Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 102 in total

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  1. Histological analysis of motoneuron survival and microglia inhibition after nerve root avulsion treated with nerve graft implantation and minocycline: an experimental study
    Wu W, Jafri M Abdullah, Faizul H Ghazali
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1641-1648.
    Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of injuries involving avulsion of the brachial plexus in humans,
    resulting in debilitating motor dysfunction. Lack of an established animal model to test drug treatments hinders
    the introduction of new pharmacological agents. Avulsion injury of cervical ventral roots can be replicated in rats,
    resulting in a progressive loss of the motoneurons and increase in neurotoxic expression of microglia. This is a report
    on the effect of prompt nerve implantation and minocycline treatment on the suppression of microglia activation and
    survival of motoneurons. 20 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study, which was approved by the
    Animal Ethical Committee, USM (approval number /2011/(73)(346)). The animals underwent surgical avulsion of the
    C6 nerve root, followed by reimplantation with peripheral nerve graft and treatment with intraperitoneal minocycline.
    At 6 weeks postoperatively, immunohistochemistry using primary antibody Iba1 (microglia) and nicotinamide adenine
    dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPh) with neutral-red staining (motoneuron) under flourescence microscopy
    was performed at the C6 spinal cord segment and then quantified. This study showed significant reduction of microglia
    expression in the study group; mean ranks of control and study group were 15.2 and 11.6, respectively; U=9.5, Z=3.02,
    p<0.05. However, this did not translate into a significant increase of motoneuron survival in the combined group;
    the mean ranks of control and study group were 40.6 and 41.6, respectively; U=44.5, Z=-.0378, p>0.05. This may
    be due to the effect of the surgery; the surgery has the potential to cause additional trauma to the cord parenchyma,
    leading to further motoneuron loss and an increase in scarring around the avulsed region, thus impeding regeneration
    of the motoneuron.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  2. Fulltext Gradual Recovery from Bilateral Severe Sensorineural Hearing Loss post Motor Vehicle Accident
    Yaroko AA, Shahrjerdi B, Md Daud MK
    Med J Malaysia, 2013 Apr;68(2):181-2.
    PMID: 23629574 MyJurnal
    Sensorineural hearing loss following trauma is a common finding in daily clinical practice and usually associated with a poor prognosis. Our case illustrates a patient who was involved in motor vehicle accident sustaining bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss but subsequently recovered fully after two years. Unless there is clear trauma to the cochlea or auditory nerve, a substantial duration of follow up is needed in the treatment of such cases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  3. Fulltext GIS routing and modelling of residential waste collection for operational management and cost optimization
    Billa, L., Pradhan, B., Yakuup, A.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2014;22(1):193-211.
    MyJurnal
    In this paper, optimum routing was developed based on the travel salesman method and integrated in ArcInfo GIS using linear programming. The results of the optimized travel distances and times for residential waste collection and routing to disposal site were used to calculate the number and type of required track collection, labour requirement, costing of waste collection and to determine the overall solid waste management efficiency through waste management operation research methods. The objective of the study was to optimize residential collection and hauling to disposal site through operation cost minimization for Petaling Jaya Municipality in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. The study determined that with optimized routes and recycling possibilities, the total cost of waste collections could be reduced from RM90,372 to RM20,967, with a reduction of 76.8%. It was also revealed that optimum routes might not necessarily be the shortest distance from point A to point B as travel time maybe high on short distances due to traffic congestion and the presence of many traffic lights. Techniques and methods developed using general GIS have proven effective in route optimization and allowed management of data to suit local conditions and limitations of waste management for the studied area. Thus, scenarios of travel distances, time and waste quantity value generated from the GIS enabled appropriate determination of the number of waste trucks and labour requirements for the operation and the overall calculation of costs of waste management based on the operation research methods used in the study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  4. Fatigue-related crashes involving express buses in Malaysia: will the proposed policy of banning the early-hour operation reduce fatigue-related crashes and benefit overall road safety?
