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Fulltext Radiation dose enhancement effects of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to the t24 bladder cancer cell lines irradiated with megavoltage photon beam radiotherapy

Rosmazihana Mat Lazim, Raizulnasuha Ab Rashid, Wan Nordiana Rahman, Binh. T.T. Pham, Brian S. Hawkett, Moshi Geso

Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2018;30(2):30-38.
MyJurnal

Therapeutic application of metallic nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles have been extensively investigated and intriguing finding have been reported. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) could also potentially have therapeutic properties that can be exploited to enhance radiotherapy outcome. In this study, investigations on the dose enhancement effects inflicted by SPIONs under irradiation with megavoltage photon beam radiotherapy were conducted. T24 human bladder cancer cell lines were pretreated with 1 mMol/L of SPION and irradiated with 6 MV and 10 MV photon beam at different doses.The non-treated cells irradiation was used as a control. Clonogenic assay was performed to determine the cell survival. Linear quadratic (LQ) model are used as fitting curve and does enhancement factors (DEF) were extrapolated from the curves. The cytotoxicity indicated cell growth normally after 72 hours and no long term cytotoxicity effects of SPIONs towards the cells were observed. The dose enhancement effects were observed for both 6 MV and 10 MV photon beam with DEF obtained 1.71 and 2.50, respectively. This reduction of cell colonies growth could be resulted from the interaction that induced free radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by megavoltage photon beams. The SPIONs were therefore act as multifunction nanoparticle both in diagnostic agent and radiotherapy as radiation dose enhancer, thus clearly qualified as future theranostic agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles
Fulltext Magnetic nanoparticles assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of chloramphenicol in water samples

Saad SM, Aling NA, Miskam M, Saaid M, Mohamad Zain NN, Kamaruzaman S, et al.

R Soc Open Sci, 2020 Apr;7(4):200143.
PMID: 32431904 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200143

This work describes the development of a new methodology based on magnetic nanoparticles assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME-MNPs) for preconcentration and extraction of chloramphenicol (CAP) antibiotic residues in water. The approach is based on the use of decanoic acid as the extraction solvent followed by the application of MNPs to magnetically retrieve the extraction solvent containing the extracted CAP. The coated MNPs were then desorbed with methanol, and the clean extract was analysed using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Several important parameters, such as the amount of decanoic acid, extraction time, stirring rate, amount of MNPs, type of desorption solvent, salt addition and sample pH, were evaluated and optimized. Optimum parameters were as follows: amount of decanoic acid: 200 mg; extraction time: 10 min; stirring rate: 800 rpm; amount of MNPs: 60 mg; desorption solvent: methanol; salt: 10%; and sample pH, 8. Under the optimum conditions, the method demonstrated acceptable linearity (R2 = 0.9933) over a concentration range of 50-1000 µg l-1. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 16.5 and 50.0 µg l-1, respectively. Good analyte recovery (91-92.7%) and acceptable precision with good relative standard deviations (0.45-6.29%, n = 3) were obtained. The method was successfully applied to tap water and lake water samples. The proposed method is rapid, simple, reliable and environmentally friendly for the detection of CAP.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles
An efficient biosorption-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with extractant removal by magnetic nanoparticles for quantification of bisphenol A in water samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection

Subuhi NEAM, Saad SM, Zain NNM, Lim V, Miskam M, Kamaruzaman S, et al.

J Sep Sci, 2020 Aug;43(16):3294-3303.
PMID: 32519432 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901194

In this work, a simple, fast, sensitive, and environmentally friendly method was developed for preconcentration and quantitative measurement of bisphenol A in water samples using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The preconcentration approach, namely biosorption-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with extractant removal by magnetic nanoparticles was performed based on the formation of microdroplet of rhamnolipid biosurfactant throughout the aqueous samples, which accelerates the mass transfer process between the extraction solvent and sample solution. The process is then followed by the application of magnetic nanoparticles for easy retrieval of the analyte-containing extraction solvent. Several important variables were optimized comprehensively including type of disperser solvent and desorption solvent, rhamnolipid concentration, volume of disperser solvent, amount of magnetic nanoparticles, extraction time, desorption time, ionic strength, and sample pH. Under the optimized microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry conditions, the method demonstrated good linearity over the range of 0.5-500 µg/L with a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.9904, low limit of detection (0.15 µg/L) and limit of quantification (0.50 µg/L) of bisphenol A, good analyte recoveries (84-120%) and acceptable relative standard deviation (1.8-14.9%, n = 6). The proposed method was successfully applied to three environmental water samples, and bisphenol A was detected in all samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles
Polyaniline-dicationic ionic liquid coated with magnetic nanoparticles composite for magnetic solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples

Shahriman MS, Ramachandran MR, Zain NNM, Mohamad S, Manan NSA, Yaman SM

Talanta, 2018 Feb 01;178:211-221.
PMID: 29136814 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.023

In this present study, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) nanocomposites modified with polyaniline (PANI) coated newly synthesised dicationic ionic liquid (DICAT) forming MNP-PANI-DICAT were successfully synthesised as new generation material for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE). MNP-PANI-DICAT was characterised by FT-IR NMR, CHN, BET, SEM, TEM, and VSM techniques and the results were compared with MNP-PANI and native MNP. This new material was applied as a magnetic adsorbent for the pre-concentration and separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to the π-π interaction between polyaniline shell and dicationic ionic liquid (DICAT) with PAHs compounds. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method was evaluated and applied for the analysis of PAHs in environmental samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The validation method showed good linearity (0.005-500µgL-1) with the coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.999. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the developed method (MNP-PANI-DICAT-MSPE) were in the range of 0.0008-0.2086µgL-1and 0.0024-0.6320µgL-1, respectively. The enrichment factor (EF) of PAHs on MNP-PANI-DICAT-MSPE were in the range of 7.546-29.632. The extraction recoveries of natural water, sludge, and soil samples were ranged from 80.2% to 111.9% with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 5.6%. The newly synthesised MNP-PANI-DICAT possess good sensitivity, reusability, and fast extraction of PAHs under the MSPE procedure in various environmental samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles
Improved Anticancer Effect of Magnetite Nanocomposite Formulation of GALLIC Acid (Fe₃O₄-PEG-GA) Against Lung, Breast and Colon Cancer Cells

Rosman R, Saifullah B, Maniam S, Dorniani D, Hussein MZ, Fakurazi S

Nanomaterials (Basel), 2018 Feb 02;8(2).
PMID: 29393902 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020083

Lung cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer are the most prevalent fatal types of cancers globally. Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a bioactive compound found in plants and foods, such as white tea, witch hazel and it has been reported to possess anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study we have redesigned our previously reported anticancer nanocomposite formulation with improved drug loading based on iron oxide magnetite nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol and loaded with anticancer drug gallic acid (Fe₃O₄-PEG-GA). The in vitro release profile and percentage drug loading were found to be better than our previously reported formulation. The anticancer activity of pure gallic acid (GA), empty carrier (Fe₃O₄-PEG) nanocarrier and of anticancer nanocomposite (Fe₃O₄-PEG-GA) were screened against human lung cancer cells (A549), human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), human colon cancer cells (HT-29) and normal fibroblast cells (3T3) after incubation of 24, 48 and 72 h using (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) MTT assay. The designed formulation (Fe₃O₄-PEG-GA) showed better anticancer activity than free gallic acid (GA). The results of the in vitro studies are highly encouraging to conduct the in vivo studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles
Fulltext Characterisation of sol-gel method synthesised MgZnFe2O4 nanoparticles and its cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cell line, MDA MB-231 in vitro

Nordin N, Kanagesan S, Zamberi NR, Yeap SK, Abu N, Tamilselvan S, et al.

IET Nanobiotechnol, 2017 Apr;11(3):343-348.
PMID: 28476993 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0007

In this study, nanocrystalline magnesium zinc ferrite nanoparticles were successfully prepared by a simple sol-gel method using copper nitrate and ferric nitrate as raw materials. The calcined samples were characterised by differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the average particle size of the calcined sample was in a range of 17-41 nm with an average of 29 nm and has spherical size. A cytotoxicity test was performed on human breast cancer cells (MDA MB-231) and (MCF-7) at various concentrations starting from (0 µg/ml) to (800 µg/ml). The sample possessed a mild toxic effect toward MDA MB-231 and MCF-7 after being examined with MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay for up to 72 h of incubation. Higher reduction of cells viability was observed as the concentration of sample was increased in MDA MB-231 cell line than in MCF-7. Therefore, further cytotoxicity tests were performed on MDA MB-231 cell line.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/administration & dosage*; Magnetite Nanoparticles/ultrastructure; Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Fulltext Studies on properties of rice straw/polymer nanocomposites based on polycaprolactone and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and evaluation of antibacterial activity

