new technology driving the market is the use of software such as CityGML, Virtual Reality Markup Language (VRML)/ Entensive 3D (X3D), geoVRML, and Keyhole Markup Language (KML). These technologies also play an important role for this new era of online 3D terrain visualization. The aim of this paper is to implement the online 3D terrain visualization for GIS data by using VRML technology and launching the system into three different web servers. The data used for this system are contour data and high resolution satellite image (QUICKBIRD) for Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) area. Testing was done only for satellite image overlaid to 3D terrain data. The web servers used in this experiment were the Spatial Research Group Server in UPM, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) web server, and ruzinoor.my web server. The comparison was based on the performance of web servers in terms of accessibility, uploading time, CPU usage, frame rate per second (fps), and number of users. The results from this experiment will be of help and guidance to the developers in finding the right web servers for the best performance on implementing online 3D terrain visualization for GIS data.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Validation and Reliability of Healthcare Workers' Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Instrument for Uncomplicated Malaria by Rasch Measurement Model

Ismail NE, Jimam NS, Dapar MLP, Ahmad S

Front Pharmacol, 2019;10:1521.
PMID: 31998125 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01521

Background: This study assessed the validity and reliability of healthcare workers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices instrument for uncomplicated malaria (HKAPIUM) for evaluation of healthcare workers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on uncomplicated malaria management in primary healthcare (PHC) facilities in Plateau state, Nigeria. Methods: Relevant variables from literature, malaria treatment guidelines for Nigeria, and World Health Organization (WHO) were used to generate and present the items for the draft HKAPIUM scale, which was first screened by six experts before administered to 121 respondents who filled and returned immediately. The data were sorted and analyzed using Rasch measurement model (Bond & Fox software®). Results: The outcome of the initial screening showed high items content validity indices (I-CVI) (0.83-1.00) and high scale-CVI (S-CVI) {universal agreement (UA) within the experts (S-CVI/UA) (0.67-0.89) and the average CVI [S-CVI/Ave (0.94-0.98)]} for relevance, clarity, simplicity, and comprehensiveness. The Rasch analysis outputs showed good items' reliability for the three factors (KAP) > 0.9 with high separation index values of > 2.0; however person reliability were poor (< 0.6) which were confirmed by their low separation values. Goodness of fit statistics indicated nine items not fitting the model based on the suggested fit index values of 0.6 to 1.5, and ± 2 for mean square (MNSQ) and standardized Z-score (Zstds) respectively, and 0.3 to 0.7 for "point-measure correlation coefficients" (PTMEA Corr). Deletion of misfit items resulted in the items and persons' reliabilities falling above the minimum accepted limit of 0.6, with their separation values were all in the range of 1 and 2 which were acceptable. Similarly, fit index values for MNSQ infit and outfit, and Zstd parameters items in the new scale were all within the acceptable range of 0.6 to 1.5, and ±2 respectively, in addition to the positive PTMEA Corr as further confirmation of the items' fitness to the model. Conclusion: The reduction of 27-items draft HKAPIUM scale to 18 items was successful with good reliability and fitness to the model.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Method development for determination of sodium, potassium and calcium ions concentrations in hot springs water using EDXRF

Zaini Hamzah, Nurul Latiffah Abd Rani, Ahmad Saat

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2013;2013(2):59-64.
MyJurnal

Measurement of major cation such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in water are normally carried out using
AAS, ICP-OES or flame photometry. In this study, an attempt was made to measure these cations
using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescent Spectrometry (EDXRF). Hot spring s water was taken from varies hot spring in Selangor and divided into two portions that is filtered and unfiltered. 5 mL of water samples were pipette into a special liquid cups (sample holders) which has a thin mylar film underneath. The MiniPal4 XRF instrument was used in this study. The resolution for the instrument use is 145 keV with energy resolution at 5.9 keV. The spectrum of cations were analysed by using MiniPal/MiniMate software to determine the cations concentration. For K+ and Ca2+, Al-thin filter was used and default filter was used for Na+. The concentration of Na+ obtained for filtered and unfiltered samples were ranged from 38.00 to 66.05 and 43.26 to 76.95 ppm. Meanwhile, concentrations of K+ for filtered and unfiltered samples were ranged from 2.42 to 8.07 and 6.18 to 29.28 ppm. Concentrations of Ca2+ for filtered and unfiltered samples were ranged from 2.59 to 10.94 and 3.18 to 12.99 ppm.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Assessment of 137 Cs activity concentration in soil from tea plantantion areas in Cameron Highlands

