Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 506 in total

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  1. Fulltext Food waste handling in Malaysia and comparison with other Asian countries
    Lim, W. J., Chin, N. L., Yusof, A. Y., Yahya, A., Tee, T. P.
    International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(101):1-6.
    MyJurnal
    The increasing amount of food waste in Malaysia in recent years has brought many environmental
    issues in the country where it affects the nation’s solid waste management framework. At the
    moment, the government is limited to other alternatives of food waste disposal besides the
    conventional landfill and incineration methods. This paper provides information on the current
    status of food waste handling, management, regulations, and policies in Malaysia. It helps
    to draw the problem and challenge to a clearer view in efforts of achieving sustainable and
    integrative food waste handling in the country.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  2. Fulltext The policy effect of green finance reform and innovations: Empirical evidence at the firm level
    Dong H, Tao M
    PLoS One, 2022;17(12):e0278128.
    PMID: 36454765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278128
    The Chinese central government established eight pilot zones in five provinces for green finance reform and innovations (GFRI) in 2017. The pilot zones promote green finance development and explore the propagable and reproducible experiences regarding mechanisms and institutions. Adopting a sample of China's listed companies from 2012 to 2021, this paper constructed a quasi-natural experiment and investigated the GFRI policy's effect on firms' total factor productivity (TFP) using the difference-in-differences (DID) method to verify the implementation effect of the GFRI policy. Furthermore, heterogeneity analysis and mechanism analysis were conducted to identify the guidance effect and deep mechanisms of the GFRI policy. The empirical results demonstrated that firms' TFP in pilot zones increased substantially after implementing the GFRI pilot policy, confirming that the policy had a strong incentive effect. The corresponding promoting effect was particularly significant for non-state-owned companies, the eastern and central regions, and firms in the growth stage. Further mechanism analysis revealed that the GFRI pilot policy can stimulated firms' TFP by promoting technological innovation and improving resource allocation efficiency. This paper's empirical findings are essential in improving relevant policies and expanding the pilot zones.
    Matched MeSH terms: Federal Government
  3. Fulltext Observational study of financial and non-financial conflicts of interest among the Japanese government advisory board members concerning coronavirus disease 2019
    Mamada H, Murayama A, Ozaki A, Hashimoto T, Saito H, Sawano T, et al.
    Medicine (Baltimore), 2023 Jan 27;102(4):e32776.
    PMID: 36705373 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000032776
    This cross-sectional analysis aimed to assess the extent of conflicts of interest among the Japanese government coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) advisory board members and elucidate the accuracy of conflicts of interest (COI) disclosure and management strategies. Using the payment data from all 79 pharmaceutical companies in Japan between 2017 and 2019 and direct research grants from the Japanese government between 2019 and 2020, we evaluated the extent of financial and non-financial COI among all 20 Japanese government COVID-19 advisory board members. The Ethic Committee of the Medical Governance Research Institute approved this study. Japanese government COVID-19 advisory board members were predominantly male (75.0%) and physicians (50.0%). Between 2019 and 2020, 2 members (10.0%) received a total of $819,244 in government research funding. Another 5 members (25.0%) received $532,127 in payments, including $276,722 in personal fees, from 31 pharmaceutical companies between 2017 and 2019. The average value of the pharmaceutical payments was $9155 (standard deviation: $12,975). Furthermore, neither the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare nor the Japanese Cabinet Secretariat disclosed financial or non-financial COI with industry. Additionally, the government had no policies for managing COI among advisory board members. This study found that the Japanese government COVID-19 advisory board had financial and non-financial COI with pharmaceutical companies and the government. Furthermore, personal communication received as part of this research indicated that there were no rigorous COI management strategies for the COVID-19 advisory board members. Any government must ensure the independence of scientific advisory boards by implementing more rigorous and transparent management strategies that require the declaration and public disclosure of all COI.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government*
  4. Fulltext Movement control as an effective measure against Covid-19 spread in Malaysia: an overview
    Tang KHD
    Z Gesundh Wiss, 2020 Jun 13.
