Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 201 in total

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  1. Cloning and expression of the nucleocapsid protein gene of nipah virus in different strains of Escherichia coli
    Ong ST, Tan WS, Hassan SS, Mohd Lila MA, Yusoff K
    J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Biophys., 2002 Oct;6(5):347-50.
    PMID: 12385971
    The coding region of the nucleocapsid (N) gene was amplified from the viral RNA and inserted into the bacterial expression vector, pTrcHis2, for intracellular expression in three Escherichia coli strains: TOP 10, BL 21 and SG 935. The N protein was expressed as a fusion protein containing the myc epitope and His-tag at its C-terminal end. The amount of the fusion protein expressed in strain SG 935 was significantly higher than the other two strains, and was detected by the anti-myc antibody, anti-His and swine anti-NiV serum. Hence, the N(fus) protein produced in E. coli could serve as an alternative antigen for the detection of anti-NiV in swine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  2. Isolation of Nipah virus from Malaysian Island flying-foxes
    Chua KB, Koh CL, Hooi PS, Wee KF, Khong JH, Chua BH, et al.
    Microbes Infect., 2002 Feb;4(2):145-51.
    PMID: 11880045
    In late 1998, Nipah virus emerged in peninsular Malaysia and caused fatal disease in domestic pigs and humans and substantial economic loss to the local pig industry. Surveillance of wildlife species during the outbreak showed neutralizing antibodies to Nipah virus mainly in Island flying-foxes (Pteropus hypomelanus) and Malayan flying-foxes (Pteropus vampyrus) but no virus reactive with anti-Nipah virus antibodies was isolated. We adopted a novel approach of collecting urine from these Island flying-foxes and swabs of their partially eaten fruits. Three viral isolates (two from urine and one from a partially eaten fruit swab) that caused Nipah virus-like syncytial cytopathic effect in Vero cells and stained strongly with Nipah- and Hendra-specific antibodies were isolated. Molecular sequencing and analysis of the 11,200-nucleotide fragment representing the beginning of the nucleocapsid gene to the end of the glycoprotein gene of one isolate confirmed the isolate to be Nipah virus with a sequence deviation of five to six nucleotides from Nipah virus isolated from humans. The isolation of Nipah virus from the Island flying-fox corroborates the serological evidence that it is one of the natural hosts of the virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  3. Molecular characterization of Nipah virus, a newly emergent paramyxovirus
    Harcourt BH, Tamin A, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Anderson LJ, Bellini WJ, et al.
    Virology, 2000 Jun 5;271(2):334-49.
    PMID: 10860887
    Recently, a new paramyxovirus, now known as Nipah virus (NV), emerged in Malaysia and Singapore, causing fatal encephalitis in humans and a respiratory syndrome in pigs. Initial studies had indicated that NV is antigenically and genetically related to Hendra virus (HV). We generated the sequences of the N, P/C/V, M, F, and G genes of NV and compared these sequences with those of HV and other members of the family Paramyxoviridae. The intergenic regions of NV were identical to those of HV, and the gene start and stop sequences of NV were nearly identical to those of HV. The open reading frames (ORFs) for the V and C proteins within the P gene were found in NV, but the ORF encoding a potential short basic protein found in the P gene of HV was not conserved in NV. The N, P, C, V, M, F, and G ORFs in NV have nucleotide homologies ranging from 88% to 70% and predicted amino acid homologies ranging from 92% to 67% in comparison with HV. The predicted fusion cleavage sequence of the F protein of NV had a single amino acid substitution (K to R) in comparison with HV. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that although HV and NV are closely related, they are clearly distinct from any of the established genera within the Paramyxoviridae and should be considered a new genus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  4. Cellular proteins bind to the 3' and 5' untranslated regions of dengue 2 virus genome
    Ong CC, Lam SK, AbuBakar S
    Malays J Pathol, 1998 Jun;20(1):11-7.
