Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a main foodborne disease in seafood and generally seafood is
easily deteriorates in quality of color and flavor. In this study, clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
extract shows potent antibacterial activity against growth of antibiotics resistant Vibrio
parahaemolyticus on seafood samples (cockles and shrimps). Vibrio parahaemolyticus was
artificial contaminates on the samples with 106 CFU/ml. The samples were treated with different
concentration of cloves extract with 10 mg/ml which are 0.5%, 5% and 10% concentration
from methanol food grade extraction in 0 hr, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min and
120 min. Tab water and deionized water were selected as a negative control. As a result, the
amount of 10 % cloves managed to mitigates the number of V. parahaemolyticus on seafood
samples in 5 minutes and 15 min on both samples. Therefore, our results signify the fact that
cloves can be apply as natural sanitizer which could meet consumer demands for safe and
traditionally consumed either raw without any undesirable effect when applied in the seafood
system industries.
Peptides derived from HIV-1 transmembrane proteins have been extensively studied for antimicrobial activities, and they are known as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These AMPs have also been reported to potently combat the drug-resistant microbes. In this study, we demonstrated that peptide #6383 originated from HIV-1 MN strain membrane-spanning domain of gp41 was active (2-log reductions) at 100βg/mL (56.5βM) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 10% and 50% human plasma-supplemented phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The activity was further enhanced (3-log reductions) in the presence of 5% human serum albumin (HSA) alone. All bactericidal activities were achieved within 6 hours. At 100μg/mL, the peptide showed only 13% toxicity against human erythrocytes. This peptide can serve as an attractive template for a design of a novel peptide antibiotic against drug-resistant bacteria. By sequence-specific engineering or modifications, we anticipated that the bactericidal activity and the reduced toxicity against human erythrocytes will be improved.
Use of synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) in biomedical applications is well warranted. It has shown to have an excellent biocompatibility in human tooth and bones. Additionally it has been documented to possess antibacterial potentials. The present study was conducted to assess the presence of any such potential in locally produced (HA) using Streptococcus mutans, a common pathogen in the oral cavity. The study was carried out using 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400 and 800 mg/ml concentration of HA. The antibacterial property of HA was assessed using Miles and Misra method. Our studies showed that bacterial growth inhibitions of S. mutans occurred from 50 mg/ml, and complete inhibition was perceived at concentrations at 200mg/ml of HA. The antibacterial property HA should be used to good advantage as a bioactive biomaterial in dental and maxillofacial applications.
Most prosthetic joint infections originate from wound contamination or haematogenous seeding from distant sites of infection. Bacteraemia may follow dental treatment but there is little evidence of it related to prosthetic joint infection. Nevertheless, controversy continues with regards to the effect of dental treatment in patients with prosthetic joints. This article reviews current English literature regarding the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in the dental management of patients with prosthetic joints. Routine antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for every patient with prosthetic joints when receiving dental treatments. However, antibiotic prophylaxis may be prescribed for high-risk groups with predisposing factors to infection when undergoing dental treatment with high risk of bacteraemia.
Parapharyngeal abscess is a serious medical condition that may lead to life-threatening complications. Its incidence has dramatically decreased since the advent of antibiotics. We report two cases of parapharyngeal abscesses in immunocompromised patients. We believe that early diagnosis, broad-spectrum antibiotics, surgery and pus drainage can prevent serious complications.
There has been a significant increase in research on probiotics-associated health benefits in the last 20 years. Many studies carried out in vitro and clinically show that consumption of probiotics inhibits the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, the consumption of probiotics also enhances the host immune response and decreases the levels of carcinogenesis-inducing enzymes. These positive outcomes have led to the use of probiotics in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases like bacterial or antibiotic associated diarrhea, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and colon cancer. This review summarises literature pertaining to mechanistic actions of probiotics in improving the well-being of hosts.
Cranium dysraphism occur less commonly than spinal dysraphism. Overall, occipital encephalocoeles are more frequent than anterior encephalocoes. A large occipital encephalocoele possess difficulty in surgical intervention, not only the sac contains large amount of herniated brain tissue, but the appropriate positioning for successful intubation as well as the higher rate of surgical complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage and skin necrosis. In this case report, surgical management of large occipital encephalocoele is discussed. The use of antibiotics in ruptured encephalocoele is recommended.