    PMID: 32837842 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01316-w
    Aim: The first Covid-19 cases were reported in Malaysia on 25 January 2019 followed by a quiescent period before an upward swing of the cases at the end of February 2020, partly attributed to mass gathering during a religious event. This short communication aims to provide an overview of the measures taken by the Malaysian Government in response to Covid-19, and of the effectiveness of the Movement Control Order.

    Subjects and methods: This short communication reviews articles and government announcements related to containment measures and the Movement Control Order of Malaysia, and graphically presents data pertinent to Covid-19 in Malaysia in order to show the relationship between fluctuations in Covid-19 cases and movement control.

    Results: At the onset of the Covid-19 outbreak, Malaysia had initiated travel restrictions and quarantine; but with a persistent increase in new Covid-19 cases, the Movement Control Order was finally rolled out on 18 March 2020, requiring closure of all businesses except those providing essential services and items. Enforcement of the order was tightened progressively, resulting in significant improvement of compliance, while other interventions such as tracking of potential contacts and medical screening were underway, and the media continued to provide updates and general advices. The numbers of new and active Covid-19 cases started showing evident downtrends from mid-April, thus indicating the effectiveness of movement control and its compliance.

    Conclusion: The article provides insight into crucial factors contributing to the success of movement control to effectively contain Covid-19, and highlights the need to prevent future upsurge through continuous monitoring and enforcement.

    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  5. Fulltext Psychiatrists in malaysia: the ratio and distribution
    Lee, Toh Chin, Ng, Chong Guan, Benedict Francis, Tan, Shean Yen
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2018;27(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    We are aware of the shortage of psychiatrists in Malaysia.
    However, there is no formal report on the distribution and ratio of
    psychiatrists in each state in Malaysia. We aim to do a detailed count of the
    number of psychiatrists in the country. Methods: We obtained the figures for
    the psychiatrists practicing in the government, private and university settings
    by accessing the Ministry of Health database, information from the
    Malaysian Psychiatric Association, Malaysian Mental Health Association,
    National Specialist Register and websites of the respective Universities. The
    total number and ratio of psychiatrists per 100,000 population are calculated.
    Results: There was a total of 410 registered psychiatrists in Malaysia in the
    private universities, private clinics, public universities and government
    hospitals. The state with the highest number of psychiatrists is Wilayah
    Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur with a total of 94 psychiatrists which has a ratio
    of 5.24 per 100, 000 population followed by Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya
    with 3.38 per 100,000 population. The states with the least ratio of
    psychiatrists are Sabah with 0.54 and Kedah with 0.55 per 100, 000
    population. Conclusion: There is a discrepancy in the geographical
    distribution of psychiatrists in Malaysia. People living in larger, urban states
    have better access to mental health care whereas the smaller states face a
    serious lack of psychiatrists. More effort should be taken to improve mental
    healthcare in Malaysia as recommended by WHO with one psychiatrist for
    every 10, 000 population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  6. Fulltext Delivery time of orthodontic appliances from government dental laboratories in Selangor
    Loke, S.T., Tan, S.Y.
    Malaysian Dental Journal, 2011;32(1):5-11.
    MyJurnal
    Compliance to delivery of orthodontic appliances within specified times and factors which influenced compliance by dental technicians in Selangor was evaluated. This is a prospective 8-month study of 18 trainee/ trained technicians from 4 main government dental laboratories in Kajang, Klang, Tanjong Karang and Shah Alam. Delivery times specified by orthodontists were 1 day for plastic retainer, 3 days acrylic retainer, 5 days active plates (URA), 10 days functional appliances (FA), 10 days transpalatal arch (TPA) and 10 days for quadhelix. Punctual delivery was recorded as ‘compliant’. Compliance was compared between appliances, clinics, technicians, orthodontists and seniority of technicians. The sample comprised appliances from 365 patients; 38 (10.4%) Tanjong.Karang, 114 (31.2%) Kajang, 191 (52.3%) Klang and 22 (6.0%) Shah Alam. The majority of appliances were retainers (66.3%), followed by URA (13.4%), functionals (9.3%), TPA (9.0%) and quadhelix (1.9%). Mean compliance for all appliances in Selangor was 55%. Plastic retainers had highest compliance (77.8%), followed by acrylic retainers (59.9%), quadhelix (57.1%), FA (47.1%), TPA (45.5%) and URA (24.5%). Senior technicians (>3 years in service) were more compliant than juniors (
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  7. Fulltext Asian men’s health: gender disparity and life expectancy
    Ho, Christopher C.K., Teo, C.H., Ng, C.J., Zulkifli, M.Z., Tan, M.H.