    PMID: 10879258
    In vitro generated cloned full length dengue 2 virus untranslated regions (UTRs) were used in RNA gel mobility shift assays to examine cellular factors binding to the virus genomes. Cellular factors in lysates of Vero (monkey) and C6/36 (mosquito) cells bound specifically and non-specifically to the dengue 2 virus 3' UTR. Non-specific interaction with the 5' UTR, resulting in formation of at least 4 band shift complexes was noted with lysate of the C6/36 cells only. Pre-treating the cell lysates with proteinase K affected binding of cellular factors to the dengue 2 virus UTRs, suggesting that the cellular factors were proteins. These findings suggest that cellular proteins could interact with specific sites on the dengue virus genomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  5. Molecular characterization of the polymerase gene and genomic termini of Nipah virus
    Harcourt BH, Tamin A, Halpin K, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Bellini WJ, et al.
    Virology, 2001 Aug 15;287(1):192-201.
    PMID: 11504554
    In 1998, Nipah virus (NV) emerged in peninsular Malaysia, causing fatal encephalitis in humans and a respiratory disease in swine. NV is most closely related to Hendra virus (HV), a paramyxovirus that was identified in Australia in 1994, and it has been proposed that HV and NV represent a new genus within the family Paramyxoviridae. This report describes the analysis of the sequences of the polymerase gene (L) and genomic termini of NV as well as a comparison of the full-length, genomic sequences of HV and NV. The L gene of NV is predicted to be 2244 amino acids in size and contains the six domains found within the L proteins of all nonsegmented, negative-stranded (NNS) RNA viruses. However, the GDNQ motif found in most NNS RNA viruses was replaced by GDNE in both NV and HV. The 3' and 5' termini of the NV genome are nearly identical to the genomic termini of HV and share sequence homology with the genomic termini of other members of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. At 18,246 nucleotides, the genome of NV is 12 nucleotides longer than the genome of HV and they have the largest genomes within the family Paramyxoviridae. The comparison of the structures of the genomes of HV and NV is now complete and this information will help to establish the taxonomic position of these novel viruses within the family Paramyxoviridae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  6. Characterization and identification of Oya virus, a Simbu serogroup virus of the genus Bunyavirus, isolated from a pig suspected of Nipah virus infection
    Kono Y, Yusnita Y, Mohd Ali AR, Maizan M, Sharifah SH, Fauzia O, et al.
    Arch Virol, 2002 Aug;147(8):1623-30.
    PMID: 12181680
    A virus, named Oya virus, was isolated in Vero cell cultures from the lungs of a pig suspected of Nipah virus infection. The virus was revealed as a spherical enveloped RNA virus with a diameter of 79 nm. For identification of Oya virus, RT-PCR was performed. A common primer set for S-RNA of the Simbu serogroup of the genus Bunyavirus was able to amplify a cDNA from Oya virus RNA. The sequence data of the product revealed that the partial gene of Oya virus S-RNA segment had 65-70% homology with published cDNA sequences of Simbu serogroup viruses. The phylogenetic analysis of the data showed that the Oya virus is grouped in Simbu serogroup, but is genetically distinct from the serogroup viruses that have been analyzed molecularly. Serological surveys revealed that the virus distributed widely and densely in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  7. Isolation of cytopathic small round virus (Aichi virus) from Pakistani children and Japanese travelers from Southeast Asia
    Yamashita T, Sakae K, Kobayashi S, Ishihara Y, Miyake T, Mubina A, et al.
    Microbiol. Immunol., 1995;39(6):433-5.