Zaini Hamzah, Che Yasmin Amirudin, Seh Datul Riduan, Ahmad Saat

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2012;9(1):1-5.
MyJurnal

137 Cs is well known man-made radionuclide produced from nuclear industry. Nuclear weapon tests and nuclear accidents had contributed to presence of 137 Cs into the worldwide environment including Malaysia. It has spread out to the entire world through the air and water current. Since Cameron Highlands is located at high altitude, there is a better chance of the 137 Cs to settle down on the trees and later the soil underneath. In this study, the soil samples were taken at the slopes of two different tea plantation areas namely A and B. The soil samples were oven dried, ground, sieved and packed and sealed properly in plastic containers before measurement. Each plastic container contains around 450 g of sample. The measurement of 137 Cs activity concentration was done using HPGe detector gamma spectrometer. The spectrum was analyzed using Gamma Vision software to calculate the activity concentration of 137 Cs with energy peak of 661.66 keV. The activity concentration of 137 Cs found in the samples ranged from 0.23 to 1.90 and 0.11 to 3.01 Bq/kg for tea plantation A and tea plantation B, respectively. From the activity concentration of 137 Cs result, it was comparable to the others research regarding to 137 Cs in the soil around Asian.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Status Kegiatan Pembangunan Perisian di Malaysia (Status of Software Development in Malaysia)

Aziz Bin Deraman, Ahmad Shukri Bin Yahaya

Sains Malaysiana, 1997;26.

A study was conducted to examine the usage of application software and its development practices in Malaysia. The study has shown that the use of application software is greatly emphasized by organizations in their respective businesses. And for most organizations, the application software is supplied by a vendor or through in house development. For the software development practices, the deployment of a current technique and technology is still inadequate. Therefore, most of the existing information technology practitioners should be given additional training on the latest techniques of software development. Other aspect of improvement on software development practices is also discussed.
Satu kajian terhadap status pemakaian dan kegiatan pembangunan perisian gunaan di Malaysia telah dijalankan. Kajian ini menunjukkan yang aspek pemakaian sangat diberi penekanan oleh organisasi. Manakala proses perolehan perisian gunaan pula terbahagi secara setara di antara buat sendiri dengan menggunakan pihak ketiga. Namun begitu yang ketara ialah kadar penggunaan teknologi dan teknik terkini dalam kegiatan pembangunan perisian masih berkurangan. Oleh itu disarankan supaya aspek latihan teknik kakitangan teknologi maklumat organisasi perlu dipertingkatkan secara berterusan. Di samping itu kajian ini memaparkan beberapa aspek amalan pembangunan perisian yang boleh diperbaiki lagi.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Selection of possible candidate area for nuclear power plant in Johor, Malaysia

Nor Afifah Basri, Ahmad Termizi Ramli

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2012;2012(1):56-63.
MyJurnal

Nuclear power is considered as one of the best option for future energy development in Malaysia. Since Malaysia has no experience in nuclear energy generation, commissioning the first nuclear power plant needs tremendous effort in various aspects. Site selection is one of important step in nuclear power plant commissioning process. This paper proposes candidate sites for nuclear power plant in Mersing, Kota Tinggi, Muar and Batu Pahat district in Johor, Malaysia. The candidate selection process uses the IAEA document and AELB guideline as main reference, supported by site selection procedure by various countries. MapInfo Professional software was used to simulate the selection process for candidate areas for the nuclear power plant. This paper concluded that Tenggaroh and Jemaluang area are the most suitable area for nuclear power plant facilities in Johor, Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Selection of possible candidate area for nuclear energy facility in Johor, Malaysia

Nor Afifah Basri, Ahmad Termizi Ramli

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2012;2012(2):56-65.
MyJurnal

