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Thiol-functionalized magnetic carbon nanotubes for magnetic micro-solid phase extraction of sulfonamide antibiotics from milks and commercial chicken meat products

Nasir ANM, Yahaya N, Zain NNM, Lim V, Kamaruzaman S, Saad B, et al.

Food Chem, 2019 Mar 15;276:458-466.
PMID: 30409620 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.044

Thiol-functionalized magnetic carbon nanotubes (TMCNTs) were employed as the sorbent in the magnetic micro-solid phase extraction (M-µ-SPE) of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in water, milks and chicken meat products prior to high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis. The synthesized sorbent was characterized by several spectroscopic techniques. Optimum conditions were: 20 mg of TMCNTs at pH 4, 2 min extraction time, 10% addition of salt and 30 mL of sample volume. Under the optimized TMCNTs-M-µ-SPE and HPLC-DAD conditions, the method showed good linearity in the range of 0.1-500 µg L-1 (r2 ≥ 0.9950), low limits of detection (0.02-1.5 µg L-1), good analytes recovery (80.7-116.2%) and acceptable RSDs (0.3-7.7%, n = 15). The method was applied to tap water (1), milks (15) and commercial chicken meat products (35), SAs were detected in five chicken meat samples (3.0-25.7 µg L-1). The method is critically compared to those reported in the literature.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Fulltext Therapeutic effects of conditioned - DPBS from amniotic stem cells on lactating cow mastitis

Ting WJ, Shaw SW, Hii LY, Lin TY, Chang SC, Liu KY, et al.

Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol, 2020 Jul;59(4):520-526.
PMID: 32653123 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.05.009

OBJECTIVE: Bovine mastitis results in economic loss due to decrease in milk production. Antibiotic ointments are commonly used for treating. However, residue and anti-microbial resistance warranted attention progressively. Fortunately, stem cell anti-inflammatory properties and paracrine expression of cytokines accelerates wound healing and suppresses inflammatory reactions in mastitis. The objective of this study is to use the conditioned-Dulbecco's pluripotent stem cells (DPBS) from amniotic membrane stem cells (AMSCs) in treating bovine mastitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cows with mastitis were divided into two groups. In antibiotic control group, the cows were given tetraneomycin ointment. In conditioned-DPBS of AMSCs treatment group, amniotic membrane was collected for AMSCs after delivery. With expression of surface antigen and potential of tri-linage differentiation, AMSCs were injected into mammary glands. Then, milk was sampled every three days to monitor the effect of both treatments. The quality of milk was measured with pH, titratable acidity, free calcium ions and somatic cell count.
RESULTS: Our results demonstrated the Bovine AMSCs expressed CD44, low levels of CD4 and no CD105. Bovine AMSCs demonstrated the differentiation capability in the tri-cell lineages. Mastitis treatment with conditioned-DPBS from AMSCs (experimental group) and conventional antibiotics (control group) showed insignificant difference in pH value and titratable acidity. The level of ionic calcium concentration in the conditioned-DPBS group decreased from 3rd day to 12th day, while the level in the antibiotic group decreased from 0 day to 12th day. The somatic cell number was similar in both groups, which meet the standard of Taiwan milk collection.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, conditioned-DPBS from bovine AMSCs has the therapeutic potential to treat bovine mastitis and may replace antibiotics therapy in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Theoretical considerations and modeling of chemical inactivation of microorganisms: inactivation of Giardia Cysts by free chlorine

Fernando WJ

J Theor Biol, 2009 Jul 21;259(2):297-303.
PMID: 19336237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.03.026