    Mohamed N, Mohd-Yusoff MF, Othman I, Zulkipli ZH, Osman MR, Voon WS
    Accid Anal Prev, 2012 Mar;45 Suppl:45-9.
    PMID: 22239931 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2011.09.025
    Fatigue-related crashes have long been the topic of discussion and study worldwide. The relationship between fatigue-related crashes and time of day is well documented. In Malaysia, the possibility of banning express buses from operating during the early-hours of the morning has emerged as an important consideration for passenger safety. This paper highlights the findings of an impact assessment study. The study was conducted to determine all possible impacts prior to the government making any decision on the proposed banning. This study is an example of a simple and inexpensive approach that may influence future policy-making process. The impact assessment comprised two major steps. The first step involved profiling existing operation scenarios, gathering information on crashes involving public express buses and stakeholders' views. The second step involved a qualitative impact assessment analysis using all information gathered during the profiling stage to describe the possible impacts. Based on the assessment, the move to ban early-hour operations could possibly result in further negative impacts on the overall road safety agenda. These negative impacts may occur if the fundamental issues, such as driving and working hours, and the need for rest and sleep facilities for drivers, are not addressed. In addition, a safer and more accessible public transportation system as an alternative for those who choose to travel at night would be required. The proposed banning of early-hour operations is also not a feasible solution for sustainability of express bus operations in Malaysia, especially for those operating long journeys. The paper concludes by highlighting the need to design a more holistic approach for preventing fatigue-related crashes involving express buses in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles*
  5. Fatal penetrating neck injury due to defective airbag inflator
    Jothee S, Shafie MS, Mohd Nor F
    Forensic Sci Int, 2018 Aug 31.
    PMID: 30217665 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.038
    We present a case of a fatal motor vehicle collision of a 22-year-old car driver, who died at the scene after losing control of his car, and subsequently collided with a tree by the roadside. The subsequent autopsy revealed penetrating injuries on the neck, severing the larynx, carotid artery, jugular vein and fracturing the cervical vertebrae. Internal examination showed the offending material to be a semi-cylindrical metal fragment, which had lodged within the paravertebral muscle. Examination of the car with the authorities found that the metal fragment originated from a defective airbag booster cannister, which shattered upon deployment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  6. Fulltext Fatal airbag-mediated atlanto-occipital dislocation in a child
    Hassan R, Mohd Yusof M, Kamarudin NA
    Malays J Med Sci, 2010 Oct;17(4):67-70.
    PMID: 22135564 MyJurnal
    An atlanto-occipital dislocation is a rare airbag-induced injury in trauma patients. We report a case of an atlanto-occipital dislocation in a 6-year-old patient who was an unrestrained passenger in the front seat of a vehicle involved in a low-speed motor vehicle accident. This case illustrates the fatal threat of airbag deployment to the child passenger travelling in the vehicle front seat even in a low-speed collision, and supports the recommendation that children under 12 years of age travelling in vehicles with dual airbag systems should be seated in the back.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  7. Fulltext Fat embolism syndrome treated with methylprednisolone: a different perception or a misconception?
    Mohd Shaffid Md Shariff, Hanizah Ngadiron, Firdaus Hayati, Affirul Chairil Ariffin
    Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2017;11(3):45-48.
    MyJurnal
    Fat embolism syndrome is manifested by the fat globule presence in the pulmonary and systemic circulation. A 34-year-old man was involved in a motor vehicle accident with a fracture of the left femur and avulsion fracture of the left posterior cruciate ligaments. He developed signs and symptoms that suggested an early diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome. Intravenous methylprednisolone administration was administered as part of the treatment. The role of methylprednisolone in a patient with fat embolism syndrome is controversial due to unproven effectiveness. In this case, fat embolism syndrome after a femur fracture was treated successfully with methylprednisolone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  8. Fulltext Factors prognosticating the outcome of decompressive craniectomy in severe traumatic brain injury: A Malaysian experience
    Sharda P, Haspani S, Idris Z
    Asian J Neurosurg, 2014 Oct-Dec;9(4):203-12.
