Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 176 in total

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  1. Fulltext Preliminary study: effects of social instability stress on depressive behaviours in ovariectomised rats
    Al-Rahbi B, Zakaria R, Muthuraju S, Othman Z, Hassan A
    Malays J Med Sci, 2013 Mar;20(2):35-40.
    PMID: 23983575 MyJurnal
    Depression is one of the common post-menopausal symptoms. In addition to estrogen deficiency, social instability stress may contribute as an additional underlying factor in the development of depressive behaviour in females. Therefore, this study was aimed at examining the influence of social instability stress on depressive behaviour in ovariectomized rats.
  2. An interconnected duplicated femoral vein and its clinical significance
    Khan AA, Asari MA, Hassan A, Aiman N
    Folia Morphol (Warsz), 2013 Feb;72(1):82-5.
    PMID: 23749717
    Anatomical variations in the femoral vein are of great clinical importance especially in cases of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Knowledge of the variable anatomy of the femoral vein is important to minimise false-negative findings on ultrasound examination in patients with DVT and help to explain the 'silent' DVT. Furthermore, the presence of a duplicated femoral vein itself is associated with higher incidence of DVT. These venous anomalies are usually due to the truncular venous malformation. In the present study, while dissecting the right lower limb, we found a case of variation of the femoral vein. In this case, besides a duplicated femoral vein, we also noticed a 3rd interconnecting channel near the apex of the femoral triangle joining the two veins. This variation has not been reported previously by other authors. Considering its uniqueness and clinical importance, we decided to report this case.
  3. Larval growth of Liosarcophaga dux Thompson (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) under uncontrolled indoor temperatures in Malaysia
    Kumara TK, Hassan AA, Salmah MR, Bhupinder S
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2013 Mar;44(2):182-7.
    PMID: 23691627
    The larval growth of Liosarcophaga dux Thompson (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) was studied under varying indoor room temperatures in Malaysia. Five replicates were established. The immature growth of this species from first instar until adult emergence was 307.0+/-3.0 hours. The mean larval length measured for second instar, third instar, post-feeding stage and puparia were 6.5+/-0.5 mm (n=10), 11.8+/-3.7 mm (n=31), 12.7+/-0.8 mm (n=16), and 9.5+/-0.5 mm (n=15), respectively.
  4. Interspecific Cross-Mating Between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Laboratory Strains: Implication of Population Density on Mating Behaviors
    Marcela P, Hassan AA, Hamdan A, Dieng H, Kumara TK
    J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 2015 Dec;31(4):313-20.
    PMID: 26675452 DOI: 10.2987/moco-31-04-313-320.1
    Mating behavior between Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, established colony strains were examined under laboratory conditions (30-cm(3) screened cages) for 5 consecutive days. The effect of selected male densities (30, 20, 10) and female density (20) on the number of swarming, mating pairs, eggs produced, and inseminated females were evaluated. Male densities significantly increased swarming behavior, mating pairs, and egg production of heterospecific females, but female insemination was reduced. Aedes aegypti males mate more readily with heterospecific females than do Ae. albopictus males. The current study suggests that Ae. aegypti males were not species-specific in mating, and if released into the field as practiced in genetically modified mosquito techniques, they may mate with both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus females, hence reducing populations of both species by producing infertile eggs.
  5. Partial replacement effect of montmorillonite with cellulose nanowhiskers on polylactic acid nanocomposites
    Arjmandi R, Hassan A, Mohamad Haafiz MK, Zakaria Z
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2015 Nov;81:91-9.
    PMID: 26234577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.062
    In this study, hybrid montmorillonite/cellulose nanowhiskers (MMT/CNW) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites were produced through solution casting. The CNW filler was first isolated from microcrystalline cellulose by chemical swelling technique. The partial replacement of MMT with CNW in order to produce PLA/MMT/CNW hybrid nanocomposites was performed at 5 parts per hundred parts of polymer (phr) fillers content, based on highest tensile strength values as reported in our previous study. MMT were partially replaced with various amounts of CNW (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5phr). The tensile, thermal, morphological and biodegradability properties of PLA hybrid nanocomposites were investigated. The highest tensile strength of hybrid nanocomposites was obtained with the combination of 4phr MMT and 1phr CNW. Interestingly, the ductility of hybrid nanocomposites increased significantly by 79% at this formulation. The Young's modulus increased linearly with increasing CNW content. Thermogravimetric analysis illustrated that the partial replacement of MMT with CNW filler enhanced the thermal stability of the PLA. This is due to the relatively good dispersion of fillers in the hybrid nanocomposites samples as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, partial replacements of MMT with CNW improved the biodegradability of hybrid nanocomposites compared to PLA/MMT and neat PLA.