    Journal of Surgical Academia, 2014;4(2):5-8.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this review was to analyze the gender disparities found as well as the life expectancies in Asia. An analysis of the data on gender disparities as well as life expectancies of the different Asian countries was done based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Observatory Data Repository as well as the regional government databases. Middle Eastern countries have the highest male to female population ratio. The results show that in terms of population pyramid, Asia is moving towards a more geriatric population. Qatar has the highest life expectancy for men and is the only country in Asia where men live longer than women (difference of 2 years). In general, women in Asia live longer than men. High income countries like Hong Kong, Japan and Singapore have higher life expectancies as compared to those on the lower income nations. The life expectancy of Asian men still lags women. Men’s health care needs to be addressed urgently. The disparity in income-status reflecting the lifespan of men is an impetus for us to narrow the gap of health in Asian countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  8. Peritoneal dialysis in Malaysia
    Morad Z, Lee DG, Lim YN, Tan PC
    Perit Dial Int, 2005 9 24;25(5):426-31.
    PMID: 16178472
    Matched MeSH terms: Financing, Government
  9. Multivariate areal analysis of the impact and efficiency of the family planning programme in peninsular Malaysia
    Tan Boon Ann
    Asia Pac Popul J, 1987 Jun;2(2):45-66.
    PMID: 12341280
    Matched MeSH terms: Government Programs*
  10. Government public health policy: three cautionary tales from Malaysia, South Africa and the United States
    Blum J, Carstens P, Talib N
    Med Law, 2007 Dec;26(4):615-42.
    PMID: 18284107
    Three authors describe problematic scenarios of health policy in their respective countries. These examples illustrate the role of government influences in determining resource allocation, legislation, health provision and health outcomes in very different situations. These outcomes are affected not only by attitudes to public health, but also by the legal systems in the countries which are the subjects of this study. The authors draw conclusions about the use and abuse of public health regulation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government Regulation
  11. Alternative, complementary and traditional medicine in Malaysia
    Talib N
    Med Law, 2006 Sep;25(3):445-62.
    PMID: 17078519
    This paper sets out the practice of traditional, alternative and/or complementary medicine in Malaysia. It gives an overview of the types of alternative medicine available, and the legal regulation, or lack of it within the current setting. The relevant policies and governmental action in this area are highlighted. Relevant case law decisions in this area are also included. The practice of spiritual healing as one form of traditional medicine, and its role within the spectrum of alternative medicine is dealt with briefly. The significant question of integration of alternative medicine within the existing allopathic system is addressed. The paper concludes that as interest in, and usage of alternative medicine is not likely to decrease, certain measures must be taken by the relevant authorities to ensure among others, the safety and efficacy of these medicines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government Regulation
  12. Fulltext Comparison of physical activity prevalence among international physical activity questionnaire (ipaq), steps/day, and accelerometer in a sample of government employees in Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
    Hazizi, A. S., Zahratul Nur, K., Mohd Nasir, M. T., Zaitun, Y., Tabata, I.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2014;22(2):401-417.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study was to compare physical activity prevalence estimates among the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), steps/day, and accelerometer in a sample of government employees in Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. Ten government agencies in Kangar were randomly chosen, and all employees were invited to participate. A self-administered questionnaire was employed to obtain information on socio-demographic characteristics and a physical activity assessment using the IPAQ. Anthropometric measurements, which include measurements of weight, height, body mass index, percent body fat, waist and hip circumference, were carried out. An accelerometer was used to assess total daily energy expenditure and the number of steps/day. A total of 272 respondents were involved in this study with a response rate of 83.2%. According to IPAQ, accelerometer and steps/day, the majority of the respondents (22.0%, 55.1%, and 77.6%, respectively) were classified as sedentary. The agreement between physical activity level as determined by the accelerometer vs. the IPAQ (Kappa=-0.46 {95% CI -0.384,-0.536}, p=0.238) and the IPAQ vs. steps/day (Kappa =0.037 {95% CI 0.090,-0.016}, p=0.175) was not significant, but the agreement between physical activity level as determined by the accelerometer vs. steps/day was classified as fair (Kappa=0.296 (95% CI 0.392, 0.200}, p
    Matched MeSH terms: Government Agencies
  13. Fulltext Accelerometer-determined physical activity level among government employees in Penang, Malaysia
    Hazizi AS, Aina MB, Mohd NM, Zaitun Y, Hamid JJ, Tabata I
    Malays J Nutr, 2012 Apr;18(1):57-66.
