Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 261 in total

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  1. Fulltext The role of treating nicotine addiction prior to treatment of periodontal diseases
    Nurul Asyikin Yahya, Amer Siddiq Amer Nordin
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2011;12(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction and Objective: Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for oral diseases. Periodontal disease has been known to be associated with tobacco use for over twenty years. Despite that, dentists and particularly periodontist does not include tobacco use cessation as part of their initial treatment in treating periodontal disease or placing implants in patients who use tobacco. The increase in prevalence and severity of periodontitis among smokers
    cannot be explained by differences in the amount of plaque between smokers and nonsmokers. A possible explanation is that smoking may alter the quality of the flora. Dental professionals also have a crucial role to play in tobacco cessation counseling, particularly for patients with chronic periodontitis. More patients will be affected by periodontitis than will ever be affected by oral cancer. Methods and Results: Reviews of literatures were
    done on a clearly formulated question on the need of smoking cessation intervention to increase positive outcome of treatment on periodontal disease. Conclusion: Various epidemiological studies strongly suggest that tobacco use cessation is beneficial to patients following periodontal treatments for a better outcome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms
  2. Fulltext Absence of nucleotide alteration in region of exon 34 of NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 receptor genes analysed in oral cancer samples: a preliminary observation
    Nor Nasyitah Ismail, Khairani Idah Mokhtar
    Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2010;5(1):17-23.
    MyJurnal
    Oral cancer is one of the common cancer cases identified in the developing countries. Genetic mutation and overexpression of certain genes and proteins have been associated in the development of this cancer. Notch signalling pathway is normally involved in controlling the development process of vertebrates and invertebrates; however, deregulation of this pathway was found to be responsible in the formation of certain cancers including oral cancers. Activation of this pathway requires binding of the ligands to its receptors. Four NOTCH receptors (NOTCH 1, 2, 3 and 4) have been identified in mammals. Disruptions within these molecules might interfere with the normal functions of Notch signalling pathway. Hence, this study was conducted to detect mutations of NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 receptor genes which might be occurring in the oral cancer cases obtained from the local population. DNA extracted from fresh-frozen tissue biopsy of the tongue and buccal mucosa from 10 confirmed cases of oral cancer were subjected for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using the specific sets of primers. The PCR products were sent for sequencing before final results were analysed.
    Due to time and cost limitation, only two out of four NOTCH receptor genes; NOTCH1 and NOTCH2, were used in this analysis. The results revealed absence of nucleotide changes for both NOTCH receptor genes amplified from these oral cancer samples. More samples and further analysis looking into other regions in these genes are required to conclude the involvement of NOTCH receptor genes mutation in causing oral cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms
  3. Fulltext Effects of tobacco use on oral health - an overview
    Awan, K.H.
    Ann Dent, 2011;18(1):18-23.
    MyJurnal
    Tobacco use is linked with many serious illnesses, such as cancer, cardiopulmonary diseases, as well as with many health problems. Every year, the use of tobacco products causes a heavy toll of deaths and severe human disease worldwide. One of the many health problems linked to tobacco use is its detrimental impact on oral health. Tobacco causes a whole series of oral health problems, ranging from life-threatening (precancerous changes leading to oral cancer) and serious (periodontal disease, teeth decay) to social (bad breath). Tobacco is consumed through the mouth in a variety of forms, varied from smoked tobacco to smokeless tobacco chewing on itself or combined with areca nut. All these forms of tobacco have damaging effects on the oral health. The most significant preventive measure to prevent the oral health problems caused by tobacco use is to stop using tobacco products. The risk of developing oral cancer drops rapidly when a smoker ceases tobacco use. After ten years of not using tobacco, an ex-smoker/user's risk of oral cancers is about the same as that for someone who has never smoked. To stop using tobacco products is not an easy task. Fortunately, there are a number of therapies available to assist in quitting of tobacco. It is important to remember that, while it will be difficult, ceasing to use tobacco has immediate health benefits, including increased life expectancy and reduced risk of tobacco related diseases and conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms
  4. Fulltext Case series analysis of oral cancer and their risk factors
    Khan, A.R., Anwar, N., Manan, A.H.B., Narayan, K.A.
    Malaysian Dental Journal, 2008;29(1):46-50.
    MyJurnal
    Cancer causes approximately 12% of all deaths throughout the world and is the third leading cause of death in developing countries. In Malaysia, Indians have the highest incidence of mouth cancer compared to other races, and females are more affected compared to males.
    Objective: The main objective of this study was to analyze the cases of oral cancer treated in the dental department of Penang hospital, Malaysia and to determine the risk factors associated with oral cancer.