Nuclear power is considered as one of the best option for future energy development in Malaysia. Since Malaysia has no experience in nuclear energy generation, commissioning the first nuclear power plant needs tremendous effort in various aspects. Site selection is one of important step in nuclear power plant commissioning process. This paper proposes candidate sites for nuclear power plant in Mersing, Kota Tinggi, Muar and Batu Pahat district in Johor, Malaysia. The candidate selection process uses the IAEA document and AELB guideline as main reference, supported by site selection procedure by various countries. Mapinfo Professional software was used to simulate the selection process for candidate areas for the nuclear power plant. This paper concluded that Tenygaroh and Jemaluang area are the most suitable area for nuclear power plant facilities in Johor, Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Effects of Multiple Factors on Treatment Outcome in the Three-Dimensional Maxillary Arch Morphometry of Children With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate

Haque S, Khamis MF, Alam MK, Ahmad WMAW

J Craniofac Surg, 2020 May 04.
PMID: 32371703 DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000006464

Studies have claimed that the maxillary arch dimension of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patient is significantly smaller than normal patient. Multiple factors (both congenital and post natal treatment factors) are believed to have an impact on the treatment outcome (maxillary arch retardation) of UCLP patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of multiple factors on the treatment outcome by assessing the maxillary arch dimension of UCLP Children. Eighty-five Malaysian UCLP children were taken who received cheiloplasty and palatoplasty. Laser scanned 3D digital models of UCLP subjects were prepared before any orthodontic treatment and bone grafting at 7.69 ± 2.46 (mean± SD) years of age. Intercanine width (ICW), intermolar width (IMW), and arch depth (AD) measurements of maxillary arch were measured with Mimics software. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between multiple factors (gender, UCLP type, UCLP side, family history of cleft, family history of class III malocclusion, techniques of cheiloplasty, and techniques of palatoplasty) and maxillary arch dimensions (ICW, IMW, and AD). P value was set at 5%. Significant association was found between 2 techniques of cheiloplasty and ICW (P = 0.001) and also between 2 techniques of palatoplasty and ICW (P = 0.046) of maxilla. No significant association observed in IMW and AD in relation to all other factors. Modified Millard techniques of Cheiloplasty and Bardach technique of palatoplasty had unfavorable effect on the treatment outcome by assessing the maxillary arch dimension (ICW) using laser scanned 3D digital models in Malaysian UCLP children.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Drought characterisation in Peninsular Malaysia using DrinC software

Md. Munir Hayet Khan, Nur Shazwani Muhammad, Ahmed El-Shafie

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(105):81-90.
MyJurnal

Prolonged drought conditions have adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts due to unmet water demands. Defining drought is difficult because of its onset and ending time. Therefore, characterisation of drought is essential for drought management operations. Thus, drought indices come in handy and are a practical approach to assimilate large amounts of data into quantitative information which can then be applied for drought forecasting, declaring drought levels, contingency planning and impact assessments. This study analyses drought events using indices, namely SPI and Deciles Index, computed with DrinC software program but are not popular in Malaysia. It is observed that both indices are identical and suitable for drought occurrences.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
U6 snRNA is a suitable endogenous control for microRNA-124 and -134 in cultured rat hippocampal neurons

Azlina Ahmad-Annuar, Ai Sze Ching

Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:1481-1488.

As researchers seek to determine the cellular mechanisms underlying biological processes, they have turned to analyze the functional role of microRNAs to understand this process in details. Here, we investigated the expression pattern of two microRNAs, miR-124 and -134 in maturing neurons and found that the choice of endogenous controls influenced the observed expression levels of these microRNAs. We have cultured rat hippocampal neurons and performed quantitative PCR on the microRNAs using Taqman gene expression assays. The expression of miRNAs was normalised with selected endogenous controls. Using BestKeeper and NormFinder software, we found that 18S rRNA and 5S rRNA to be unsuitable as endogenous controls in this system, while normalising to U6 snRNA produced more consistent results. Our study would like to highlight the importance of empirically testing proposed endogenous controls in any model system before data interpretation is carried out.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Analysis of fill time and injection pressure of multiple 20 gram Parisons during injection moulding process