    PMID: 23713230 MyJurnal
    A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate accelerometer-determined physical activity level of 233 Malay government employees (104 men, 129 women) working in the Federal Government Building Penang, Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  14. Fulltext Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Ruminant Meats from Wet Markets in Klang Valley and Abattoirs in Selangor, Malaysia
    Abdul Hamid N, Sadiq MB, Ramanoon SZ, Mansor R, Watanabe M, Md Isa NM, et al.
    Animals (Basel), 2020 Jul 06;10(7).
    PMID: 32640507 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071139
    (1) Background: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of T. gondii in meats of cattle, goat and sheep from wet markets in Klang Valley, and abattoirs in Selangor, Malaysia; (2) Methods: A total of 192 meat samples were purchased from 51 wet markets in six districts in Klang Valley (Gombak, Klang, Kuala Lumpur, Hulu Langat, Petaling and Putrajaya). Meanwhile, a total of 200 diaphragm samples were collected from two government abattoirs located in Shah Alam and Banting, Selangor. All meat juices from samples were subjected to an indirect-ELISA kit for the presence of T. gondii IgG antibodies. Furthermore, all 184 meat samples of goat and sheep were subjected to conventional nested PCR (B1 genes) for the detection of T. gondii DNA; (3) Results: T. gondii antibodies were detected in 25% (n = 98/392) of the samples with seroprevalence of 9.1% (19/208, CI: 5.9%-13.8%) in cattle meat; 54.7% (41/75, 95% CI: 43.5%-65.4%) in goat meat and 34.9% (38/109, CI: 26.6%-44.2%) in sheep meat. No T. gondii DNA was detected in any of the meat samples of goat and sheep. T. gondii seropositivity in wet market samples was higher in goat (OR = 37.1 CI 12.4-110.3) and sheep meat (OR 9.03 CI: 3.28-24.8) compared to cattle meat (OR = 1.0) At univariate level, meat from non-licensed abattoirs (OR = 6.0 CI: 2.9-12.3) and female animals (OR = 6.7; CI 1.9-22.6) had higher risks of being seropositive for T. gondii antibodies than licensed abattoirs and male animals, respectively. (4) Conclusions: This is the first report of seroprevalence of T. gondii in ruminant meats for human consumption in Malaysia. The findings signified high exposure of meat samples from wet markets to T. gondii and the need for control measures to reduce the likelihood of infection when such raw or undercooked meats are consumed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  15. Fulltext Periodontal status and provision of periodontal services in Malaysia: trends and way forward
    Tuti Ningseh Mohd-Dom, Khairiyah Abdul-Muttalib, Rasidah Ayob, Yaw, Siew Lan, Ahmad Sharifuddin Mohd-Asadi, Mohd Rizal Abdul-Manaf, et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2013;13(2):38-47.