  6. WITHDRAWN: Rh genotypes among Malaysian blood donors
    Musa RH, Hassan A, Ayob Y, Yusoff NM
    Transfus Apher Sci, 2014 Dec 12.
    PMID: 26144905 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2014.12.001
    This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author and editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
  7. Fulltext Effects on the Titanium Implant Surface by Different Hygiene Instrumentations: A Narrative Review
    Yen Nee W, Raja Awang RA, Hassan A
    Cureus, 2022 Oct;14(10):e30884.
    PMID: 36465763 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30884
    Peri-implant disease is usually caused by the accumulation of dental biofilm around the implant, and this biofilm can irradiate the gingiva tissue, which leads to inflammation and, more severely, to a deterioration of the bone structure. There is a concern regarding the removal of biofilm from the implant surface by using different hygiene instruments. Some hygiene instruments may have some effect on the dental implant surface, resulting in roughening or damage to the implant surfaces. This study reviewed the effects of titanium implant surfaces on different hygiene instruments. A literature search was conducted from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases for articles published from 1992 to 2021. A total of 19 full-text papers with keywords of interest that met all the eligibility criteria were selected. Surface roughness was evaluated with a scanning electron microscope and also using a profilometer, laser scanning, scanning probe, and atomic force microscopes. A metal curette produced a roughened surface on the titanium implant, but a plastic curette did not alter the surface. Instrumentation with rubber cups left the surface unchanged and appeared to smoothen the surface, whereas the air-powder abrasive instrumentation altered the surface with the presence of micro pits and pores. A conventional metal ultrasonic scaler showed significant surface topographical changes and scratches on both titanium surfaces, as a diode laser, light-emitting diode (LED), and laser treatment did not show any alteration on the rough and smooth titanium surfaces. Thus, a non-metallic instrument such as a plastic curette, rubber cups, and novel technology including diode laser, LED, and laser treatment is appropriate and can be used for debridement on smooth and machined titanium implant surfaces as well as sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA), titanium plasma-sprayed (TPS), and resorbable blasted media (RBM) surfaces. The use of metallic instruments should be avoided, and it is not recommended.
  8. The Effects of Dental Hygiene Instruments on Streptococcus sanguinis Adhesion to Titanium Implant Abutments
    Muhamad Nasir N, Taib H, Awang Nawi MA, Hassan A
    Cureus, 2024 Aug;16(8):e66605.
    PMID: 39258034 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.66605
    INTRODUCTION: Maintenance of dental implant with different hygiene methods or instruments may cause a surface alteration. It directly affects bacterial colonization and adhesion on titanium implant surfaces that result in peri-implant diseases. This study aimed to compare the Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis) adhesion on titanium implant abutments after instrumentation with a rubber cup with pumice and erbium, chromium-doped: yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (Er, Cr: YSGG) laser using scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation and colony-forming unit (CFU) measurement.

    METHODS: Twenty-one MegaGen titanium implant abutments were randomly distributed into three groups. Seven abutments were respectively selected for the control/untreated (C) group, while the other two groups were treated with rubber cups with pumice (P) and Er, Cr: YSGG laser (L). All samples were cultured with S. sanguinis for bacterial colonization and adhesion. One sample for each group was selected for SEM observation, while the other samples were prepared for CFU calculation.

    RESULTS: For SEM results, at 2,000× magnification, machining marks were intact in the C group, roughened in the L group, and smoothened in the P group. At 5,000× and 10,000× magnifications, moderate colonies of S. sanguinis were revealed in C and L groups, while sparse bacterial colonies were detected in the P group. However, for CFU results, statistical analysis showed no significant value (p>0.05) comparing all three groups.

    CONCLUSION: P instrumentation revealed a lesser amount of S. sanguinis adhesion in SEM photographs, but no statistical significance of CFU results was noted for all three groups.