Najiy Rizal Suriani Rizal, Azuddin Mamat, Aidah Jumahat

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(103):233-240.
MyJurnal

In recent years, injection moulding process is one of the most advanced and efficient manufacturing processes for mass production of plastic bottles. However, a good quality of parison is difficult to achieve due to uncontrollable humidity, pressure inlet and water inlet velocity. This paper investigates the effect of using multiple mould cavities to improve the process fill time and injection pressure in the production of PET plastic bottles using MoldFlow software. The modelling of parison was developed using CATIA with the consideration of every part of the parison. MoldFlow software was used to analyse the flow of 20 g parison with different cavity numbers (1, 8, 16, 24 cavity), as well as its corresponding runner size towards its fill time and injection pressure. Other important parameters that affect the production of parison, such as melting temperature, mould temperature, atmospheric temperature and cooling time, were remained constant. The fill time required to produce 24 moulds was improved by 60% compared to using 8 mould cavity only, and this enable the production of more plastic bottles in a day. Therefore, fill time and injection pressure are two important parameters to be considered in the injection moulding process, especially to reduce parison defect and increase its production rate.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Three-dimensional facial analysis of Chinese children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate

Othman SA, Aidil Koay NA

Sci Rep, 2016 08 10;6:31335.
PMID: 27507713 DOI: 10.1038/srep31335

We analyzed the facial features of Chinese children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and compared them with a normal control group using a three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry camera. This cross-sectional study examined 3D measurements of the facial surfaces of 20 Chinese children with repaired UCLP and 40 unaffected Chinese children aged 7 to 12 years old, which were captured using the VECTRA 3D five-pod photosystem and analyzed using Mirror software. Twenty-five variables and two ratios were compared between both groups using independent t-test. Intra- and inter-observer reliability was determined using ten randomly selected images and analyzed using intra-class correlation coefficient test (ICC). The level of significance was set at p

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Generalized and improved (G'/G)-expansion method for (3+1)-dimensional modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsev equation

Naher H, Abdullah FA, Akbar MA

PLoS One, 2013;8(5):e64618.
PMID: 23741355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064618

The generalized and improved (G'/G)-expansion method is a powerful and advantageous mathematical tool for establishing abundant new traveling wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. In this article, we investigate the higher dimensional nonlinear evolution equation, namely, the (3+1)-dimensional modified KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsev equation via this powerful method. The solutions are found in hyperbolic, trigonometric and rational function form involving more parameters and some of our constructed solutions are identical with results obtained by other authors if certain parameters take special values and some are new. The numerical results described in the figures were obtained with the aid of commercial software Maple.

Matched MeSH terms: Software*
Fulltext Quantitative dataset of shallow water reef in Pulau Bidong, Southern of South China sea during pre and post of tropical storm (Pabuk - January 2019)

Bachok Z, Safuan CDM, Roseli NH, Akhir MF

Data Brief, 2020 Oct;32:106182.
PMID: 32923531 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106182

This article provides raw datasets of the coral reefs status in Pulau Bidong, southern of South China Sea before and after being strike by the tropical storm Pabuk on January 2019. Data were collected using a rapid coral survey method called Coral Video Transect (CVT) technique. The data were collected along a 100 m transect line set up parallel to the shoreline and at a constant depth. In total, eight transects were surveyed during both periods (pre - August 2016, post - March 2019). Back in laboratory, the footage was then extracted into non-overlapping frames or still images prior to image analysis using Coral Point Count with Excel Extension (CPCe) software. The benthic coral reefs relative percentage cover was automatically generated after the image analysis and represented by five major categories; live coral (C), algae (ALG), other invertebrates (OT), dead coral (DC), and sand silt and rock (SR). Live coral cover was identified up to the genus level. This raw dataset was used in this article. The data provided in this article could be of significant use for future studies especially on coral recovery after the natural disturbances. It can provide a baseline assessment especially for coral reefs management as well as to comprehend changes in coral health status in the face of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. The data presented here support the information in the article Safuan et al. (2020).

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Preparation and Characterization of Flexible Substrate Material from Phenyl-Thiophene-2-Carbaldehyde Compound

Rahman A, Islam MT, Samsuzzaman M, Singh MJ, Akhtaruzzaman M

Materials (Basel), 2016 May 11;9(5).
PMID: 28773479 DOI: 10.3390/ma9050358

In this paper, a novel phenyl-thiophene-2-carbaldehyde compound-based flexible substrate material has been presented. Optical and microwave characterization of the proposed material are done to confirm the applicability of the proposed material as a substrate. The results obtained in this work show that the phenyl-thiophene-2-carbaldehyde consists of a dielectric constant of 3.03, loss tangent of 0.003, and an optical bandgap of 3.24 eV. The proposed material is analyzed using commercially available EM simulation software and validated by the experimental analysis of the flexible substrate. The fabricated substrate also shows significant mechanical flexibility and light weight. The radiating copper patch deposited on the proposed material substrate incorporated with partial ground plane and microstrip feeding technique shows an effective impedance bandwidth of 3.8 GHz. It also confirms an averaged radiation efficiency of 81% throughout the frequency band of 5.4-9.2 GHz.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext First comprehensive in silico analysis of the functional and structural consequences of SNPs in human GalNAc-T1 gene

Mohamoud HS, Hussain MR, El-Harouni AA, Shaik NA, Qasmi ZU, Merican AF, et al.

