MATERIALS AND METHODS: The solution to the problem was preceded by generation of a geometric CAD model of the device and nozzle for barophoresis, including the nozzle and injector geometry. The Ansys SpaceClaim software package was used to generate the CAD geometry.

RESULTS: When solving the problem of finding the optimal distance from the nozzle to the gum surface, the numerical modeling showed that at a distance of 5 mm, the volume fraction of liquid in the mixture is 18-20%. The mixture actually breaks through the gum, filling 0.8 mm of the gum thickness and spreading symmetrically to the sides at a distance of up to 3 cm, forming a cavity. At a distance of 10 mm from the nozzle to the gum surface, the liquid volume fraction in the mixture close to the gum lies in a narrow range of values of 5 to 7%. The mixture touches the surface of the gums, penetrating slightly - at a distance of 0.30-0.45 mm. At a distance of 15 mm from the nozzle to the gum surface, the volume fraction of liquid in the mixture near the gum lies in the range of 2-5%. The mixture slightly touches the gum surface, getting inside at a distance of up to 0.2 mm, having practically no effect on the gum.

METHODS: cRGD-platelet@MnO/MSN@PPARα/LXRα nanoparticles were synthesized by a chemical method. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was utilized to detect the size distribution and polydispersity index (PDI) of the nanoparticles. The safety of the nanoparticles was detected by CCK8 in vitro and HE staining and kidney function in vivo. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry detection and TUNEL staining. Oxidative stress responses (ROS, SOD, MDA, and NOX levels) were tested via a DCFH-DA assay and commercial kits. Immunofluorescence and phagocytosis experiments were used to detect the targeting of nanoparticles. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to detect the imaging performance of cRGD-platelet@MnO/MSN@PPARα/LXRα nanoparticles. Using western blotting, the expression changes in LXRα and ABCA1 were identified.

RESULTS: cRGD-platelet@MnO/MSN@PPARα/LXRα nanoparticles were successfully established, with a particle size of approximately 150 nm and PDI less than 0.3, and showed high safety both in vitro and in vivo. cRGD-platelet@MnO/MSN@PPARα/LXRα nanoparticles showed good targeting properties and better MRI imaging performance in AS. cRGD-platelet@MnO/MSN@PPARα/LXRα nanoparticles showed better antioxidative capacities, MRI imaging performance, and diagnostic and therapeutic effects on AS by regulating the expression of LXRα and ABCA1.

OBJECTIVES: Biofilms, which are made mostly of the matrix can be thought of as communities of microbes that are more virulent and more difficult to eradicate as compared to their planktonic counterparts. Currently, several formulations are available in the market which have the potential to treat biofilm-assisted skin disorders. However, the existing pharmacotherapies are not competent enough to cure them effectively and entirely, in several cases.

KEY FINDINGS: Especially with the rising resistance towards antibiotics, it has become particularly challenging to ameliorate these disorders completely. The new approaches are being used to combat biofilm-associated skin disorders, some of them being photodynamic therapy, nanotherapies, and the use of novel drug delivery systems. The focus of attention, however, is nanotherapy. Micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, quatsomes, and many others are being considered to find a better solution for the biofilm-associated skin disorders.