  9. Fulltext Polydopamine-Modified Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Loading Metal Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering
    Liu T, Hassan A, Yousif Alrawas MZ, Cui C, Ariffin Z
    ACS Omega, 2024 Nov 19;9(46):45652-45662.
    PMID: 39583686 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c06268
    Recent advancements in materials synthesis and processing technology, coupled with a deeper understanding of bone nanoscale structure and biology, have provided new avenues for designing bioactive materials in bone tissue regenerative medicine. This Review focuses on the design and application of polydopamine-modified polycaprolactone scaffolds loading metal nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering. We explore their antibacterial properties and their ability to guide cell behavior. Specifically, we discuss the synthesis techniques, protein deposition, morphology variations, and interactions with the extracellular matrix of these scaffolds and biocompatibility and efficacy in promoting bone tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Challenges and unmet needs are reviewed in the development of polymer- and metal-based materials for bone tissue engineering.
  10. The era of telesurgery: insights from ultra-long-distance Asia to Middle East human telesurgery robotic assisted radical prostatectomy
    Aldousari S, Almarzouq A, Hassan A, Shahin A, Bubishate S, Bahbahani B
    J Robot Surg, 2025 Mar 11;19(1):108.
    PMID: 40064737 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-025-02274-9
    To show the feasibility of performing human telesurgery robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) between two countries using low-latency ultra-long-distance connectivity. This study described the outcomes of performing RARP on a man in his 60's with localized intermediate-risk prostatic adenocarcinoma located in Kuwait City while the surgeon (SA) was approximately 7000 kilometers (Km) away at Toumai robotic surgical system (TRSS) headquarters in Shanghai. Operative and connectivity details were reported. RARP was performed in December 2024. There were no major clinical or technical problems encountered during the procedure. The average round-trip latency (RTL) was 181.4 milliseconds (ms) using fiber optic broadband network with 5G network as back-up. On the Shanghai end two wired broadband networks were employed as back-up to ensure patient safety. There was an experienced fellowship-trained robotic surgeon (AA) in the operating room in Kuwait capable of taking over in case of clinical or connectivity issues. There were no reported complications. The patient was discharged on postoperative day (POD) 2. Final pathology described Gleason score 7(3 + 4), ISUP 2, and negative surgical margins (pT2Nx). The catheter was removed on POD 9, and the patient was continent a week later. His serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) was undetectable seven weeks post-operatively. This study described the feasibility of human RARP telesurgery between two countries using low-latency, long-distance fiber optic broadband network with 5G network as back-up with successful clinical outcomes. There is a need to establish robust legal and regulatory framework to allow wider international expansion of telesurgery.
  11. Fulltext Using the multilayer perceptron approach to explore the relationship between PUBG gaming, sleep disorder, quality of life, and migraine
    Hassan A, Daniyal M, Marzo RR, Aljuaid M, Shahid D
    BMC Public Health, 2025 Apr 03;25(1):1268.
    PMID: 40181270 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-21880-8
    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Player Unknown's Battlegrounds (PUBG), a popular and widely played multiplayer online game, has generated interest and concern about its effects on the physical health of its players. This study explores the relationship between factors like cultivation level, gaming disorder, migraine and associated symptoms, sleep quality, and life quality of PUBG players.

    METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 500 PUBG players, categorized into Lower, Medium, and High PUBG Users. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and a gaming disorder screening tool. The Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) methodology was applied to analyze the factors influencing migraine symptoms, sleep quality, and quality of life.

    RESULTS: Participants of the study were categorized into lower PUBG users (LPU), medium PUBG users (MPU), and high PUBG users (HPU). Among study participants reporting migraine pain, 259 (51.8%) reported that they were HPU. By examining daytime sleepiness using the ESS, Higher normal Day sleep (DS) was observed in 78 (15.9%) HPU. The cultivation level of PUBG showed a very weak positive correlation with experiencing migraine pain or associated headache symptoms (r = 0.034, p = 0.454). In contrast, the gaming disorder of PUBG showed a weak negative correlation with PSQI (r = -0.092, p = 0.041). The higher levels of gaming disorder are slightly associated with poorer sleep quality. The results of the MLP model suggested that daily PUBG use was the most contributing factor to migraine and related symptoms followed by gaming disorder, gaming addiction, PSQI, and ESS.

    CONCLUSION: The study concluded that PUBG playing contributes to migraine and its associated symptoms although is not significant it contributes to less sleep quality and lower quality of life.