Khandanlou R, Ahmad MB, Shameli K, Saki E, Kalantari K

Int J Mol Sci, 2014;15(10):18466-83.
PMID: 25318051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018466

Modified rice straw/Fe3O4/polycaprolactone nanocomposites (ORS/Fe3O4/ PCL-NCs) have been prepared for the first time using a solution casting method. The RS/Fe3O4-NCs were modified with octadecylamine (ODA) as an organic modifier. The prepared NCs were characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The XRD results showed that as the intensity of the peaks decreased with the increase of ORS/Fe3O4-NCs content in comparison with PCL peaks, the Fe3O4-NPs peaks increased from 1.0 to 60.0 wt. %. The TEM and SEM results showed a good dispersion of ORS/Fe3O4-NCs in the PCL matrix and the spherical shape of the NPs. The TGA analysis indicated thermal stability of ORS/Fe3O4-NCs increased after incorporation with PCL but the thermal stability of ORS/Fe3O4/PCL-NCs decreased with the increase of ORS/Fe3O4-NCs content. Tensile strength was improved with the addition of 5.0 wt. % of ORS/Fe3O4-NCs. The antibacterial activities of the ORS/Fe3O4/PCL-NC films were examined against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) by diffusion method using nutrient agar. The results indicated that ORS/Fe3O4/PCL-NC films possessed a strong antibacterial activity with the increase in the percentage of ORS/Fe3O4-NCs in the PCL.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Magnetic nanoparticles are highly toxic to chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, dengue virus (DEN-2), and their mosquito vectors

Murugan K, Wei J, Alsalhi MS, Nicoletti M, Paulpandi M, Samidoss CM, et al.

Parasitol Res, 2017 Feb;116(2):495-502.
PMID: 27815736 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5310-0

A main challenge in parasitology is the development of reliable tools to prevent or treat mosquito-borne diseases. We investigated the toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) produced by Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense (strain MSR-1) on chloroquine-resistant (CQ-r) and sensitive (CQ-s) Plasmodium falciparum, dengue virus (DEN-2), and two of their main vectors, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti, respectively. MNP were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. They were toxic to larvae and pupae of An. stephensi, LC50 ranged from 2.563 ppm (1st instar larva) to 6.430 ppm (pupa), and Ae. aegypti, LC50 ranged from 3.231 ppm (1st instar larva) to 7.545 ppm (pupa). MNP IC50 on P. falciparum were 83.32 μg ml(-1) (CQ-s) and 87.47 μg ml(-1) (CQ-r). However, the in vivo efficacy of MNP on Plasmodium berghei was low if compared to CQ-based treatments. Moderate cytotoxicity was detected on Vero cells post-treatment with MNP doses lower than 4 μg ml(-1). MNP evaluated at 2-8 μg ml(-1) inhibited DEN-2 replication inhibiting the expression of the envelope (E) protein. In conclusion, our findings represent the first report about the use of MNP in medical and veterinary entomology, proposing them as suitable materials to develop reliable tools to combat mosquito-borne diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/toxicity*
Cellulose supported magnetic nanohybrids: Synthesis, physicomagnetic properties and biomedical applications-A review

Haniffa MACM, Munawar K, Chee CY, Pramanik S, Halilu A, Illias HA, et al.