    MyJurnal
    The paucity of published literature on periodontal treatment needs and services in developing countries has undermined the significance of periodontal disease burden on healthcare systems. This study analyses periodontal status and population treatment needs of Malaysians, and patterns of periodontal services provided at public sector dental clinics. A retrospective approach to secondary data analysis was employed. Data for population treatment needs were extracted from three decennial national oral health surveys for adults (1990, 2000 and 2010). Annual reports from the dental subsystem of the government Health Information Management System (HIMS) provided information on oral health care delivery for years 2006-2010. They were based on summaries of aggregated data; analyses were limited to reporting absolute numbers and frequency distributions. Periodontal disease prevalence declined between 1990 (92.8%) to 2000 (87.2%) but a sharp rise was observed in the 2010 survey (94.0%). The proportion of participants demonstrating periodontal pockets of 6 mm and more increased in 2010 survey after showing improvements in 2000. Individuals not requiring periodontal treatment (TN0) increased in proportion from 1990 to 2000, only to drop in 2010. An increase in utilisation was observed alongside a growing uptake of periodontal procedures (62.2% in 2006 to 73.6% in 2010). Only about 10% of treatment was surgeries. While the clinical burden of periodontal disease is observed to be substantial, the types of treatment provided did not reflect the increasing needs for complex periodontal treatment. Emphasis on downstream and multi-collaborative efforts of oral health care is deemed fit to contain the burden of periodontal disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  16. Fulltext Older adults with cognitive impairment living in Malaysian nursing homes - have we met their needs?
    Azlina Wati Nikmat, Syed Hassan Almashoor
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2015;16(1):84-94.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Transition of people with cognitive impairment to nursing home is often an option when their disease progresses and their needs become too complex. The aim of this study was to identify the needs of people with cognitive impairment living in nursing homes and factors associated with higher level of needs.
    Methods: A cross sectional survey involving 110 respondents with cognitive impairment aged ≥60 was carried out. Respondents were assessed using the Short Mini Mental State Examination (SMMSE), Camberwell Assessment of Needs for Elderly (CANE), Barthel Index (BI), Friendship Scale (FS), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).
    Results: Respondents with cognitive impairment had a mean of 2.81 (SD=3.72) for unmet needs and 11.95 (SD=3.14) for the met needs, with higher mean suggesting a better outcome measure. The most frequent unmet needs were intimate relationships (66.40%), company (40.00%), and daytime activity (34.50%). Unmet needs were significantly associated with depression, social isolation, and cognitive impairment.
    Conclusion: Most of the needs of people with cognitive impairment in nursing homes were fulfilled, except in social area. Therefore, attention should be given in improving the care system, which emphasizes collaboration between people with cognitive impairment, family members, community, and government in helping to reduce the risk of loneliness in those with cognitive impairment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  17. Fulltext A study of work related complaints of arm, neck and shoulder (CANS) among office workers in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur
    Erna Faryza, Mohd Suleiman Murad, Syamsul Anwar
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2015;15(2):8-16.
    MyJurnal
    The computer is well known as one of the important tools in the office that gives a lot of benefits but silently leads to musculoskeletal pain. There are many different kinds of musculoskeletal complaints pain but the most common seen among computer users in developed countries is the complaint of arm, neck and shoulder (CANS). Despite this, definite factors that can be associated with the prevalence of CANS have not been established. This study was conducted to identify the prevalence and factors associated with work-related complaints of arm, neck and shoulder (CANS) among office workers in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. A survey study design was conducted where 110 (n=110) office workers were recruited from around the Selangor and Kuala Lumpur area for 5 months periods. Participants were required to answer the Maastricht Upper Extremity Questionnaire (MUEQ) and the Level of Ergonomic Knowledge Questionnaire. The study showed the highest percentage of CANS reported was at neck region (53.6% of participants), followed by shoulders with 53.0%. The majority of participants have low level of computer ergonomic awareness where only 19.09% (n=21) from government sector and 10% (n=11) office workers from private sector reported knowledge of ergonomics. Majority of the participants did not have the know-how in implementing correct computer ergonomics. However there was a weak association (r=
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  18. Fulltext Climate change impact on coastal communities in Malaysia
    Norzaida Abas, Zalina Mohd Daud, Norazizi Mohamed, Syafrina Abdul Halim
    Journal of Advanced Research Design, 2017;33(1):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    Climate change is undeniably the greatest issue facing our society. Around the globe,
    increasingly unpredictable weather patterns and extreme weather events are
    observed, causing considerable risks to human lives, properties and health safety and
    also on the natural ecosystem. The magnitude and impacts of climate change are
    growing, and particularly in Malaysia, studies show increases in temperature and
    changes in rainfall regimes. Such changes have profound implications, especially for
    coastal communities. Since knowledge and perceptions of the public on climate change
    could affect the success of implemented adaptation and mitigation options, it is
    essential to conduct assessments to gather such information. A public awareness and
    perception study was conducted at Sabak and Tanjung Karang, two coastal
    communities which were affected by changes in sea level and flooding incidences. The
    knowledge level and perceptions of climate change among respondents were assessed
    covering areas such as level of awareness of the respondents, their perceptions of
    climate change issues, their sentiments on climate change and adaptation measures,
    their socio-economic activity and the effect on their lives. Results show that majority
    of respondents were aware of climate change issues and challenges. High levels of
    concern about climate change were expressed with the majority were worried and
    uncertain about the climate change impact and hoped for government measures.