    PMID: 25685217 DOI: 10.4103/1793-5482.146605
    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this prospective cohort study was to analyse the characteristics of severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in a regional trauma centre Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL) along with its impact of various prognostic factors post Decompressive Craniectomy (DC).
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Duration of the study was of 13 months in HKL. 110 consecutive patients undergoing DC and remained in our centre were recruited. They were then analysed categorically with standard analytical software.
    RESULTS: Age group have highest range between 12-30 category with male preponderance. Common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle accident involving motorcyclist. Univariate analysis showed statistically significant in referral area (P = 0.006). In clinical evaluation statistically significant was the motor score (P = 0.040), pupillary state (P = 0.010), blood pressure stability (P = 0.013) and evidence of Diabetes Insipidus (P < 0.001). In biochemical status the significant statistics included evidence of coagulopathy (P < 0.001), evidence of acidosis (P = 0.003) and evidence of hypoxia (P = 0.030). In Radiological sector, significant univariate analysis proved in location of the subdural clot (P < 0.010), location of the contusion (P = 0.045), site of existence of both type of clots (P = 0.031) and the evidence of edema (P = 0.041). The timing of injury was noted to be significant as well (P = 0.061). In the post operative care was, there were significance in the overall stability in intensive care (P < 0.001), the stability of blood pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, pulse rates and oxygen saturation (all P < 0.001)seen individually, post operative ICP monitoring in the immediate (P = 0.002), within 24 hours (P < 0.001) and within 24-48 hours (P < 0.001) period, along with post operative pupillary size (P < 0.001) and motor score (P < 0.001). Post operatively, radiologically significant statistics included evidence of midline shift post operatively in the CT scan (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression with stepwise likelihood ratio (LR) method concluded that hypoxia post operatively (P = 0.152), the unmaintained Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) (P = 0.007) and unstable blood pressure (BP) (P = <0.001). Poor outcome noted 10.2 times higher in post operative hypoxia [OR10.184; 95% CI: 0.424, 244.495]. Odds of having poor outcome if CPP unmaintained was 13.8 times higher [OR: 13.754; CI: 2.050, 92.301]. Highest predictor of poor outcome was the unstable BP, 32 times higher [OR 31.600; CI: 4.530, 220440].
    CONCLUSION: Our series represent both urban and rural population, noted to be the largest series in severe TBI in this region. Severe head injury accounts for significant proportion of neurosurgical admissions, resources with its impact on socio-economic concerns to a growing population like Malaysia. This study concludes that the predictors of outcome in severe TBI post DC were postoperative hypoxia, unmaintained cerebral perfusion pressure and unstable blood pressure as independent predictors of poor outcome. Key words: Decompressive craniectomy, prognostication of decompressive craniectomy, prognostication of severe head injury, prognostication of traumatic brain injury, severe head injury, severe traumatic brain injury, traumatic brain injury.
    KEYWORDS: Decompressive craniectomy; prognostication of decompressive craniectomy; prognostication of severe head injury; prognostication of traumatic brain injury; severe head injury; severe traumatic brain injury; traumatic brain injury
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  9. Experience of the new hopper type conservancy lorry; (Korrier-Yorkshire conservancy collector)
    HOLMES W
    Med J Malaya, 1956 Mar;10(3):271-2.
    PMID: 13347460
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles*
  10. Environmental planning strategies for optimum solid waste landfill siting
    Sumiani Y, Onn C, Mohd Din M, Wan Jaafar W
    Sains Malaysiana, 2009;38.
    The use of environmental planning tools for optimum solid waste landfill siting taking into account all environmental implications was carried out by applying Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to enhance the research information obtained from initial analysis using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The objective of this study is to identify the most eco-friendly landfill site by conducting a LCA analysis upon 5 potential GIS generated sites which incorporated eleven important criteria related to the social, environmental, and economical factors. The LCA analysis utilized the daily distance covered by collection trucks among the 5 selected landfill sites to generate inventory data on total energy usage for each landfill sites. The planning and selection of the potential sites were facilitated after conducting environmental impact analysis upon the inventory data which showed the least environmental impact.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  11. Fulltext Enhanced weight-based clustering algorithm to provide reliable delivery for VANET safety applications
    Bello Tambawal A, Md Noor R, Salleh R, Chembe C, Oche M
    PLoS One, 2019;14(4):e0214664.