    PMID: 8551977
    Aichi virus was isolated in Vero cells from 5 (2.3%) of 222 Pakistani children with gastroenteritis but none was found in 91 healthy children. Aichi virus was also isolated from 5 (0.7%) of 722 Japanese travelers returned from tours to Southeast Asian countries and complained of gastrointestinal symptoms at the quarantine station of Nagoya International Airport in Japan. Of 5 Japanese travelers, 3 were returning from Indonesia, and 2 from Thailand or Malaysia. These results indicate that Aichi virus or a similar agent is endemic in Southeast Asian countries and is a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in children in these areas or in Japanese travelers who visit there.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  8. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against formalin-inactivated Nipah virus isolated from the lungs of a pig
    Imada T, Abdul Rahman MA, Kashiwazaki Y, Tanimura N, Syed Hassan S, Jamaluddin A
    J Vet Med Sci, 2004 Jan;66(1):81-3.
    PMID: 14960818
    Eight clones of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to Nipah virus (NV) were produced against formalin-inactivated NV antigens. They reacted positive by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test, and one of them also demonstrated virus neutralizing activity. They were classified into six different types based on their biological properties. These Mabs will be useful for immunodiagnosis of NV infections in animals and further research studies involving the genomes and proteins of NV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  9. Carnosine exhibits significant antiviral activity against Dengue and Zika virus
    Rothan HA, Abdulrahman AY, Khazali AS, Nor Rashid N, Chong TT, Yusof R
    J. Pept. Sci., 2019 Aug;25(8):e3196.
    PMID: 31290226 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3196
    Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are flaviviruses transmitted to humans by their common vector, Aedes mosquitoes. DENV infection represents one of the most widely spread mosquito-borne diseases whereas ZIKV infection occasionally re-emerged in the past causing outbreaks. Although there have been considerable advances in understanding the pathophysiology of these viruses, no effective vaccines or antiviral drugs are currently available. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of carnosine, an endogenous dipeptide (β-alanyl-l-histidine), against DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) and ZIKV infection in human liver cells (Huh7). Computational studies were performed to predict the potential interactions between carnosine and viral proteins. Biochemical and cell-based assays were performed to validate the computational results. Mode-of-inhibition, plaque reduction, and immunostaining assays were performed to determine the antiviral activity of carnosine. Exogenous carnosine showed minimal cytotoxicity in Huh7 cells and rescued the viability of infected cells with EC50 values of 52.3 and 59.5 μM for DENV2 and ZIKV infection, respectively. Based on the mode-of-inhibition assays, carnosine inhibited DENV2 mainly by inhibiting viral genome replication and interfering with virus entry. Carnosine antiviral activity was verified with immunostaining assay where carnosine treatment diminished viral fluorescence signal. In conclusion, carnosine exhibited significant inhibitory effects against DENV2 and ZIKV replication in human liver cells and could be utilized as a lead peptide for the development of effective and safe antiviral agents against DENV and ZIKV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  10. Elucidation of Nipah virus morphogenesis and replication using ultrastructural and molecular approaches
    Goldsmith CS, Whistler T, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, et al.
    Virus Res, 2003 Mar;92(1):89-98.
    PMID: 12606080
    Nipah virus, which was first recognized during an outbreak of encephalitis with high mortality in Peninsular Malaysia during 1998-1999, is most closely related to Hendra virus, another emergent paramyxovirus first recognized in Australia in 1994. We have studied the morphologic features of Nipah virus in infected Vero E6 cells and human brain by using standard and immunogold electron microscopy and ultrastructural in situ hybridization. Nipah virions are enveloped particles composed of a tangle of filamentous nucleocapsids and measured as large as 1900 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsids measured up to 1.67 microm in length and had the herringbone structure characteristic for paramyxoviruses. Cellular infection was associated with multinucleation, intracytoplasmic nucleocapsid inclusions (NCIs), and long cytoplasmic tubules. Previously undescribed for other members of the family Paramyxoviridae, infected cells also contained an inclusion formed of reticular structures. Ultrastructural ISH studies suggest these inclusions play an important role in the transcription process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  11. Fulltext Molecular phylogenetics of a recently isolated goat pox virus from Vietnam
    Pham TH, Rahaman NYA, Lila MAM, Lai HLT, Nguyen LT, Van Nguyen G, et al.