The study examined modified Fenton (FeGAC/H2O2) pretreatment of the antibiotics amoxicillin and cloxacillin in aqueous solution for biological treatment. The treatment was optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum operating conditions at pH3 were H2O2/COD molar ratio 2.0, FeGAC dose 3.5 g/L and reaction time 90 min for 87.53% removal of COD, 78.01% removal of TOC, and 98.24% removal of NH3-N. Biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio) improved from zero to 0.36, indicating the effluent was amenable to biological treatment. Meanwhile, FTIR spectra indicated degradation of the antibiotics. Compared with Fenton or photo-Fenton, modified Fenton (FeGAC/H2O2) was more effective in the pre-treatment of the antibiotics amoxicillin and cloxacillin in aqueous solution for biological treatment.
Quinsy is a common encounter in family physician practice. It is defined as a collection of purulent material in the peritonsillar space, giving appearance of unilateral palatal bulge. Presenting symptoms include trismus, muffled voice, odynophagia, and ipsilateral otalgia. When the diagnostic needle aspiration reveals no pus, the diagnosis is changed into peritonsillar cellulitis or also known as perintonsillitis. Peritonsillitis is sufficiently treated with antibiotics unlike a quinsy which warrants surgical incision and drainage.
The development of treatment strategies for periodontitis that maximise the
effectiveness of antibiotics is highly desirable. Azithromycin is proving to be an effective antibiotic
for treatment of refractory periodontitis which works by binding to the outer membrane of Gramnegative bacteria and subsequently inhibits protein synthesis. Lactoferrin is a membrane-active
host antimicrobial protein and so the objective of this study was to determine whether the effect
of azithromycin (AZM) against example periodontopathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis and
Tannerella forsythia) could be potentiated by lactoferrin. (Copied from article).
Flaxseeds offer a wide range of pharmacological properties including antioxidant,
antibacterial and anticancer. However its effect on mesenchymal stem cells has not been
elucidated. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of flaxseed crude extract on stem cell
from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in terms of cell viability, morphology and
proliferation activity. (Copied from article).
After the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Malaysia in recent years, the emergence of nonvaccine serotypes is of concern, particularly the antibiotic-resistant strains, with an increase specifically in serotype 15A. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Streptococcus pneumoniae strain SS40_16, isolated from the blood sample of a 19-month-old female in 2016. SS40_16 is a multidrug-resistant strain with resistance to penicillin (MIC, ≥2 µg/ml), tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The strain belongs to serotype 15A and sequence type 1591 (ST1591).
In this work, a new series of 2-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N-aryl/aralkyl acetamides has been synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial potential. The synthesis was initiated by the reaction of different aryl/aralkyl amines (1a-u) with 2-bromoacetylbromide (2) to obtain N-aryl/aralkyl-2-bromoacetamides (3a-u). Equimolar quantities of different N-aryl/aralkyl-2-bromoacetamides (3a-u) and 2-furoyl-1-piperazine (4) was allowed to react in acetonitrile and in the presence of K2CO3, to form 2-[4-(2-furoyl)-1-piperazinyl]-N-aryl/aralkyl acetamides (5a-u). The structural elucidation was done by EI-MS, IR and 1H-NMR techniques of all the synthesized compounds. All of the synthesized molecules were active against various Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. Among them 5o and 5c showed very excellent MIC values. The cytotoxicity of the molecules was also checked to find their utility as possible therapeutic agents, where 5c (0.51%) and 5g (1.32%) are found to be least toxic in the series.
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an
infectious disease endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Cases have been
reported in Pahang, Johor Bahru and Kedah. The disease is difficult to combat as B.
pseudomallei has shown resistance to various antibiotics and much is still not understood
about its pathogenicity. It is suggested that investigating the bacterium hypothetical
proteins may provide potential new targets for the development of antimicrobials. The
gene of interest in this study, BPSL2774, encoding BPSL2774 hypothetical protein, is a
target gene that was predicted as essential using transposon-directed insertion site
sequencing technique (TraDIS). We aimed to express and purify soluble GST-tagged
BPSL2774 protein at sufficient concentration for future functional assays. (Copied from article).