Chemical inactivation of microorganisms is a common process widely employed in many fields such as in treatment of water, preservation in food industry and antimicrobial treatments in healthcare. For economy of applications and efficiency of treatment establishment the minimum dosage of breakpoint in the chemical application becomes essential. Even though experimental investigations have been extensive, theoretical understanding of such processes are demanding. Commonly employed theoretical analyses for the inactivation of microorganisms and depletion of chemicals include kinetics expressing the rates of depletion of chemical and microorganisms. The terms chemical demand (x) and specific disinfectant demand (alpha) are often used in theoretical modeling of inactivation. The value of specific disinfectant demand (alpha) has always been assumed to be a constant in these models. Intracellular concentration built up within the cells of the microorganisms during inactivation could lead to possible weakening effects of microorganisms thereby requiring lower doses as disinfection proceeds makes the assumption of constant alpha inaccurate. Model equations are formulated based on these observations co-relating the parameters alpha and x with a progressive inactivation (N/N(0)). The chemical concentration (C) is also presented in terms of the inactivation time (t) and the survival ratio (N/N(0)) for given pH and temperature conditions. The model is examined using experimentally verified Ct data of Giardia Cysts/chlorine system. The respective values of x for different survival ratios were evaluated from the data using MatLab software. Proposed model correlating for the disinfectant demand (x) with the survival ratio (N/N(0)) fits satisfactorily with those evaluated from data. The rate constants for different pH and temperature conditions are evaluated which showed compatibility with the Arrhenius model. The dependence of frequency factors with pH indicated compatibility with accepted models. The Ct values regenerated with the kinetic data shows a very accurate fit with published data.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The utilization of SiNWs/AuNPs-modified indium tin oxide (ITO) in fabrication of electrochemical DNA sensor

Rashid JI, Yusof NA, Abdullah J, Hashim U, Hajian R

Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2014 Dec;45:270-6.
PMID: 25491829 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.09.010

This work describes the incorporation of SiNWs/AuNPs composite as a sensing material for DNA detection on indium tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass slide. The morphology of SiNWs/AuNPs composite as the modifier layer on ITO was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The morphological studies clearly showed that SiNWs were successfully decorated with 20 nm-AuNPs using self-assembly monolayer (SAM) technique. The effective surface area for SiNWs/AuNPs-modified ITO enhanced about 10 times compared with bare ITO electrode. SiNWs/AuNPs nanocomposite was further explored as a matrix for DNA probe immobilization in detection of dengue virus as a bio-sensing model to evaluate its performance in electrochemical sensors. The hybridization of complementary DNA was monitored by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using methylene blue (MB) as the redox indicator. The fabricated biosensor was able to discriminate significantly complementary, non-complementary and single-base mismatch oligonucleotides. The electrochemical biosensor was sensitive to target DNA related to dengue virus in the range of 9.0-178.0 ng/ml with detection limit of 3.5 ng/ml. In addition, SiNWs/AuNPs-modified ITO, regenerated up to 8 times and its stability was up to 10 weeks at 4°C in silica gel.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The use of salt-coating to improve textural, mechanical, cooking and sensory properties of air-dried yellow alkaline noodles

Yeoh SY, Lubowa M, Tan TC, Murad M, Mat Easa A

Food Chem, 2020 Dec 15;333:127425.
PMID: 32683254 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127425

Zero-salted yellow alkaline noodles (YAN) were immersed in solutions of resistant starch HYLON™ VII (HC) or fruit coating Semperfresh™ (SC) containing a range of salt (NaCl) between 10 and 30% (w/v). The objective was to evaluate the effect of salt-coatings on the textural, handling, cooking, and sensory properties of YAN. Increasing salt in the coatings caused a reduction in optimum cooking time, cooking loss and increase in cooking yield. The mechanical and textural parameters, sensory hardness, springiness and overall sensory acceptability of the salt-coated noodles however decreased with increasing salt application. HC-Na10 and SC-Na10 showed the highest textural and mechanical parameters, sensory hardness and springiness. The differences in the parameters were attributed mainly to the water absorption properties of starch that was affected by salt application. Thus, the quality of salt-coated noodles was dependent mainly on the amounts of salt applied in the coatings rather than on the types of coatings used.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Fulltext The use of innovative and efficient nanocomposite (magnetic graphene oxide) for the reduction on of Fusarium mycotoxins in palm kernel cake

Pirouz AA, Selamat J, Iqbal SZ, Mirhosseini H, Karjiban RA, Bakar FA

Sci Rep, 2017 Sep 29;7(1):12453.
PMID: 28963539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12341-3