    BMC Vet Res, 2021 Mar 08;17(1):115.
    PMID: 33685458 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02777-1
    BACKGROUND: After a decade of silence, an outbreak of the contagious and Asian endemic disease, goat pox re-emerged in North Vietnam affecting more than 1800 heads with a mortality rate of 6.5%. The inevitable impact of goat pox on hide quality, breeding, chevon and milk production has resulted in a significant economic losses to the developing goat industry of Vietnam. In the act of establishing an effective control of this devastating disease, tracing the source of re-emergence via a phylogenetic study was carried out to reveal their genetic relatedness. Either skin scab or papule from the six affected provinces were collected, cultured into Vero cells followed by restricted enzyme digestion of targeted P32 gene DNA encoding. The P32 gene was then cloned and transformed into E.coli competent cells for further sequencing.

    RESULTS: The isolated sequence is deposited into GenBank under Accession No. MN317561/VNUAGTP1. The phylogenetic tree revealed high similarity of nucleotide and amino acid sequences to references goat pox strains accounting for 99.6 and 99.3, respectively. The Vietnamese strain is clustered together with currently circulating goat pox virus in China, India and Pakistan which suggested the origin of South China.

    CONCLUSIONS: This Vietnam isolate is clustered together with other Asian goat pox strains indicating the dissemination of a common goat pox virus within this continent.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  12. Fulltext Cordycepin Inhibits Virus Replication in Dengue Virus-Infected Vero Cells
    Panya A, Songprakhon P, Panwong S, Jantakee K, Kaewkod T, Tragoolpua Y, et al.
    Molecules, 2021 May 23;26(11).
    PMID: 34071102 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113118
    Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes mild to severe illness in humans that can lead to fatality in severe cases. Currently, no specific drug is available for the treatment of DENV infection. Thus, the development of an anti-DENV drug is urgently required. Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), which is a major bioactive compound in Cordyceps (ascomycete) fungus that has been used for centuries in Chinese traditional medicine, was reported to exhibit antiviral activity. However, the anti-DENV activity of cordycepin is unknown. We hypothesized that cordycepin exerts anti-DENV activity and that, as an adenosine derivative, it inhibits DENV replication. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the anti-DENV activity of cordycepin in DENV-infected Vero cells. Cordycepin treatment significantly decreased DENV protein at a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 26.94 μM. Moreover, DENV RNA was dramatically decreased in cordycepin-treated Vero cells, indicating its effectiveness in inhibiting viral RNA replication. Via in silico molecular docking, the binding of cordycepin to DENV non-structural protein 5 (NS5), which is an important enzyme for RNA synthesis, at both the methyltransferase (MTase) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains, was predicted. The results of this study demonstrate that cordycepin is able to inhibit DENV replication, which portends its potential as an anti-dengue therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  13. Molecular hybridization conceded exceptionally potent quinolinyl-oxadiazole hybrids through phenyl linked thiosemicarbazide antileishmanial scaffolds: In silico validation and SAR studies
    Taha M, Ismail NH, Ali M, Rashid U, Imran S, Uddin N, et al.
    Bioorg Chem, 2017 04;71:192-200.
    PMID: 28228228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.02.005
    The high potential of quinoline containing natural products and their derivatives in medicinal chemistry led us to discover a novel series of compounds 6-23 based on the concept of molecular hybridization. Most of the synthesized analogues exhibited potent leishmanicidal potential. The most potent compound (23, IC50=0.10±0.001μM) among the series was found ∼70 times more lethal than the standard drug. The current series 6-23 conceded in the development of fourteen (14) extraordinarily active compounds against leishmaniasis. In silico analysis were also performed to probe the mode of action while all the compounds structure were established by NMR and Mass spectral analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  14. Fulltext Development of Tat-Conjugated Dendrimer for Transdermal DNA Vaccine Delivery
    Bahadoran A, Moeini H, Bejo MH, Hussein MZ, Omar AR
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2016 Jul-Sep;19(3):325-338.