Carbohydr Polym, 2021 Sep 01;267:118136.
PMID: 34119125 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118136

Cellulose and its forms are widely used in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and lack of cytotoxicity. It provides ample opportunities for the functionalization of supported magnetic nanohybrids (CSMNs). Because of the abundance of surface hydroxyl groups, they are surface tunable in either homogeneous or heterogeneous solvents and thus act as a substrate or template for the CSMNs' development. The present review emphasizes on the synthesis of various CSMNs, their physicomagnetic properties, and potential applications such as stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, MRI, enzyme encapsulation, nucleic acid extraction, wound healing and tissue engineering. The impact of CSMNs on cytotoxicity, magnetic hyperthermia, and folate-conjugates is highlighted in particular, based on their structures, cell viability, and stability. Finally, the review also discussed the challenges and prospects of CSMNs' development. This review is expected to provide CSMNs' development roadmap in the context of 21st-century demands for biomedical therapeutics.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Magnetite-sporopollenin/graphene oxide as new preconcentration adsorbent for removal of polar organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables

Markus A, Gbadamosi AO, Yusuff AS, Agi A, Oseh J

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018 Dec;25(35):35130-35142.
PMID: 30328041 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3402-3

In this study, a new magnetic adsorbent based on magnetite-sporopollenin/graphene oxide (Fe3O4-SP/GO) was successfully developed. The adsorbent was applied for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of three selected polar organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), namely, dimethoate, phenthoate, and phosphamidon, prior to gas chromatography analysis with electron capture detection (GC-μECD). The Fe3O4-SP/GO adsorbent combines the advantages of superior adsorption capability of the modified sporopollenin (SP) with graphene oxide (GO) and magnetite (Fe3O4) for easy isolation from sample solution. Several MSPE parameters were optimized. Under optimized conditions, excellent linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9994) was achieved using matrix match calibration in the range of 0.1 to 500 ng mL-1. The limit of detection (LOD) method (S/N = 3) was from 0.02 to 0.05 ng mL-1. The developed Fe3O4-SP/GO MSPE method was successfully applied for the determination of these three polar OPPs in cucumber, long beans, bell pepper, and tomato samples. Good recoveries (81.0-120.0%) and good relative standard deviation (RSD) (1.4-7.8%, n = 3) were obtained for the spiked OPPs (1 ng mL-1) from real samples. This study is beneficial for adsorptive removal of toxic pesticide compounds from vegetable samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry
Fulltext Antimicrobial and controlled release studies of a novel nystatin conjugated iron oxide nanocomposite

Hussein-Al-Ali SH, El Zowalaty ME, Kura AU, Geilich B, Fakurazi S, Webster TJ, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:651831.
PMID: 24900976 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651831

Nystatin is a tetraene diene polyene antibiotic showing a broad spectrum of antifungal activity. In the present study, we prepared a nystatin nanocomposite (Nyst-CS-MNP) by loading nystatin (Nyst) on chitosan (CS) coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The magnetic nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD results showed that the MNPs and nanocomposite are pure magnetite. The FTIR analysis confirmed the binding of CS on the surface of the MNPs and also the loading of Nyst in the nanocomposite. The Nyst drug loading was estimated using UV-Vis instrumentation and showing a 14.9% loading in the nanocomposite. The TEM size image of the MNPs, CS-MNP, and Nyst-CS-MNP was 13, 11, and 8 nm, respectively. The release profile of the Nyst drug from the nanocomposite followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The antimicrobial activity of the as-synthesized Nyst and Nyst-CS-MNP nanocomposite was evaluated using an agar diffusion method and showed enhanced antifungal activity against Candida albicans. In this manner, this study introduces a novel nanocomposite that can decrease fungus activity on-demand for numerous medical applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry
Efficiency of barium removal from radioactive waste water using the combination of maghemite and titania nanoparticles in PVA and alginate beads

Majidnia Z, Idris A, Majid M, Zin R, Ponraj M

Appl Radiat Isot, 2015 Nov;105:105-113.
PMID: 26275818 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.06.028

In this paper, both maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized and mixed in various ratios and embedded in PVA and alginate beads. Batch sorption experiments were applied for removal of barium ions from aqueous solution under sunlight using the beads. The process has been investigated as a function of pH, contact time, temperature, initial barium ion concentration and TiO2:γ-Fe2O3 ratios (1:10, 1:60 and 1). The recycling attributes of these beads were also considered. Furthermore, the results revealed that 99% of the Ba(II) was eliminated in 150min at pH 8 under sunlight. Also, the maghemite and titania PVA-alginate beads can be readily isolated from the aqueous solution after the process and reused for at least 7 times without significant losses of their initial properties. The reduction of Ba(II) with maghemite and titania PVA-alginate beads fitted the pseudo first order and second order Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/ultrastructure
Fulltext The Impact of Magnesium-Aluminum-Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Polyvinyl Alcohol Coated on Magnetite on the Preparation of Core-Shell Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery Agent