    PMID: 30946766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214664
    A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an emerging and promising wireless technology aimed to improve traffic safety and provide comfort to road users. However, the high mobility of vehicles and frequent topology changes pose a considerable challenge to the reliable delivery of safety applications. Clustering is one of the control techniques used in VANET to make the frequent topology changes less dynamic. Nevertheless, research has shown that most of the existing clustering algorithms focus on cluster head (CH) election with very few addressing other critical issues such as cluster formation and maintenance. This has led to unstable clusters which could affect the timely delivery of safety applications. In this study, enhanced weight-based clustering algorithm (EWCA) was developed to address these challenges. We considered any vehicle moving on the same road segment with the same road ID and within the transmission range of its neighbour to be suitable for the cluster formation process. This was attributed to the fact that all safety messages are expected to be shared among the vehicles within the vicinity irrespective of their relative speedto avoid any hazardous situation. To elect a CH, we identified some metrics on the basis of the vehicle mobility information. Each vehicle was associated with a predefined weight value based on its relevance. A vehicle with the highest weight value was elected as the primary cluster head (PCH). We also introduced a secondary cluster head (SeCH) as a backup to the PCH to improve the cluster stability. SeCH took over the leadership whenever the PCH was not suitable for continuing with the leadership. The simulation results of the proposed approach showed a better performance with an increase of approximately40%- 45% in the cluster stability when compared with the existing approaches. Similarly, cluster formation messages were significantly minimized, hence reducing the communication overhead to the system and improving the reliable delivery of the safety applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles*
  12. Fulltext Emergency lung-sparing surgical repair of a complete transection of the right mainstem bronchus due to blunt chest trauma
    Sachithanandan A, Tan YS, Abdul Muis J, Rapi AR, Mohd Arif MN, Badmanaban B, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2014 Apr;69(2):92-4.
    PMID: 25241820 MyJurnal
    Traumatic chest injury with complete tracheo- bronchial disruption is uncommon and occurs in approximately 1% of motor vehicle accidents (MVA) (1,2). Such injuries carry a high mortality and patients rarely survive transfer to hospital. A high index of suspicion facilitates early diagnosis. Early operative intervention is vital for survival. We describe a rare case of traumatic complete disruption of the right mainstem bronchus (RMB) due to blunt chest trauma. The transected airway was reanastomosed emergently avoiding a lung resection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  13. Disposable E-Tongue for the Assessment of Water Quality in Fish Tanks
    Chang CC, Saad B, Surif M, Ahmad MN, Md Shakaff AY
    Sensors (Basel), 2008 Jun 01;8(6):3665-3677.
    PMID: 27879900
    A disposable screen-printed e-tongue based on sensor array and pattern recognition that is suitable for the assessment of water quality in fish tanks is described. The characteristics of sensors fabricated using two kinds of sensing materials, namely (i) lipids (referred to as Type 1), and (ii) alternative electroactive materials comprising liquid ion-exchangers and macrocyclic compounds (Type 2) were evaluated for their performance stability, sensitivity and reproducibility. The Type 2 e-tongue was found to have better sensing performance in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility and was thus used for application studies. By using a pattern recognition tool i.e. principal component analysis (PCA), the e-tongue was able to discriminate the changes in the water quality in tilapia and catfish tanks monitored over eight days. E-tongues coupled with partial least squares (PLS) was used for the quantitative analysis of nitrate and ammonium ions in catfish tank water and good agreement were found with the ion-chromatography method (relative error, ±1.04- 4.10 %).