Adsorption plays an important role in the removal of mycotoxins from feedstuffs. The main objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of using magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposites (MGO) as an adsorbent for the reduction of Fusarium mycotoxins in naturally contaminated palm kernel cake (PKC). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to assess the mycotoxins in animal feed. Target mycotoxins included the zearalenone (ZEA), the fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) and trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2 and T-2 toxin). Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the effects of time (3-7 h), temperature (30-50 °C) and pH (3-7) on the reduction. The response surface models with (R2 = 0.94-0.99) were significantly fitted to predict mycotoxins in contaminated PKC. Furthermore, the method ensured a satisfactory adjustment of the polynomial regression models with the experimental data except for fumonisin B1 and B2, which decrease the adsorption of magnetic graphene oxide (MGO). The optimum reduction was performed at pH 6.2 for 5.2 h at of 40.6 °C. Under these optimum conditions, reduced levels of 69.57, 67.28, 57.40 and 37.17%, were achieved for DON, ZEA, HT-2, and T-2, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The use of alum, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate as coagulants in removing suspended solids, colour and COD from semi-aerobic landfill leachate at controlled pH

Aziz HA, Alias S, Assari F, Adlan MN

Waste Manag Res, 2007 Dec;25(6):556-65.
PMID: 18229750

Suspended solids, colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are among the main pollutants in landfill leachate. Application of physical or biological processes alone is normally not sufficient to remove these constituents, especially for leachate with a lower biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/ COD ratio. The main objective of this research was to investigate the efficiency of coagulation and flocculation processes for removing suspended solids, colour and COD from leachate produced in a semi-aerobic landfill in Penang, Malaysia. A 12-month characterization study of the leachate indicated that it had a mean annual BOD/COD ratio of 0.15 and was partially stabilized, with little further biological degradation likely to occur. Particle size analysis of the raw leachate indicated that its 50th percentile (d50) was 11.68 microm. Three types of coagulants were examined in bench scale jar test studies: aluminium sulphate (alum), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ferrous sulphate (FeSO4). The effects of agitation speed, settling time, pH, coagulant dosages and temperature were examined. At 300 rpm of rapid mixing, 50 rpm of slow mixing, and 60 min settling time, higher removals of suspended solids (over 95%), colour (90%) and COD (43%) were achieved at pH 4 and 12. FeCl3 was found to be superior to other coagulants tested. At pH 4 and 12, fair removal of suspended solids was observed at a reasonably low coagulant dose, i.e., 600 mg L(-1); hHowever, about 2500 mg L(-1) of coagulant was required to achieve good removals at pH 6. Better removals were achieved at higher temperature. The d50 of sludge after coagulation at pH 4 with a 2500 mg L(-1) FeCl3 dose was 60.16 microm, which indicated that the particles had been removed effectively from the leachate. The results indicate that coagulation and flocculation processes can be used effectively in integrated semi-aerobic leachate treatment systems, especially for removing suspended solids, colour and COD.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Fulltext The study of commercial titanium dioxide (TiO2) degussa P25 for the adsorption of acidic dye

Nur Shazwani Abdul Mubarak, S. Sabar, Ali H. Jawad

Science Letters, 2020;14(1):68-83.
MyJurnal

Commercial titanium dioxide Degussa P25 (TiO2) was used for the adsorption of reactive red 120
(RR120) dye in a batch system. The optimization functions such as solution pH (3-12), adsorbent dosage (0.02 g-1.2 g), and initial dye concentration (30-400 mg/L) were studied. The equilibrium adsorption data for RR120 dye was analyzed by two types of isotherm models which are Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption at equilibrium showed a better fit for linear Langmuir isotherm with the adsorption capacity, qmax of 18.62 mg/g at 303 K. The adsorption kinetic was well-described by pseudosecond order model. TiO2 showed a decent outcome due to the ability to adsorb target pollutants with theadded advantage of providing large hydroxyl groups (OH) on the surface of TiO2 so that pollutants can be adsorbed by interacting on the surface of OH.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The role of particle-to-cell interactions in dictating nanoparticle aided magnetophoretic separation of microalgal cells