  12. Ecotoxicological effects, human and animal health risks of pollution and exposure to waste engine oils: a review
    Ossai IC, Hamid FS, Aboudi-Mana SC, Hassan A
    Environ Geochem Health, 2024 Sep 06;46(10):416.
    PMID: 39240425 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02198-7
    Waste engine oils are hazardous waste oils originating from the transportation sector and industrial heavy-duty machinery operations. Improper handling, disposal, and miscellaneous misuses cause significant air, soil, sediments, surface water, and groundwater pollution. Occupational exposure by prolonged and repeated contact poses direct or indirect health risks, resulting in short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) toxicities. Soil pollution causes geotoxicity by disrupting the biocenosis and physicochemical properties of the soil, and phytotoxicity by impairing plant growth, physiology and metabolism. Surface water pollution impacts aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. Air pollution from incineration causes the release of greenhouse gases creating global warming, noxious gases and particulate matter eliciting pulmonary disorders. The toxicity of waste engine oil is due to the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) composition, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners, organometallic compounds, and toxic chemical additives. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the ecotoxicological effects, human and animal health toxicology and exposure to waste engine oils. It highlights the properties and functions of engine oil and describes waste engine oil generation, disposal and recycling. It provides intensive evaluations and descriptions of the toxicokinetics, metabolism, routes of exposure and toxicosis in human and animal studies based on toxicological, epidemiological and experimental studies. It emphasises the preventive measures in occupational exposure and recommends risk-based remediation techniques to mitigate environmental pollution. The review will assist in understanding the potential risks of waste engine oil with significant consideration of the public health benefits and importance.
  13. Fulltext Molecular mechanistic pathways underlying the anticancer therapeutic efficiency of romidepsin
    El Omari N, Lee LH, Bakrim S, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Mohan S, et al.
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2023 Aug;164:114774.
    PMID: 37224749 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114774
    Romidepsin, also known as NSC630176, FR901228, FK-228, FR-901228, depsipeptide, or Istodax®, is a natural molecule produced by the Chromobacterium violaceum bacterium that has been approved for its anti-cancer effect. This compound is a selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, which modifies histones and epigenetic pathways. An imbalance between HDAC and histone acetyltransferase can lead to the down-regulation of regulatory genes, resulting in tumorigenesis. Inhibition of HDACs by romidepsin indirectly contributes to the anticancer therapeutic effect by causing the accumulation of acetylated histones, restoring normal gene expression in cancer cells, and promoting alternative pathways, including the immune response, p53/p21 signaling cascades, cleaved caspases, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and other events. Secondary pathways mediate the therapeutic action of romidepsin by disrupting the endoplasmic reticulum and proteasome and/or aggresome, arresting the cell cycle, inducing intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, and modifying the tumor microenvironment. This review aimed to highlight the specific molecular mechanisms responsible for HDAC inhibition by romidepsin. A more detailed understanding of these mechanisms can significantly improve the understanding of cancer cell disorders and pave the way for new therapeutic approaches using targeted therapy.
  14. Seedless okra pod, chlorophyll, vitamin C and mineral content development using plant growth regulator in vitro and in vivo culture
    Hossain AS, Alenazi MMA, Ahmed ASA, Alrudayni HA, Haouala F, Al-Hashimi A, et al.
    Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 2023 Dec 10;69(13):53-58.
    PMID: 38158689 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2023.69.13.8
    Vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber that keep a significant role in the functioning of the human body to refrain human health benefits. The experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different concentrations of IAA on the seedless pod, chlorophyll, vitamin and mineral content of okra as human health benefits. The innovative seed soaking method of application using 0, 25, 50, 100 & 200 mg/l of IAA concentrations was used in okra before germination and cultured in vitro and in vivo. The lower concentrations (25 and 50 mg/l) of IAA significantly increased the pod setting compared to the higher concentration (100 and 200 mg/l). The higher concentration (100 and 200 mg/l) had lower fruit settings than the lower concentration (25 &50) had higher fruit settings. The higher pod size was obtained in the concentration of 100 & 200 mg/l of IAA (34.18 cm²) as compared to the control and other concentrations. In addition, the highest soluble solid content was obtained by 100 and 200 mg/l of IAA concentration as compared to the other concentrations. The maximum vitamin C was found in the concentration of 100 mg/l of IAA as compared to the control and other concentrations. Moreover, higher mineral contents like K, Ca, Mg, Na and Fe were found in 100 & 200 mg/l of IAA. The higher concentrations (100 and 200 mg/l) of IAA greatly increased the seedless okra percentage as compared to the lower concentration. It seemed that 100 and 200 mg/l concentration IAA was a better concentration for mineral content and seedless okra production as compared to the other concentrations.