    Methodology: We reviewed the medical reports of all the patients with oral cancer treated in the dental department of Penang General Hospital from 1994 to 2004.

    Results: There were 46 cases of oral cancer treated by the dental department of Penang General Hospital during this time period. 22 were males and 24 females. The mean age of the patients was 61.2 years old. Indians comprised the majority of the cases (n=23; 50%) followed by Malays (n=12; 26.1%) and Chinese (n=11; 23.9%). Of these cases, 54.3% (n=25) had used quid, 39.1% (n=18) smoked cigarettes and 32.6% (n=15) consumed alcohol. Indians made up 76% (n=19) of all quid users (p=
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms
  5. Fulltext An immunohistochemical study of p53 in oral epithelium dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma
    Ma, M.S.
    Malaysian Dental Journal, 2007;28(2):78-82.
    MyJurnal
    Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the commonest cancer in the mouth. Multiple risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, irradiation, viruses infection and chronic irritation are thought to be responsible for the formation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Although SCC can develop through a series of precancerous stages manifested as various degrees of epithelial dysplasia, this is not always the case. p53 is the commonest mutated gene in human cancers. Mis-sense mutation of the gene or complexing of the protein with viral or cellular proteins prolongs its half-life and leads to its detection by immunohistochemistry. This study was designed with the aim of demonstrating any possible relationship between p53 and oral squamous cell carcinoma by immunohistochemical staining techniques. A total of 66 specimens from the oral cavity (10 normal mucosa, 11 hyperkeratosis without dysplasia, 11 mild dysplasia, 11 moderate dysplasia, 10 severe dysplasia and 13 SCC) were examined for the presence of p53. The results show p53 was not expressed in normal mucosa, but was found with increasing frequency in increasingly severe dysplasia and SCC. In conclusion, this study shows p53 mutation is common in oral squamous cell carcinoma and probably occurs early in the multisteps of oral carcinogenesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms
  6. An overview of application of silver nanoparticles for biomaterials in dentistry
    Bapat RA, Chaubal TV, Joshi CP, Bapat PR, Choudhury H, Pandey M, et al.
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2018 Oct 01;91:881-898.
    PMID: 30033323 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.05.069
    Oral cavity is a gateway to the entire body and protection of this gateway is a major goal in dentistry. Plaque biofilm is a major cause of majority of dental diseases and although various biomaterials have been applied for their cure, limitations pertaining to the material properties prevent achievement of desired outcomes. Nanoparticle applications have become useful tools for various dental applications in endodontics, periodontics, restorative dentistry, orthodontics and oral cancers. Off these, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used in medicine and dentistry due to its antimicrobial properties. AgNPs have been incorporated into biomaterials in order to prevent or reduce biofilm formation. Due to greater surface to volume ratio and small particle size, they possess excellent antimicrobial action without affecting the mechanical properties of the material. This unique property of AgNPs makes these materials as fillers of choice in different biomaterials whereby they play a vital role in improving the properties. This review aims to discuss the influence of addition of AgNPs to various biomaterials used in different dental applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms
  7. A hybrid prognostic model for oral cancer based on clinicopathologic and genomic markers
    Chang SW, Merican AFMA, Rosnah Zain, Kareem SA
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:567-573.
    There are very few prognostic studies that combine both clinicopathologic and genomic data. Most of the studies use only clinicopathologic factors without taking into consideration the tumour biology and molecular information, while some studies use genomic markers or microarray information only without the clinicopathologic parameters. Thus, these studies may not be able to prognoses a patient effectively. Previous studies have shown that prognosis results are more accurate when using both clinicopathologic and genomic data. The objectives of this research were to apply hybrid artificial intelligent techniques in the prognosis of oral cancer based on the correlation of clinicopathologic and genomic markers and to prove that the prognosis is better with both markers. The proposed hybrid model consisting of two stages, where stage one with ReliefF-GA feature selection method to find an optimal feature of subset and stage two with ANFIS classification to classify either the patients alive or dead after certain years of diagnosis. The proposed prognostic model was experimented on two groups of oral cancer dataset collected locally here in Malaysia, Group 1 with clinicopathologic markers only and Group 2 with both clinicopathologic and genomic markers. The results proved that the proposed model with optimum features selected is more accurate with the use of both clinicopathologic and genomic markers and outperformed the other methods of artificial neural network, support vector machine and logistic regression. This prognostic model is feasible to aid the clinicians in the decision support stage and to identify the high risk markers to better predict the survival rate for each oral cancer patient.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms
  8. Fulltext Profiling lysophosphatidic acid levels in plasma from head and neck cancer patients
    Abdul Rahman M, Mohamad Haron DE, Hollows RJ, Abdul Ghani ZDF, Ali Mohd M, Chai WL, et al.
    PeerJ, 2020;8:e9304.
    PMID: 32547888 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9304
    Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a significant world health problem, with approximately 600,000 new cases being diagnosed annually. The prognosis for patients with HNSCC is poor and, therefore, the identification of biomarkers for screening, diagnosis and prognostication would be clinically beneficial. A limited number of studies have used lipidomics to profile lipid species in the plasma of cancer patients. However, the profile and levels of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species have not been examined in HNSCC. In this study, a targeted lipidomics approach using liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) was used to analyse the concentration of LPA (16:0 LPA, 18:0 LPA, 18:1 LPA, 18:2 LPA and 20:4 LPA) in the plasma of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), together with healthy controls. The levels of three LPA species (18:1 LPA, 18:2 LPA and 20:4 LPA) were significantly lower in the plasma of OSCC patients, whilst the concentrations of all five LPA species tested were significantly lower in plasma from NPC patients. Furthermore, the order of abundance of LPA species in plasma was different between the control and cancer groups, with 16:0 LPA, 18:0 LPA levels being more abundant in OSCC and NPC patients. Medium to strong correlations were observed using all pairs of LPA species and a clear separation of the normal and tumour groups was observed using PCA analysis. In summary, the results of this study showed that the levels of several LPA species in the plasma of patients with OSCC and NPC were lower than those from healthy individuals. Understanding these variations may provide novel insights into the role of LPA in these cancers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms
  9. Fulltext A review of epidemiological studies of oral cancer and precancer in Malaysia
    Zain, R.B., Ghazali, N.
    Ann Dent, 2001;8(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    This paper attempts to review epidemiological studies of oral cancer and precancer in Malaysia. The defmitions of prevalence, incidence, risk habits and oral cancer and precancers were discussed to better understand' the different types of studies conducted, which would be important in making comparisons between studies. Currently, epidemiological data on oral cancer in Malaysia are sketchy. The only incidence data for oral cancer in Malaysia was reported by Hirayama in 1966, 35 years ago. He estimated that 3.1 new cases per 100,000 population were diagnosed for the year 1963. A number of histopathological data of oral and maxillofacial biopsies were reported. Oral cancer accounted for one-fifth of all oral biopsies. A national study on oral mucosal lesions in Malaysia carried out in 1993/4 reported that there was a variation seen in the occurrence of oral premalignancy among the ethnic groups. The Indians and the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak were identified as high risk groups for oral cancer and precancer. It was also observed that both of the ethnic groups chewed betel quid. In conclusion, the epidemiological studies have provided useful data, which may be used in planning for future oral health programmes and research towards enhancing Malaysia's on-going effort in preventing the occurrence of these diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms
  10. Zerumbone targets the CXCR4-RhoA and PI3K-mTOR signaling axis to reduce motility and proliferation of oral cancer cells
    Zainal NS, Gan CP, Lau BF, Yee PS, Tiong KH, Abdul Rahman ZA, et al.
    Phytomedicine, 2018 Jan 15;39:33-41.
    PMID: 29433681 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.12.011
    BACKGROUND: The CXCR4-RhoA and PI3K-mTOR signaling pathways play crucial roles in the dissemination and tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Activation of these pathways have made them promising molecular targets in the treatment of OSCC. Zerumbone, a bioactive monocyclic sesquiterpene isolated from the rhizomes of tropical ginger, Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. has displayed promising anticancer properties with the ability to modulate multiple molecular targets involved in carcinogenesis. While the anticancer activities of zerumbone have been well explored across different types of cancer, the molecular mechanism of action of zerumbone in OSCC remains largely unknown.