Scleral buckle placement is a well-established technique for the treatment of primary rhegmatogenous retinal
detachment. Complications associated with scleral buckle are uncommon and its presentations can be vary. We
report a case of recurrent orbital cellulitis with anterior segment ischemia following a forgotten episode of previous
scleral buckling surgery, presenting with blurring of vision, redness and swelling of the lids. The presence of scleral
buckle was detected by detailed examination and confirmed by orbital imaging. Orbital infection and rubeosis iridis
were successfully treated with scleral buckle removal, intravenous antibiotics and intracameral ranibizumab.
However, the retinal detachment recurred and the visual acuity deteriorated to light perception. There was no further
intervention as the family declined in view of her old age. In cases of recurrent orbital infection, detailed clinical
examination is important to look for evidence of ocular prostheses as a source of infection. Orbital imaging is an
adjunct for making the diagnosis especially in cases where history is unreliable. Anterior segment ischemia due to
scleral buckle responds well to buckle removal with ranibizumab injection.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality. With increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance, the importance of optimizing antibiotic treatment is key to maximize treatment outcomes. This is especially important in critically ill patients in intensive care units, in whom the infection is usually caused by less susceptible organisms. In addition, the marked physiological changes that can occur in these patients can cause serious changes in antibiotic pharmacokinetics which in turn alter the attainment of therapeutic drug exposures. This article reviews the various aspects of the pharmacokinetic changes that can occur in the critically ill patients, the barriers to achieving therapeutic drug exposures in pneumonia for systemically delivered antibiotics, the optimization for commonly used antibiotics in hospital- and ventilator-associated pneumonia, the agents that should be avoided in the treatment regimen, as well as the use of adjunctive therapy in the form of nebulized antibiotics.
Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram negative, rod shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Vibrionaceae. It is a deadly, opportunistic human pathogen which is responsible for the majority of seafood-associated deaths worldwide. V. vulnificus infection can be fatal as it may cause severe wound infections potentially requiring amputation or lead to sepsis in susceptible individuals. Treatment is increasingly challenging as V. vulnificus has begun to develop resistance against certain antibiotics due to their indiscriminate use. This article aims to provide insight into the antibiotic resistance of V. vulnificus in different parts of the world as well as an overall review of its clinical manifestations, treatment, and prevention. Understanding the organism's antibiotic resistance profile is vital in order to select appropriate treatment and initiate appropriate prevention measures to treat and control V. vulnificus infections, which should eventually help lower the mortality rate associated with this pathogen worldwide.
Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are common surgical emergencies and have been reported as major contributors to non-trauma deaths in the emergency departments worldwide. The cornerstones of effective treatment of IAIs are early recognition, adequate source control, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Prompt resuscitation of patients with ongoing sepsis is of utmost important. In hospitals worldwide, non-acceptance of, or lack of access to, accessible evidence-based practices and guidelines result in overall poorer outcome of patients suffering IAIs. The aim of this paper is to promote global standards of care in IAIs and update the 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections.
OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed to evaluate the practices and attitudes of young Malaysian adults towards the use of antibiotics, and to determine the socioeconomic factors associated with the antibiotic use.
METHODS: A survey was carried in Cheras community by approaching a conveniently selected sample of 480 participants. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection.
RESULT: Of 480 participants approached, 400 agreed to participate in this study, giving a response rate of 83.3%. The study results showed that 42.75% of the participants exhibited poor attitudes towards antibiotic usage. Chinese race and high income were significantly associated with the positive attitudes towards antibiotic usage. It is shown that the practice of the participants towards antibiotics was relatively poor. The majority of participants agreed that they do not consult a doctor for minor illnesses (64%). The main reason for not consulting a doctor was the high fees of consultation (34.25%) and the inconvenience of visit (29.25%). However, a large proportion of respondents (77.5%) agreed that there is a need to enhance antibiotic education among public.
CONCLUSION: The study results identified some crucial gaps in the attitudes and practices of Cheras community about the use of antibiotics. Thus, improving the public knowledge and changing their attitude towards antibiotic use along with proper interventions to regulate the ease of their availability would play a significant role for the effective use of antibiotics in the community.
The livestock industry has been relying merely on chemically synthesized antibiotic for eye infections as sprays and ointment. A natural remedy from Curcuma spp. has been tested for efficacy in curing keratoconjunctivitis and uveitis. A severe case of uveitis has been cured within 7 days, with impaired vision restored. These results are observations of a preliminary study conducted in a goat with uveitis.