  15. Fulltext Clinical applications and mechanism insights of natural flavonoids against type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Bouyahya A, Balahbib A, Khalid A, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Albratty M, et al.
    Heliyon, 2024 May 15;10(9):e29718.
    PMID: 38694079 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29718
    Diabetes is a complex disease that affects a large percentage of the world's population, and it is associated with several risk factors. Self-management poses a significant challenge, but natural sources have shown great potential in providing effective glucose reducing solutions. Flavonoids, a class of bioactive substances found in different natural sources including medicinal plants, have emerged as promising candidates in this regard. Indeed, several flavonoids, including apigenin, arbutin, catechins, and cyanidin, have demonstrated remarkable anti-diabetic properties. The clinical effectiveness of these flavonoids is linked to their potential to decrease blood glucose concentration and increase insulin concentration. Thus, the regulation of certain metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and neoglycogenesis has also been demonstrated. In vitro and in vivo investigations revealed different mechanisms of action related to flavonoid compounds at subcellular, cellular, and molecular levels. The main actions reside in the activation of glycolytic signaling pathways and the inhibition of signaling that promotes glucose synthesis and storage. In this review, we highlight the clinical efficiency of natural flavonoids as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying this effectiveness.
  16. Fulltext Polymorphism of HLA and Susceptibility of Breast Cancer
    Aboulaghras S, Khalid A, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Albratty M, Mohan S, et al.
    Front Biosci (Landmark Ed), 2024 Feb 05;29(2):55.
    PMID: 38420797 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2902055
    Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common malignancy in the world. Numerous studies have demonstrated the association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and cancer. The occurrence and development of BC are closely linked to genetic factors. Human leukocyte antigens G and E (HLA-G and HLA-E) are non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. These molecules play an important role in immune surveillance by inhibiting the cytotoxic and natural killer T cells responsible for immune escape. The expression of HLA-G and HLA-E has been associated with several diseases, including tumors. The HLA system plays a key role in the escape of tumor cells from immune surveillance. This review aims to determine the correlation between BC susceptibility and HLA markers specific HLA alleles such as HLA-B07, HLA-DRB111, HLA-DRB113, and HLA-DRB115 are associated with an increased risk of developing BC. Furthermore, HLA-G mutations have been attributed to an elevated likelihood of metastasis in BC patients. Understanding the complex associations between the HLA system and BC development is critical for developing novel cancer prevention, detection, and treatment strategies. This review emphasizes the importance of analyzing HLA polymorphisms in the management of BC patients, as well as the urgent need for further research in this area.
  17. Stochasticity of anticancer mechanisms underlying clinical effectiveness of vorinostat
    El Omari N, Khalid A, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Albratty M, Mohan S, et al.
    Heliyon, 2024 Jun 30;10(12):e33052.
    PMID: 39021957 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33052
    The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved vorinostat, also called Zolinza®, for its effectiveness in fighting cancer. This drug is a suberoyl-anilide hydroxamic acid belonging to the class of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Its HDAC inhibitory potential allows it to accumulate acetylated histones. This, in turn, can restore normal gene expression in cancer cells and activate multiple signaling pathways. Experiments have proven that vorinostat induces histone acetylation and cytotoxicity in many cancer cell lines, increases the level of p21 cell cycle proteins, and enhances pro-apoptotic factors while decreasing anti-apoptotic factors. Additionally, it regulates the immune response by up-regulating programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFN-γR1) expression, and can impact proteasome and/or aggresome degradation, endoplasmic reticulum function, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and angiogenesis inhibition. In this study, we sought to elucidate the precise molecular mechanism by which Vorinostat inhibits HDACs. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could improve our understanding of cancer cell abnormalities and provide new therapeutic possibilities for cancer treatment.
  18. Phytosociology and ecological framework of forest tree species in the Toormang Valley, Dir Lower, Hindu Kush Range, Pakistan
    Hameed T, Ahmad I, Ullah S, Subramaniyan V, Ali I, Hussain H, et al.