Toh PY, Ng BW, Ahmad AL, Chieh DC, Lim J

Nanoscale, 2014 Nov 7;6(21):12838-48.
PMID: 25227473 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03121k

Successful application of a magnetophoretic separation technique for harvesting biological cells often relies on the need to tag the cells with magnetic nanoparticles. This study investigates the underlying principle behind the attachment of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) onto microalgal cells, Chlorella sp. and Nannochloropsis sp., in both freshwater and seawater, by taking into account the contributions of various colloidal forces involved. The complex interplay between van der Waals (vdW), electrostatic (ES) and Lewis acid-base interactions (AB) in dictating IONP attachment was studied under the framework of extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) analysis. Our results showed that ES interaction plays an important role in determining the net interaction between the Chlorella sp. cells and IONPs in freshwater, while the AB and vdW interactions play a more dominant role in dictating the net particle-to-cell interaction in high ionic strength media (≥100 mM NaCl), such as seawater. XDLVO predicted effective attachment between cells and surface functionalized IONPs (SF-IONPs) with an estimated secondary minimum of -3.12 kT in freshwater. This prediction is in accordance with the experimental observation in which 98.89% of cells can be magnetophoretically separated from freshwater with SF-IONPs. We have observed successful magnetophoretic separation of microalgal cells from freshwater and/or seawater for all the cases as long as XDLVO analysis predicts particle attachment. For both the conditions, no pH adjustment is required for particle-to-cell attachment.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The role of pH in nanofiltration of atrazine and dimethoate from aqueous solution

Ahmad AL, Tan LS, Abd Shukor SR

J Hazard Mater, 2008 Jun 15;154(1-3):633-8.
PMID: 18055106

This study examined the performance of nanofiltration membranes to retain atrazine and dimethoate in aqueous solution under different pH conditions. Four nanofiltration membranes, NF90, NF200, NF270 and DK are selected to be examined. The operating pressure, feed pesticide and stirring rate were kept constant at 6x10(5) Pa, 10 mg/L and 1000 rpm. It was found that increasing the solution's pH increased atrazine and dimethoate rejection but reduced the permeate flux performance for NF200, NF270 and DK. However, NF90 showed somewhat consistent performance in both rejection and permeate flux regardless of the solution's pH. NF90 maintained above 90% of atrazine rejection and approximately 80% of dimethoate rejection regardless of the changes in solution's pH. Thus, NF90 is deemed the more suitable nanofiltration membrane for atrazine and dimethoate retention from aqueous solution compared to NF200, NF270 and DK.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The potential reuse of soybean husk as feedstock of Eudrilus eugeniae in vermicomposting

Lim PN, Wu TY, Sim EY, Lim SL

J Sci Food Agric, 2011 Nov;91(14):2637-42.
PMID: 21725978 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4504

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one the most commonly consumed legumes worldwide, with 200 million metric tons produced per year. However, the inedible soy husk would usually be removed during the process and the continuous generation of soybean husk may represent a major disposal problem for soybean processing industries. Thus, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility to convert soybean husk (S) amended with market-rejected papaya (P) into vermicompost using Eudrilus eugeniae.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The initial kinetics of NH3/NH4(+) efflux from L3 Teladorsagia circumcincta

Muhamad N, Walker LR, Pedley KC, Simcock DC, Brown S

Parasitol Int, 2012 Sep;61(3):487-92.
PMID: 22562002 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.04.003

The initial rate of NH(3)/NH(4)(+) accumulation in a medium containing L(3) Teladorsagia circumcincta was 0.18-0.6 pmol h(-1) larva(-1), which increased linearly with larval density. However it appeared that the larva-generated external concentration of NH(3)/NH(4)(+) did not exceed about 130 μM. The rate of NH(3)/NH(4)(+) accumulation increased with temperature between 4 °C and 37 °C, declined with increasing pH or increasing external NH(3)/NH(4)(+) concentration and was not significantly affected by the concentration of the phosphate buffer or by exsheathing the larvae. We infer from these data that the efflux of NH(3)/NH(4)(+) is a diffusive process and that the secreted or excreted NH(3)/NH(4)(+) is generated enzymatically rather than dissociating from the surface of the nematode. The enzymatic source of the NH(3)/NH(4)(+) is yet to be identified. Since the concentration of NH(3)/NH(4)(+) in the rumen and abomasum is higher than 130 μM, it is unlikely that T. circumcincta contributes to it, but NH(3)/NH(4)(+) may be accumulated from the rumen fluid by the nematode.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Fulltext The impact of disturbed peatlands on river outgassing in Southeast Asia

Wit F, Müller D, Baum A, Warneke T, Pranowo WS, Müller M, et al.