    PMID: 27806247 DOI: 10.18433/J3G31Q
    PURPOSE: In order to enhance cellular uptake and to facilitate transdermal delivery of DNA vaccine, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers conjugated with HIV transactivator of transcription (TAT) was developed.

    METHODS: First, the plasmid DNA (pIRES-H5/GFP) nanoparticle was formulated using PAMAM dendrimer and TAT peptide and then characterized for surface charge, particle size, DNA encapsulation and protection of the pIRES-H5/GFP DNA plasmid to enzymatic digestion. Subsequently, the potency of the TAT-conjugated dendrimer for gene delivery was evaluated through in vitro transfection into Vero cells followed by gene expression analysis including western blotting, fluorescent microscopy and PCR. The effect of the TAT peptide on cellular uptake of DNA vaccine was studied by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Finally, the ability of TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer for transdermal delivery of the DNA plasmid was assessed through artificial membranes followed by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry.

    RESULTS: TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer showed the ability to form a compact and nanometre-sized polyplexes with the plasmid DNA, having the size range of 105 to 115 nm and a positive charge of +42 to +45 mV over the N/P ratio of 6:1(+/-).  In vitro transfection analysis into Vero cells confirms the high potency of TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer to enhance the cellular uptake of DNA vaccine.  The permeability value assay through artificial membranes reveals that TAT-conjugated PAMAM has more capacity for transdermal delivery of the DNA compared to unmodified PAMAM dendrimer (P<0.05).

    CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer is a promising non-viral vector for transdermal use.This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  15. Magnetic nanoparticles are highly toxic to chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, dengue virus (DEN-2), and their mosquito vectors
    Murugan K, Wei J, Alsalhi MS, Nicoletti M, Paulpandi M, Samidoss CM, et al.
    Parasitol Res, 2017 Feb;116(2):495-502.
    PMID: 27815736 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5310-0
    A main challenge in parasitology is the development of reliable tools to prevent or treat mosquito-borne diseases. We investigated the toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) produced by Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense (strain MSR-1) on chloroquine-resistant (CQ-r) and sensitive (CQ-s) Plasmodium falciparum, dengue virus (DEN-2), and two of their main vectors, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti, respectively. MNP were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. They were toxic to larvae and pupae of An. stephensi, LC50 ranged from 2.563 ppm (1st instar larva) to 6.430 ppm (pupa), and Ae. aegypti, LC50 ranged from 3.231 ppm (1st instar larva) to 7.545 ppm (pupa). MNP IC50 on P. falciparum were 83.32 μg ml(-1) (CQ-s) and 87.47 μg ml(-1) (CQ-r). However, the in vivo efficacy of MNP on Plasmodium berghei was low if compared to CQ-based treatments. Moderate cytotoxicity was detected on Vero cells post-treatment with MNP doses lower than 4 μg ml(-1). MNP evaluated at 2-8 μg ml(-1) inhibited DEN-2 replication inhibiting the expression of the envelope (E) protein. In conclusion, our findings represent the first report about the use of MNP in medical and veterinary entomology, proposing them as suitable materials to develop reliable tools to combat mosquito-borne diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  16. Fulltext Squamous epitheliotropism of Enterovirus A71 in human epidermis and oral mucosa
    Phyu WK, Ong KC, Kong CK, Alizan AK, Ramanujam TM, Wong KT
    Sci Rep, 2017 03 21;7:45069.