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  14. Fulltext Cost implication analysis of concrete and Masonry waste in construction project
    Kasvar, K.K., Nagapan, S., Abdullah, A.H., Ullah, K., Deraman, R., Yunus, R., et al.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(105):177-184.
    MyJurnal
    Concrete and masonry waste are the main types of waste typically generated at a construction project. There is a lack of studies in the country regarding the cost implication of managing these types of construction waste To address this need in Malaysia, the study is carried out to measure the disposal cost of concrete and masonry waste. The study was carried out by a site visit method using an indirect measurement approach to quantify the quantity of waste generated at the project. Based on the recorded number of trips for waste collection, the total expenditure to dispose the waste were derived in three construction stages. Data was collected four times a week for the period July 2014 to July 2015. The total waste generated at the study site was 762.51 m3 and the cost incurred for the 187 truck trips required to dispose the waste generated from the project site to the nearby landfill was RM22,440.00. The findings will be useful to both researchers and policy makers concerned with construction waste.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  15. Contaminant removal in septage treatment with vertical flow constructed wetlands operated under batch flow conditions
    Jong VS, Tang FE
    Water Sci Technol, 2016;73(4):909-15.
    PMID: 26901735 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.563
    Individual septic tanks are the most common means of on-site sanitation in Malaysia, but they result in a significant volume of septage. A two-staged vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) system for the treatment of septage was constructed and studied in Sarawak, Malaysia. Raw septage was treated in the first stage wetlands, and the resulting percolate was fed onto the second stage wetlands for further treatment. Here, the effects of a batch loading regime on the contaminant removal efficiency at the second stage wetlands, which included palm kernel shell within their filter substrate, are presented. The batch loading regime with pond:rest (P:R) period of 1:1, 2:2 and 3:3 (day:day) was studied. The improvement of the effluent redox condition was evident with P:R = 3:3, resulting in excellent organic matters (chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand) and nitrogen reduction. The bed operated with P:R = 1:1 experienced constant clogging, with a water layer observed on the bed surface. For the P:R = 3:3 regime, the dissolved oxygen profile was not found to decay drastically after 24 hours of ponding, suggesting that the biodegradation mainly occurred during the first day. The study results indicate that a suitable application regime with an adequate rest period is important in VFCWs to ensure efficient operation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  16. Combustion performance and exhaust emissions fuelled with non-surfactant water-in-diesel emulsion fuel made from different water sources
    Ahmad MA, Yahya WJ, Ithnin AM, Hasannuddin AK, Bakar MAA, Fatah AYA, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018 Aug;25(24):24266-24280.
    PMID: 29948709 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2492-2
    Non-surfactant water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (NWD) is an alternative fuel that has the potential to reduce major exhaust emissions while simultaneously improving the combustion performance of a diesel engine. NWD comprises of diesel fuel and water (about 5% in volume) without any additional surfactants. This emulsion fuel is produced through an in-line mixing system that is installed very close to the diesel engine. This study focuses mainly on the performance and emission of diesel engine fuelled with NWD made from different water sources. The engine used in this study is a direct injection diesel engine with loads varying from 1 to 4 kW. The result shows that NWD made from tap water helps the engine to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) by 32%. Rainwater reduced it by 29% and seawater by 19%. In addition, all NWDs show significant improvements in engine performance as compared to diesel fuel, especially in the specific fuel consumption that indicates an average reduction of 6%. It is observed that all NWDs show compelling positive effects on engine performance, which is caused by the optimum water droplet size inside NWD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  17. Case 263
    Martin JL, Vlachou PA
    Radiology, 2018 11;289(2):568-571.
    PMID: 30332363 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018162112
    History A 58-year-old woman was seen in the rheumatology clinic for bilateral wrist and knee pain that was unresponsive to physiotherapy and intra-articular steroid injections. Remote fracture of the left tibia from a motor vehicle collision was reported and was previously treated with conservative management. Serologic work-up for inflammatory disease was negative. The patient reported no prior surgical or medical history. Social history revealed remote immigration from Malaysia. Radiographs of the hands and knees were obtained ( Figs 1 - 4 ). [Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Figure: see text].