Nat Commun, 2015;6:10155.
PMID: 26670925 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10155

River outgassing has proven to be an integral part of the carbon cycle. In Southeast Asia, river outgassing quantities are uncertain due to lack of measured data. Here we investigate six rivers in Indonesia and Malaysia, during five expeditions. CO2 fluxes from Southeast Asian rivers amount to 66.9 ± 15.7 Tg C per year, of which Indonesia releases 53.9 ± 12.4 Tg C per year. Malaysian rivers emit 6.2 ± 1.6 Tg C per year. These moderate values show that Southeast Asia is not the river outgassing hotspot as would be expected from the carbon-enriched peat soils. This is due to the relatively short residence time of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the river, as the peatlands, being the primary source of DOC, are located near the coast. Limitation of bacterial production, due to low pH, oxygen depletion or the refractory nature of DOC, potentially also contributes to moderate CO2 fluxes as this decelerates decomposition.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The giant mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri facilitates active NH(4)(+) excretion by increasing acid excretion and decreasing NH(3) permeability in the skin

Ip YK, Randall DJ, Kok TK, Barzaghi C, Wright PA, Ballantyne JS, et al.

J Exp Biol, 2004 Feb;207(Pt 5):787-801.
PMID: 14747411

Periophthalmodon schlosseri is an amphibious and obligatory air-breathing teleost, which is extremely tolerant to environmental ammonia. It actively excretes NH(4)(+) in ammonia loading conditions. For such a mechanism to operate efficaciously the fish must be able to prevent back flux of NH(3). P. schlosseri could lower the pH of 50 volumes (w/v) of 50% seawater in an artificial burrow from pH 8.2 to pH 7.4 in 1 day, and established an ambient ammonia concentration of 10 mmol l(-1) in 8 days. It could alter the rate of titratable acid efflux in response to ambient pH. The rate of net acid efflux (H(+) excretion) in P. schlosseri was pH-dependent, increasing in the order pH 6.0<7.0<8.0<8.5. Net acid flux in neutral or alkaline pH conditions was partially inhibited by bafilomycin, indicating the possible involvement of a V-type H(+)-ATPase. P. schlosseri could also increase the rate of H(+) excretion in response to the presence of ammonia in a neutral (pH 7.0) external medium. Increased H(+) excretion in P. schlosseri occurred in the head region where active excretion of NH(4)(+) took place. This would result in high concentrations of H(+) in the boundary water layer and prevent the dissociation of NH(4)(+), thus preventing a back flux of NH(3) through the branchial epithelia. P. schlosseri probably developed such an 'environmental ammonia detoxification' capability because of its unique behavior of burrow building in the mudflats and living therein in a limited volume of water. In addition, the skin of P. schlosseri had low permeability to NH(3). Using an Ussing-type apparatus with 10 mmol l(-1) NH(4)Cl and a 1 unit pH gradient (pH 8.0 to 7.0), the skin supported only a very small flux of NH(3) (0.0095 micromol cm(-2) min(-1)). Cholesterol content (4.5 micromol g(-1)) in the skin was high, which suggests low membrane fluidity. Phosphatidylcholine, which has a stabilizing effect on membranes, constituted almost 50% of the skin phospholipids, with phosphatidyleserine and phsophatidylethanolamine contributing only 13% and 15%, respectively. More importantly, P. schlosseri increased the cholesterol level (to 5.5 micromol g(-1)) and altered the fatty acid composition (increased total saturated fatty acid content) in its skin lipid after exposure to ammonia (30 mmol l(-1) at pH 7.0) for 6 days. These changes might lead to an even lower permeability to NH(3) in the skin, and reduced back diffusion of the actively excreted NH(4)(+) as NH(3) or the net influx of exogenous NH(3), under such conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The formation of hybrid carbon nanomaterial by chemical vapor deposition: an efficient adsorbent for enhanced removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution

Alayan HM, Alsaadi MA, Das R, Abo-Hamad A, Ibrahim RK, AlOmar MK, et al.