Ebadi M, Buskaran K, Saifullah B, Fakurazi S, Hussein MZ

Int J Mol Sci, 2019 Aug 01;20(15).
PMID: 31374834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153764

One of the current developments in drug research is the controlled release formulation of drugs, which can be released in a controlled manner at a specific target in the body. Due to the diverse physical and chemical properties of various drugs, a smart drug delivery system is highly sought after. The present study aimed to develop a novel drug delivery system using magnetite nanoparticles as the core and coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and Mg-Al-layered double hydroxide (MLDH) for the formation of FPVA-FU-MLDH nanoparticles. The existence of the coated nanoparticles was supported by various physico-chemical analyses. In addition, the drug content, kinetics, and mechanism of drug release also were studied. 5-fluorouracil (5FU) was found to be released in a controlled manner from the nanoparticles at pH = 4.8 (representing the cancerous cellular environment) and pH = 7.4 (representing the blood environment), governed by pseudo-second-order kinetics. The cytotoxicity study revealed that the anticancer delivery system of FPVA-FU-MLDH nanoparticles showed much better anticancer activity than the free drug, 5FU, against liver cancer and HepG2 cells, and at the same time, it was found to be less toxic to the normal fibroblast 3T3 cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Fulltext Green Synthesized Montmorillonite/Carrageenan/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites for pH-Responsive Release of Protocatechuic Acid and Its Anticancer Activity

Yew YP, Shameli K, Mohamad SE, Lee KX, Teow SY

Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Jul 09;21(14).
PMID: 32659939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144851

Discovery of a novel anticancer drug delivery agent is important to replace conventional cancer therapies which are often accompanied by undesired side effects. This study demonstrated the synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanocomposites (Fe3O4-NCs) using a green method. Montmorillonite (MMT) was used as matrix support, while Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and carrageenan (CR) were used as filler and stabilizer, respectively. The combination of these materials resulted in a novel nanocomposite (MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs). A series of characterization experiments was conducted. The purity of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis revealed the uniform and spherical shape of Fe3O4 NPs with an average particle size of 9.3 ± 1.2 nm. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis showed an Ms value of 2.16 emu/g with negligible coercivity which confirmed the superparamagnetic properties. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) was loaded onto the MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs and a drug release study showed that 15% and 92% of PCA was released at pH 7.4 and 4.8, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs and MMT/CR/Fe3O4-PCA effectively killed HCT116 which is a colorectal cancer cell line. Dose-dependent inhibition was seen and the killing was enhanced two-fold by the PCA-loaded NCs (IC50-0.734 mg/mL) compared to the unloaded NCs (IC50-1.5 mg/mL). This study highlights the potential use of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs as a biologically active pH-responsive drug delivery agent. Further investigations are warranted to delineate the mechanism of cell entry and cancer cell killing as well as to improve the therapeutic potential of MMT/CR/Fe3O4-NCs.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry
Graphene-magnetite as adsorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid in stingless bee honey

Musa M, Wan Ibrahim WA, Mohd Marsin F, Abdul Keyon AS, Rashidi Nodeh H

Food Chem, 2018 Nov 01;265:165-172.
PMID: 29884368 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.020

Graphene-magnetite composite (G-Fe3O4) was successfully synthesized and applied as adsorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of two phenolic acids namely 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB) from stingless bee honey prior to analysis using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible detection (HPLC-UV/Vis). Several MSPE parameters affecting extraction of these two acids were optimized. Optimum MSPE conditions were 50 mg of G-Fe3O4 adsorbent, 5 min extraction time at 1600 rpm, 30 mL sample volume, sample solution pH 0.5, 200 µL methanol as desorption solvent (5 min sonication assisted) and 5% w/v NaCl. The LODs (3 S/N) calculated for 4-HB and 3,4-DHB were 0.08 and 0.14 µg/g, respectively. Good relative recoveries (72.6-110.6%) and reproducibility values (RSD 

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry
In vitro evaluation of actively targetable superparamagnetic nanoparticles to the folate receptor positive cancer cells

Nasiri R, Hamzehalipour Almaki J, Idris AB, Abdul Majid FA, Nasiri M, Salouti M, et al.

Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2016 Dec 01;69:1147-58.
PMID: 27612812 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.07.076

Engineering of a physiologically compatible, stable and targetable SPIONs-CA-FA formulation was reported. Initially fabricated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were coated with citric acid (CA) to hamper agglomeration as well as to ameliorate biocompatibility. Folic acid (FA) as a targeting agent was then conjugated to the citric acid coated SPIONs (SPIONs-CA) for targeting the specific receptors expressed on the FAR+ cancer cells. Physiochemical characterizations were then performed to assure required properties like stability, size, phase purity, surface morphology, chemical integrity and magnetic properties. In vitro evaluations (MTT assay) were performed on HeLa, HSF 1184, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231cell lines to ensure the biocompatibility of SPIONs-CA-FA. There were no morphological changes and lysis in contact with erythrocytes recorded for SPIONs-CA-FA and SPIONs-CA. High level of SPIONs-CA-FA binding to FAR+ cell lines was assured via qualitative and quantitative in vitro binding studies. Hence, SPIONs-CA-FA was introduced as a promising tool for biomedical applications like magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery. The in vitro findings presented in this study need to be compared with those of in vivo studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Fulltext Release of a liver anticancer drug, sorafenib from its PVA/LDH- and PEG/LDH-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery applications

Ebadi M, Bullo S, Buskara K, Hussein MZ, Fakurazi S, Pastorin G

Sci Rep, 2020 Dec 09;10(1):21521.
PMID: 33298980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76504-5

The use of nanocarriers composed of polyethylene glycol- and polyvinyl alcohol-coated vesicles encapsulating active molecules in place of conventional chemotherapy drugs can reduce many of the chemotherapy-associated challenges because of the increased drug concentration at the diseased area in the body. The present study investigated the structure and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol as the basic surface coating agents. We used superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FNPs) as the core and studied their effectiveness when two polymers, namely polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), were used as the coating agents together with magnesium-aluminum-layered double hydroxide (MLDH) as the nanocarrier. In addition, the anticancer drug sorafenib (SO), was loaded on MLDH and coated onto the surface of the nanoparticles, to best exploit this nano-drug delivery system for biomedical applications. Samples were prepared by the co-precipitation method, and the resulting formation of the nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray, FTIR, TEM, SEM, DLS, HPLC, UV-Vis, TGA and VSM. The X-ray diffraction results indicated that all the as-synthesized samples contained highly crystalline and pure Fe3O4. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the shape of FPEGSO-MLDH nanoparticles was generally spherical, with a mean diameter of 17 nm, compared to 19 nm for FPVASO-MLDH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of nanocarriers with polymer-coating on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles and the existence of loaded active drug consisting of sorafenib. Thermogravimetric analyses demonstrated the thermal stability of the nanoparticles, which displayed enhanced anticancer effect after coating. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) curves of both produced samples showed superparamagnetic behavior with the high saturation magnetization of 57 emu/g for FPEGSO-MLDH and 49 emu/g for FPVASO-MLDH. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a narrow size distribution of both final samples. The SO drug loading and the release behavior from FPEGSO-MLDH and FPVASO-MLDH were assessed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. This evaluation showed around 85% drug release within 72 h, while 74% of sorafenib was released in phosphate buffer solution at pH 4.8. The release profiles of sorafenib from the two designed samples were found to be sustained according to pseudo-second-order kinetics. The cytotoxicity studies confirmed the anti-cancer activity of the coated nanoparticles loaded with SO against liver cancer cells, HepG2. Conversely, the drug delivery system was less toxic than the pure drug towards fibroblast-type 3T3 cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry
Fulltext Preparation and characterization of 6-mercaptopurine-coated magnetite nanoparticles as a drug delivery system

Dorniani D, Hussein MZ, Kura AU, Fakurazi S, Shaari AH, Ahmad Z

Drug Des Devel Ther, 2013;7:1015-26.
PMID: 24106420 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S43035