Comput Math Methods Med, 2014;2014:904052.
PMID: 24723968 DOI: 10.1155/2014/904052

GalNAc-T1, a key candidate of GalNac-transferases genes family that is involved in mucin-type O-linked glycosylation pathway, is expressed in most biological tissues and cell types. Despite the reported association of GalNAc-T1 gene mutations with human disease susceptibility, the comprehensive computational analysis of coding, noncoding and regulatory SNPs, and their functional impacts on protein level, still remains unknown. Therefore, sequence- and structure-based computational tools were employed to screen the entire listed coding SNPs of GalNAc-T1 gene in order to identify and characterize them. Our concordant in silico analysis by SIFT, PolyPhen-2, PANTHER-cSNP, and SNPeffect tools, identified the potential nsSNPs (S143P, G258V, and Y414D variants) from 18 nsSNPs of GalNAc-T1. Additionally, 2 regulatory SNPs (rs72964406 and #x26; rs34304568) were also identified in GalNAc-T1 by using FastSNP tool. Using multiple computational approaches, we have systematically classified the functional mutations in regulatory and coding regions that can modify expression and function of GalNAc-T1 enzyme. These genetic variants can further assist in better understanding the wide range of disease susceptibility associated with the mucin-based cell signalling and pathogenic binding, and may help to develop novel therapeutic elements for associated diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Relationship between lean practices, soft total quality management and innovation skills in Lebanese hospitals

Aoun M, Hasnan N, Al-Aaraj H

East Mediterr Health J, 2018 Jun 10;24(3):269-276.
PMID: 29908022 DOI: 10.26719/2018.24.3.269

Background: Lean practices are critical to eliminate waste and enhance the quality of healthcare services through different improvement approaches of total quality management (TQM). In particular, the soft side of TQM is used to develop the innovation skills of employees that are essential for the continuous improvement strategies of hospitals.
Aim: The main objective was to study the relationship between lean practices, soft TQM and innovation skills in Lebanese hospitals.
Methods: A quantitative methodology was applied by surveying 352 employees from private and public hospitals in Lebanon. The primary collected data were valid and reliable when analysed by SPSS and AMOS software as a part of structural equation modelling.
Results: Lean practices significantly influenced the innovation skills; however, soft TQM did not mediate this relationship because it was not well implemented, especially at the level of people-based management and continuous improvement.
Conclusion: This study has implications for healthcare practitioners to make greater efforts to implement lean practices and soft TQM. Future studies are suggested to highlight different challenges facing quality improvement in the Region.

Matched MeSH terms: Software
Fulltext Mechanism to prevent the abuse of IPv6 fragmentation in OpenFlow networks

Al-Ani A, Anbar M, Laghari SA, Al-Ani AK

PLoS One, 2020;15(5):e0232574.
PMID: 32392261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232574

OpenFlow makes a network highly flexible and fast-evolving by separating control and data planes. The control plane thus becomes responsive to changes in topology and load balancing requirements. OpenFlow also offers a new approach to handle security threats accurately and responsively. Therefore, it is used as an innovative firewall that acts as a first-hop security to protect networks against malicious users. However, the firewall provided by OpenFlow suffers from Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) fragmentation, which can be used to bypass the OpenFlow firewall. The OpenFlow firewall cannot identify the message payload unless the switch implements IPv6 fragment reassembly. This study tests the IPv6 fragmented packets that can evade the OpenFlow firewall, and proposes a new mechanism to guard against attacks carried out by malicious users to exploit IPv6 fragmentation loophole in OpenFlow networks. The proposed mechanism is evaluated in a simulated environment by using six scenarios, and results exhibit that the proposed mechanism effectively fixes the loophole and successfully prevents the abuse of IPv6 fragmentation in OpenFlow networks.

Matched MeSH terms: Software

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