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  18. Fulltext Cancer-risk perception among Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) medical students
    Jefferelli SB, Limi L
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2002;2(2):76-80.
    MyJurnal
    We do not know how medical doctors perceive the risk of cancer as a cause of death. Medical doctors provide advice and information on health risks to the general public. How they perceive these risks influences the way they behave towards these risks and the way they will communicate these risks. We would like to ascertain how medical students perceive cancer as a health risk. This will hehv us determine misperceptions among medical students that need to be addressed before they practice medicine. A cross-sectional study was conducted among
    all UPM medical students (2000-2001) using sefadministered questionnaires. A total of 339 (88.3%) students responded to the questionnaires. The internal consistency of items was good (Cronbach Alpha >0,7). Cancer was perceived as the 3rd leading risk of death after motor vehicle accidents (I") and heart diseases/cardiovascular disorders (2"d ). The breast was perceived as the organ with the highest risk of developing cancer. Smoking was perceived to be the leading risk factor for developing cancer. There is a dpjference in risk perception of diseases, cancer target organs and cancer risk factors based on gender and ethnicity. There was moderate to fair correlation ( r = 0.41-0.57) between perception of risks of death, cancer target organs and risks factors of cancer (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
  19. Fulltext Buckling up in Singapore: residency and other risk factors for seatbelt non-compliance - a cross-sectional study based on trauma registry data
    Wong TH, Lim GH, Chow KY, Trauma Coordinators and Trauma Service Representatives, Zaw NN, Nguyen HV, et al.
    BMC Public Health, 2016 05 14;16:402.
    PMID: 27180046 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3080-3
    BACKGROUND: Seatbelt non-compliance is a problem in middle income countries, and little is known about seatbelt compliance in populations with a high proportion of non-residents. This study analyses the profile of seatbelt non-compliance in Singapore based on trauma registry data from five of the six public hospitals.

    METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of seatbelt compliance of patients aged over 18 years, attending the emergency departments of five public hospitals in Singapore after road collisions from 2011-2014. Seatbelt data was obtained from paramedic and patient history.

    RESULTS: There were 4,576 patients studied. Most were Singapore citizens (83.4 %) or permanent residents (2.4 %), with the largest non-resident groups from Malaysia, India, and China. Overall seatbelt compliance was 82.1 %. On univariate analysis, seatbelt compliance was higher in older patients (OR 1.02, 95 % CI 1.001-1.021, p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles/statistics & numerical data
  20. Backtracking search algorithm in CVRP models for efficient solid waste collection and route optimization
    Akhtar M, Hannan MA, Begum RA, Basri H, Scavino E
    Waste Manag, 2017 Mar;61:117-128.
    PMID: 28153405 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.022
    Waste collection is an important part of waste management that involves different issues, including environmental, economic, and social, among others. Waste collection optimization can reduce the waste collection budget and environmental emissions by reducing the collection route distance. This paper presents a modified Backtracking Search Algorithm (BSA) in capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) models with the smart bin concept to find the best optimized waste collection route solutions. The objective function minimizes the sum of the waste collection route distances. The study introduces the concept of the threshold waste level (TWL) of waste bins to reduce the number of bins to be emptied by finding an optimal range, thus minimizing the distance. A scheduling model is also introduced to compare the feasibility of the proposed model with that of the conventional collection system in terms of travel distance, collected waste, fuel consumption, fuel cost, efficiency and CO2 emission. The optimal TWL was found to be between 70% and 75% of the fill level of waste collection nodes and had the maximum tightness value for different problem cases. The obtained results for four days show a 36.80% distance reduction for 91.40% of the total waste collection, which eventually increases the average waste collection efficiency by 36.78% and reduces the fuel consumption, fuel cost and CO2 emission by 50%, 47.77% and 44.68%, respectively. Thus, the proposed optimization model can be considered a viable tool for optimizing waste collection routes to reduce economic costs and environmental impacts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Motor Vehicles
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