    Almost half of respondents cited significant damage to their properties and reduction
    in income generation. Overall, the results of the present study gave insights of the
    affected parties on perceptions and awareness pertaining to climate change, which
    could potentially be used to promote greater awareness of climate change matters and
    to gauge the public response to related policies and strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  19. Fulltext Evaluation of the Performance of Helmet Prototypes Fabricated from Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composites Filled with Natural Resource
    Nikmatin S, Hermawan B, Irmansyah I, Indro MN, Kueh ABH, Syafiuddin A
    Materials (Basel), 2018 Dec 22;12(1).
    PMID: 30583516 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010034
    The performance of helmet prototypes fabricated from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene composites filled with oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers was evaluated. The fibers were produced using a milling procedure, while the composites were fabricated using a single-screw extrusion. The physical characteristics of the produced fibers, which are water content, size, and density, were investigated. In addition, the mechanical properties of the produced helmets, including shock absorption, yield stress, frequency, and head injury criterion (HIC), were examined. The impact strength of the produced helmets increases with the rise of filler content. In addition, the helmets were also able to withstand a considerable pressure such that the transmitted pressure was far under the maximum value acceptable by the human skull. The present work also found that HICs exhibited by the investigated helmet prototypes fulfill all the practical guidelines as permitted by the Indonesian government. In terms of novelty, such innovation can be considered the first invention in Indonesia since the endorsement of the use of motorcycle helmets.
    Matched MeSH terms: Government
  20. An 11-country study to benchmark the implementation of recommended nutrition policies by national governments using the Healthy Food Environment Policy Index, 2015-2018
    Vandevijvere S, Barquera S, Caceres G, Corvalan C, Karupaiah T, Kroker-Lobos MF, et al.
    Obes Rev, 2019 11;20 Suppl 2:57-66.
    PMID: 30609260 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12819
    The Healthy Food Environment Policy Index (Food-EPI) aims to assess the extent of implementation of recommended food environment policies by governments compared with international best practices and prioritize actions to fill implementation gaps. The Food-EPI was applied in 11 countries across six regions (2015-2018). National public health nutrition panels (n = 11-101 experts) rated the extent of implementation of 47 policy and infrastructure support good practice indicators by their government(s) against best practices, using an evidence document verified by government officials. Experts identified and prioritized actions to address implementation gaps. The proportion of indicators at "very low if any," "low," "medium," and "high" implementation, overall Food-EPI scores, and priority action areas were compared across countries. Inter-rater reliability was good (GwetAC2 = 0.6-0.8). Chile had the highest proportion of policies (13%) rated at "high" implementation, while Guatemala had the highest proportion of policies (83%) rated at "very low if any" implementation. The overall Food-EPI score was "medium" for Australia, England, Chile, and Singapore, while "very low if any" for Guatemala. Policy areas most frequently prioritized included taxes on unhealthy foods, restricting unhealthy food promotion and front-of-pack labelling. The Food-EPI was found to be a robust tool and process to benchmark governments' progress to create healthy food environments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Federal Government
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