BACKGROUND: Iron oxide nanoparticles are of considerable interest because of their use in magnetic recording tape, ferrofluid, magnetic resonance imaging, drug delivery, and treatment of cancer. The specific morphology of nanoparticles confers an ability to load, carry, and release different types of drugs.
METHODS AND RESULTS: We synthesized superparamagnetic nanoparticles containing pure iron oxide with a cubic inverse spinal structure. Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed that these Fe3O4 nanoparticles could be successfully coated with active drug, and thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analyses showed that the thermal stability of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with chitosan and 6-mercaptopurine (FCMP) was markedly enhanced. The synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the FCMP nanocomposite were generally spherical, with an average diameter of 9 nm and 19 nm, respectively. The release of 6-mercaptopurine from the FCMP nanocomposite was found to be sustained and governed by pseudo-second order kinetics. In order to improve drug loading and release behavior, we prepared a novel nanocomposite (FCMP-D), ie, Fe3O4 nanoparticles containing the same amounts of chitosan and 6-mercaptopurine but using a different solvent for the drug. The results for FCMP-D did not demonstrate "burst release" and the maximum percentage release of 6-mercaptopurine from the FCMP-D nanocomposite reached about 97.7% and 55.4% within approximately 2,500 and 6,300 minutes when exposed to pH 4.8 and pH 7.4 solutions, respectively. By MTT assay, the FCMP nanocomposite was shown not to be toxic to a normal mouse fibroblast cell line.
CONCLUSION: Iron oxide coated with chitosan containing 6-mercaptopurine prepared using a coprecipitation method has the potential to be used as a controlled-release formulation. These nanoparticles may serve as an alternative drug delivery system for the treatment of cancer, with the added advantage of sparing healthy surrounding cells and tissue.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles*
Enhanced Catalytic Activity, Facile Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Spinel Mn-Co Aluminate Nano-Catalysts

Bhavani P, Manikandan A, Jaganathan SK, Shankar S, Antony SA

J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2018 Feb 01;18(2):1388-1395.
PMID: 29448597 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2018.14112

Undoped and Mn2+ doped CoAl2O4 (MnxCo1-xAl2O4; x = 0.0 to 1.0) spinel nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a microwave heating method using glycine as the fuel. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was confirmed the cubic spinel structure. The average crystallite size of the samples was found to be in the range of 16.46 nm to 20.25 nm calculated by Scherrer's formula. The nano-sized particle-like morphology of the samples was confirmed by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) results showed the pure form of spinel aluminate structure. The band gap energy (Eg) of pure CoAl2O4 was estimated to be 3.68 eV from UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and the Eg values increased with increase of Mn2+ ions, due to the smaller grain size. The magnetic hysteresis (M-H) loop showed the superparamagnetic nature, and the magnetization and coercivity values increased with increasing Mn2+ ions, which was confirmed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). All compositions of the nano-catalysts were tested as catalyst successfully for the conversion of benzyl alcohol into benzaldehyde and observed good catalytic activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles
Novel Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Spinel Ni x Co1-xAl₂O₄ (x= 0.0 to 1.0) Nano-Catalysts for the Catalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol

Suguna S, Shankar S, Jaganathan SK, Manikandan A

J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2018 Feb 01;18(2):1019-1026.
PMID: 29448527 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2018.13960

Ni-doped cobalt aluminate NixCo1-xAl2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) spinel nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a simple microwave combustion method using urea as the fuel and as well as reducing agent. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was confirmed the formation of single phase, cubic spinel cobalt-nickel aluminate structure without any other impurities. Average crystallite sizes of the samples were found to be in the range of 18.93 nm to 21.47 nm by Scherrer's formula. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis was confirmed the corresponding functional groups of the M-O, Al-O and M-Al-O (M = Co and Ni) bonds of spinel NixCo1-xAl2O4 structure. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images was confirmed the particle like nanostructured morphology. Energy band gap (Eg) value was calculated using UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and the Eg values increased with increasing Ni2+ dopant from x = 0.2 (3.58 eV) to x = 1.0 (4.15 eV). Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements exposed that undoped and Ni-doped CoAl2O4 samples have superparamagnetic behavior and the magnetization (Ms) values were increased with increasing Ni2+ ions. Spinel NixCo1-xAl2O4 samples has been used for the catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol into benzaldehyde and was found that the sample Ni0.6Co0.4Al2O4 showed higher conversion 94.37% with 100% selectivity than other samples, which may be due to the smaller particle size and higher surface area.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles

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