    Braz J Biol, 2024;84:e282479.
    PMID: 39230079 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.282479
    The phytosociological survey was conducted during 2018-2020. The research area was classified into five ecological zones based on habitat, physiognomy and species composition. Pc-Ord software was used for cluster analysis and four vegetation communities were established. The Quercus baloot-Quercus incana community is situated in Sair at an altitude of 1196 (mean ± SE) m altitude with a 14.1 ± 0 slope angle and contains eleven tree species. The Pinus wallichiana- Ailanthus altissima community had a relatively small number of tree species reported in Shakawlie at 1556 (mean ± SE) with a 17.5 ± 0 slope angle. The Pinus wallichiana- Quercus incana community is distributed in Wali Kandao and Mangi Kandao at altitudes of 2030.5 (mean ± SE) m and the slope angle was 19.2 ± 1.4. This community possesses a total of twenty-one tree species and is highly diverse. Similarly, the Populus alba - Platanus orientalis group was present in Banr Pate, with an altitude of 1613 (mean ± SE) m and a 16.3 slope angle. The principal component analysis (PCA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination methods were applied to study the relationships between ecological and soil variables with trees species. The NMS ordination of axis 1 was significantly correlated with Sand% (p<0.2), Nitrogen% (p<0.1) and Pb (mg/kg) (r= 0.876751, p<0.05), while the ordination of axis 2 was significantly correlated with Silt% (p<0.2), Sand% (p<0.2), Organic matter% (p<0.2), K (mg/kg) (r=0.882433, p<0.02), Fe (mg/kg)(r=0.614833, p<0.2), Ca (mg/kg) (r=0.721712, p< 0.2) and Zn (mg/kg) (r=0.609545, p<0.2). Similarly, the PCA ordination of axis 1 revealed that it was significantly correlated with phosphorus, calcium and slope angle, while that of axis 2 was significantly correlated with altitude, zinc and manganese.
  19. The return of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia over a decade after the adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapy: analysis of genetic mutations in the pfcrt gene
    Madkhali AM, Abdulhaq AA, Atroosh WM, Ghzwani AH, Zain KA, Ghailan KY, et al.
    Parasitol Res, 2021 Nov;120(11):3771-3781.
    PMID: 34561749 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07323-4
    This study investigated the polymorphism in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene 11 years after chloroquine (CQ) cessation in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Two hundred and thirty-five P. falciparum isolates were amplified to detect mutations in the pfcrt gene. The pfcrt 76 T molecular marker for CQ resistance was detected in 66.4% (156/235) of the isolates, while the K76 CQ-sensitive wild type was detected in 33.6%. The pfcrt 74I and pfcrt 75E point mutations were each found to be present in 56.2% of isolates, while only four isolates (1.7%) were found to carry the pfcrt 72S mutation. Moreover, four pfcrt haplotypes were identified as follows: the CVIET triple-allele (56.2%), SVMET double-allele (1.7%) and CVMNT single-allele (8.5%) mutant haplotypes and the CVMNK wild haplotype (33.6%). The analysis also revealed significant associations between the prevalence of mutant pfcrt alleles and haplotypes and the age group, governorate and nationality of the patients as well as the parasitaemia level (p 
  20. Fulltext Polymorphism analysis of pfmdr1 gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates 11 years post-adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapy in Saudi Arabia
    Al-Mekhlafi HM, Madkhali AM, Abdulhaq AA, Atroosh WM, Ghzwani AH, Zain KA, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2022 01 11;12(1):517.
    PMID: 35017593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04450-x
    A total of 227 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia were amplified for the P. falciparum multi-drug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) gene to detect point mutations 11 years after the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in Saudi Arabia. The pfmdr1 86Y mutation was found in 11.5% (26/227) of the isolates while the N86 wild allele was detected in 88.5%. Moreover, 184F point mutations dominated (86.3%) the instances of pfmdr1 polymorphism while no mutation was observed at codons 1034, 1042 and 1246. Three pfmdr1 haplotypes were identified, NFSND (74.9%), NYSND (13.7%) and YFSND (11.4%). Associations of the prevalence of 86Y mutation and YFSND haplotype with participants' nationality, residency and parasitaemia level were found to be significant (P 
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