    PMID: 28322333 DOI: 10.1038/srep45069
    Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a self-limiting paediatric infectious disease commonly caused by Enterovirus A71 (Genus: Enterovirus, Family: Picornaviridae). Typical lesions in and around the hands, feet, oral cavity and other places may rarely be complicated by acute flaccid paralysis and acute encephalomyelitis. Although virus is readily cultured from skin vesicles and oral secretions, the cellular target/s of Enterovirus A71 in human skin and oral mucosa are unknown. In Enterovirus A71-infected human skin and oral mucosa organotypic cultures derived from the prepuce and lip biopsies, focal viral antigens and viral RNA were localized to cytoplasm of epidermal and mucosal squamous cells as early as 2 days post-infection. Viral antigens/RNA were associated with cytoplasmic vacuolation and cellular necrosis. Infected primary prepuce epidermal keratinocyte cultures showed cytopathic effects with concomitant detection of viral antigens from 2 days post-infection. Supernatant and/or tissue homogenates from prepuce skin organotypic cultures and primary prepuce keratinocyte cultures showed viral titres consistent with active viral replication. Our data strongly support Enterovirus A71 squamous epitheliotropism in the human epidermis and oral mucosa, and suggest that these organs are important primary and/or secondary viral replication sites that contribute significantly to oral and cutaneous viral shedding resulting in person-to-person transmission, and viraemia, which could lead to neuroinvasion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  17. Non-clinical safety assessment of repeated intramuscular administration of an EV-A71 VLP vaccine in rabbits
    Salmons B, Lim PY, Djurup R, Cardosa J
    Vaccine, 2018 10 29;36(45):6623-6630.
    PMID: 30293762 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.062
    A candidate hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccine comprising of human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) virus-like particles (VLPs) was tested in rabbits to evaluate the potential local and systemic effects of this vaccine. The rabbits received more than double the full human dose and one additional dose according to the n + 1 recommended scheme. The three doses were given mixed with Alhydrogel adjuvant as intramuscular (IM) injections. Vaccinations were well-tolerated, with no indication of overt toxicity in any parameter observed. An EV-A71 specific immune response in the form of antibodies that specifically reacted with the virus capsid proteins VP1 and VP0, the complete VLP, and EV-A71 viruses of different subgenotypes to that of the vaccine could be demonstrated. A boosting effect in the form of higher EV-A71 specific antibody titers was observed after the subsequent doses, and these enhanced titers were shown to be statistically significant in one-way ANOVA analyses. Fortnightly intramuscular administration of EV-A71 VLP vaccine did not result in any test article-related changes in immunotoxicity as defined by increased serum IL-6, and in general IL-6 concentrations remained below the lower limit of quantitation for the majority of animals throughout the study. Although increased indicators of inflammation at the injection site were observed in animals sacrificed immediately after the last vaccination, these largely reversed at the end of the recovery phase. No findings suggestive of systemic or delayed toxicity were recorded in this independently conducted study. In conclusion, repeated IM administration of the EV-A71 VLP vaccine were locally and systemically well-tolerated in rabbits and immunogenic, supporting the clinical development of the vaccine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  18. Fulltext Erythrocyte-binding assays reveal higher binding of Plasmodium knowlesi Duffy binding protein to human Fya+/b+ erythrocytes than to Fya+/b- erythrocytes
    Fong MY, Cheong FW, Lau YL
    Parasit Vectors, 2018 Sep 26;11(1):527.
    PMID: 30257710 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3118-8
    BACKGROUND: The merozoite of the zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi invades human erythrocytes via the binding of its Duffy binding protein (PkDBPαII) to the Duffy antigen on the eythrocytes. The Duffy antigen has two immunologically distinct forms, Fya and Fyb. In this study, the erythrocyte-binding assay was used to quantitatively determine and compare the binding level of PkDBPαII to Fya+/b+ and Fya+/b- human erythrocytes.

    RESULTS: In the erythrocyte-binding assay, binding level was determined by scoring the number of rosettes that were formed by erythrocytes surrounding transfected mammalian COS-7 cells which expressed PkDBPαII. The assay result revealed a significant difference in the binding level. The number of rosettes scored for Fya+/b+ was 1.64-fold higher than that of Fya+/b- (155.50 ± 34.32 and 94.75 ± 23.16 rosettes, respectively; t(6) = -2.935, P = 0.026).