Water Sci Technol, 2018 Mar;77(5-6):1714-1723.
PMID: 29595174 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.057

In this study, carbon species were grown on the surface of Ni-impregnated powder activated carbon to form a novel hybrid carbon nanomaterial by chemical vapor deposition. The carbon nanomaterial was obtained by the precipitation of the methane elemental carbon atoms on the surface of the Ni catalyst. The physiochemical properties of the hybrid material were characterized to illustrate the successful growth of carbon species on the carbon substrate. The response surface methodology was used for the evaluation of adsorption parameters effect such as pH, adsorbent dose and contact time on the percentage removal of MB dye from aqueous solution. The optimum conditions were found to be pH = 11, adsorbent dose = 15 mg and contact time of 120 min. The material we prepared showed excellent removal efficiency of 96% for initial MB concentration of 50 mg/L. The adsorption of MB was described accurately by the pseudo-second-order model with R2 of 0.998 and qe of 163.93 (mg/g). The adsorption system showed the best agreement with Langmuir model with R2 of 0.989 and maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of 250 mg/g.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The fate of sotalol in aqueous chlorination: Kinetics, mechanisms and ecotoxicity assessment

Khalit WNAW, Tay KS

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2017 Nov;145:214-220.
PMID: 28738204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.020

Unmetabolized pharmaceuticals often enter the water treatment plants and exposed to various treatment processes. Among these water treatment processes, disinfection is a process which involves the application of chemical oxidation to remove pathogen. Untreated pharmaceuticals from primary and secondary treatment have the potential to be exposed to the chemical oxidation process during disinfection. This study investigated the kinetics and mechanism of the degradation of sotalol during chlorination process. Chlorination with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as main reactive oxidant has been known as one of the most commonly used disinfection methods. The second order rate constant for the reaction between sotalol and free available chlorine (FAC) was found to decrease from 60.1 to 39.1M-1min-1 when the pH was increased from 6 to 8. This result was mainly attributed by the decreased of HOCl concentration with increasing pH. In the real water samples, the presence of the higher amount of organic content was found to reduce the efficiency of chlorination in the removal of sotalol. This result showed that sotalol competes with natural organic matter to react with HOCl during chlorination. After 24h of FAC exposure, sotalol was found to produce three stable transformation by-products. These by-products are mainly chlorinated compounds. According to the acute and chronic toxicity calculated using ECOSAR computer program, the transformation by-products are more harmful than sotalol.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Fulltext The encapsulation of flavourzyme in nanoliposome by heating method

Jahadi M, Khosravi-Darani K, Ehsani MR, Mozafari MR, Saboury AA, Pourhosseini PS

J Food Sci Technol, 2015 Apr;52(4):2063-72.
PMID: 25829586 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1243-0

The main objective of this study was to use heating method (HM) to prepare liposome without employing any chemical solvent or detergent. Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was applied for the screening of significant process variables including the lecithin proportion, the cholesterol/lecithin ratio, the pH of solution for liposome preparation, the enzyme/lecithin ratio, the stirring time, the process temperature, the speed of stirrer, the ratio of stirrer to the tank diameter, the application of homogenization, the method of adding enzyme and centrifugation conditions on the encapsulation efficiency (EE %) of liposome and the activity of liposomal Flavourzyme (LAPU(-1)) (P

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The effect of the labile organic fraction in food waste and the substrate/inoculum ratio on anaerobic digestion for a reliable methane yield

Kawai M, Nagao N, Tajima N, Niwa C, Matsuyama T, Toda T

Bioresour Technol, 2014 Apr;157:174-80.
PMID: 24556370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.018

Influence of the labile organic fraction (LOF) on anaerobic digestion of food waste was investigated in different S/I ratio of 0.33, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0g-VSsubstrate/g-VSinoculum. Two types of substrate, standard food waste (Substrate 1) and standard food waste with the supernatant (containing LOF) removed (Substrate 2) were used. Highest methane yield of 435ml-CH4g-VS(-1) in Substrate 1 was observed in the lowest S/I ratio, while the methane yield of the other S/I ratios were 38-73% lower than the highest yield due to acidification. The methane yields in Substrate 2 were relatively stable in all S/I conditions, although the maximum methane yield was low compared with Substrate 1. These results showed that LOF in food waste causes acidification, but also contributes to high methane yields, suggesting that low S/I ratio (<0.33) is required to obtain a reliable methane yield from food waste compared to other organic substrates.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The effect of soil types, pH, and geographical locations on carcinogenic metal buildup in Oryza sativa cultivated in Ghana

Asare EA, Abdul-Wahab D, Asamoah A, Dampare SB, Kaufmann EE, Wahi R, et al.

Environ Monit Assess, 2024 May 01;196(5):494.
PMID: 38691200 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12654-7

This study investigated the impact of soil type, pH, and geographical locations on the accumulation of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in rice grains cultivated in Ghana. One hundred rice farms for the sampling of rice grains and soil were selected from two regions in Ghana-Volta and Oti. The concentrations of As, Pb, and Cd were analyzed using ICP-OES. Speciation modeling and multivariate statistics were employed to ascertain the relations among measured parameters. The results showed significant variations in soil-As, Pb, and Cd levels across different soil types and pH ranges, with the highest soil-As and Cd found in alkaline vertisols. For soil-As and Cd, the vertisols with a pH more than 7.0 exhibited the highest mean concentration of As (2.51 ± 0.932 mgkg-1) and Cd (1.00 ± 0.244 mgkg-1) whereas for soil-Pb, the luvisols of soil types with a pH less than 6.0 exhibited the highest mean concentration of Pb (4.91 ± 1.540 mgkg-1). Grain As, Pb, and Cd also varied across soil types and pH levels. In regards to grain-As, the vertisols soil type, with a pH less than 6.0, shows the highest mean concentration of grain As, at 0.238 ± 0.107 mgkg-1. Furthermore, vertisols soil types with a pH level less than 6.0 showed the highest mean concentration of grain Cd, averaging at 0.231 ± 0.068 mgkg-1 while luvisols, with a pH less than 6.0, exhibited the highest mean concentration of grain Pb at 0.713 ± 0.099 mgkg-1. Speciation modeling indicated increased bioavailability of grains Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions in acidic conditions. A significant interaction was found between soil-Cd and pH, affecting grain-As uptake. The average concentrations of soil As, Pb, and Cd aligned with international standards. Generally, the carcinogenic metals detected in grain samples collected from the Volta region are higher than that of the Oti region but the differences are insignificant, and this may be attributed to geographical differences and anthropogenic activities. About 51% of the study area showed a hazard risk associated with grain metal levels, although, no carcinogenic risks were recognized. This study highlights the complex soil-plant interactions governing metal bioaccumulation and emphasizes the need for tailored strategies to minimize metal transfer into grains.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The effect of nitrogen supplementation on the efficiency of colour and COD removal by Malaysian white-rot fungi in textile dyeing effluent

Lee KK, Kassim AM, Lee HK

Water Sci Technol, 2004;50(5):73-7.
PMID: 15497832

White-rot fungi, namely Coriolus versicolor and Schizophyllum commune, were studied for the biodecolorization of textile dyeing effluent in shaker-flask experiments. The results showed that C. versicolor was able to achieve 68% color removal after 5 days of treatment while that of S. commune was 88% in 9 days. Both fungi achieved the above results in non-sterile condition with diammonium hydrogen phosphate as the nutrient supplement. On the other hand, the best COD removal of 80% was obtained with C. versicolor in 9 days in sterile effluent with yeast extract as nutrient supplement, while S. commune was able to remove 85% COD within 8 days in non-sterile textile effluent supplemented with diammonium hydrogen phosphate.

Matched MeSH terms: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

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