    CONCLUSIONS: The erythrocyte-binding assay provided a simple approach to quantitatively determine the binding level of PkDBPαII to the erythrocyte Duffy antigen. Using this assay, PkDBPαII was found to display higher binding to Fya+/b+ erythrocytes than to Fya+/b- erythrocytes.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  19. Fulltext Functional Genomics and Immunologic Tools: The Impact of Viral and Host Genetic Variations on the Outcome of Zika Virus Infection
    Yun SI, Song BH, Frank JC, Julander JG, Olsen AL, Polejaeva IA, et al.
    Viruses, 2018 08 11;10(8).
    PMID: 30103523 DOI: 10.3390/v10080422
    Zika virus (ZIKV) causes no-to-mild symptoms or severe neurological disorders. To investigate the importance of viral and host genetic variations in determining ZIKV infection outcomes, we created three full-length infectious cDNA clones as bacterial artificial chromosomes for each of three spatiotemporally distinct and genetically divergent ZIKVs: MR-766 (Uganda, 1947), P6-740 (Malaysia, 1966), and PRVABC-59 (Puerto Rico, 2015). Using the three molecularly cloned ZIKVs, together with 13 ZIKV region-specific polyclonal antibodies covering nearly the entire viral protein-coding region, we made three conceptual advances: (i) We created a comprehensive genome-wide portrait of ZIKV gene products and their related species, with several previously undescribed gene products identified in the case of all three molecularly cloned ZIKVs. (ii) We found that ZIKV has a broad cell tropism in vitro, being capable of establishing productive infection in 16 of 17 animal cell lines from 12 different species, although its growth kinetics varied depending on both the specific virus strain and host cell line. More importantly, we identified one ZIKV-non-susceptible bovine cell line that has a block in viral entry but fully supports the subsequent post-entry steps. (iii) We showed that in mice, the three molecularly cloned ZIKVs differ in their neuropathogenicity, depending on the particular combination of viral and host genetic backgrounds, as well as in the presence or absence of type I/II interferon signaling. Overall, our findings demonstrate the impact of viral and host genetic variations on the replication kinetics and neuropathogenicity of ZIKV and provide multiple avenues for developing and testing medical countermeasures against ZIKV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
  20. Identification of strain diversity and phylogenetic analysis based on two major essential proteins of Orf viruses isolated from several clinical cases reported in Malaysia
    Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Jesse FFA, Abdullah AA, Noorzahari MSB, Ghazali MT, et al.
    Infect Genet Evol, 2020 01;77:104076.
    PMID: 31678648 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104076
    There is a little information on the characterization of Orf virus strains that are endemic in Malaysia. The relationship between the severity of disease and the molecular genetic profile of Orf virus strains has not been fully elucidated. This study documented the first confirmed report of contagious ecthyma causing by Orf virus in goats from a selected state of eastern peninsular Malaysia. The disease causes significant debilitation due to the inability of affected animals to suckle which brings a great economic loss to the farmers. A total of 504 animals were examined individually to recognize the affected animals with Orf lesion. Skin scrapping was used to collect the scab material from the infected animals. The presence of Orf virus was confirmed by combination of methods including virus isolation on vero cells, identification by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and molecular technique using PCR and Sanger sequencing. The results showed the successful isolation of four Orf virus strains with a typical cytopathic effects on the cultured vero cells line. The morphology was confirmed to be Orf virus with a distinctive ovoid and criss cross structure. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolated strains were closely related to each other and to other previously isolated Malaysian orf viruses. In addition these Orf virus strains were closely related to Orf viruses from China and India. This study provides more valuable insight in terms of genotype of Orf virus circulating in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cercopithecus aethiops
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