    PURPOSE: Here, we investigated whether OSCC cells were sensitive towards zerumbone treatment and further determined the molecular pathways involved in the mechanism of action.

    METHODS: Cytotoxicity, anti-proliferative, anti-migratory and anti-invasive effects of zerumbone were tested on a panel of OSCC cell lines. The mechanism of action of zerumbone was investigated by analysing the effects on the CXCR4-RhoA and PI3K-mTOR pathways by western blotting.

    RESULTS: Our panel of OSCC cells was broadly sensitive towards zerumbone with IC50 values of less than 5 µM whereas normal keratinocyte cells were less responsive with IC50 values of more than 25 µM. Representative OSCC cells revealed that zerumbone inhibited OSCC proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, zerumbone treatment inhibited migration and invasion of OSCC cells, with concurrent suppression of endogenous CXCR4 protein expression in a time and dose-dependent manner. RhoA-pull down assay showed reduction in the expression of RhoA-GTP, suggesting the inactivation of RhoA by zerumbone. In association with this, zerumbone also inhibited the PI3K-mTOR pathway through the inactivation of Akt and S6 proteins.

    CONCLUSION: We provide evidence that zerumbone could inhibit the activation of CXCR4-RhoA and PI3K-mTOR signaling pathways leading to the reduced cell viability of OSCC cells. Our results suggest that zerumbone is a promising phytoagent for development of new therapeutics for OSCC treatment.

    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy*; Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism; Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
  11. A new naturally derived photosensitizer and its phototoxicity on head and neck cancer cells
    Lim SH, Lee HB, Ho AS
    Photochem Photobiol, 2011 Sep-Oct;87(5):1152-8.
    PMID: 21534974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00939.x
    In our screening for photosensitizers from natural resources, 15(1)-hydroxypurpurin-7-lactone ethyl methyl diester (compound 1) was isolated for the first time from an Araceae plant. To evaluate the efficacy of compound 1 as a photosensitizer for head and neck cancers, compound 1 was studied in reference to a known photosensitizer pheophorbide-a (Pha), in terms of photophysical properties, singlet oxygen generation and in in vitro experiments (intracellular uptake and phototoxicity assays) in two oral (HSC2 and HSC3) and two nasopharyngeal (HK1 and C666-1) cancer cell lines. In this study, compound 1 exhibited higher intracellular uptake over 24 h compared with Pha in both HSC3 and HK1 cells. When activated by ≥4.8 J cm(-2) of light, compound 1 was slightly more potent as a photosensitizer than Pha by consistently having marginally lower IC(50) values across different cell lines. In flow cytometry experiments to study the mechanism of photoactivated cell death in HSC3, compound 1 was observed to induce more pronounced apoptosis compared with Pha, which may have been driven by the transient G(2)/M cell cycle block which was also observed. These promising results on compound 1 warrant its further investigation as a clinically useful photodynamic therapy agent for head and neck cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy*; Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism; Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
  12. Fulltext Mitochondrial DNA alterations may influence the cisplatin responsiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma
    Aminuddin A, Ng PY, Leong CO, Chua EW
    Sci Rep, 2020 May 12;10(1):7885.
    PMID: 32398775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64664-3
    Cisplatin is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the intrinsic or acquired resistance against cisplatin remains a major obstacle to treatment efficacy in OSCC. Recently, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations have been reported in a variety of cancers. However, the role of mtDNA alterations in OSCC has not been comprehensively studied. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between mtDNA alterations (mtDNA content, point mutations, large-scale deletions, and methylation status) and cisplatin sensitivity using two OSCC cell lines, namely SAS and H103, and stem cell-like tumour spheres derived from SAS. By microarray analysis, we found that the tumour spheres profited from aberrant lipid and glucose metabolism and became resistant to cisplatin. By qPCR analysis, we found that the cells with less mtDNA were less responsive to cisplatin (H103 and the tumour spheres). Based on the findings, we theorised that the metabolic changes in the tumour spheres probably resulted in mtDNA depletion, as the cells suppressed mitochondrial respiration and switched to an alternative mode of energy production, i.e. glycolysis. Then, to ascertain the origin of the variation in mtDNA content, we used MinION, a nanopore sequencer, to sequence the mitochondrial genomes of H103, SAS, and the tumour spheres. We found that the lower cisplatin sensitivity of H103 could have been caused by a constellation of genetic and epigenetic changes in its mitochondrial genome. Future work may look into how changes in mtDNA translate into an impact on cell function and therefore cisplatin response.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/genetics*; Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism; Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
  13. Aberrant proteins in the saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
    Jessie K, Jayapalan JJ, Ong KC, Abdul Rahim ZH, Zain RM, Wong KT, et al.
    Electrophoresis, 2013 Sep;34(17):2495-502.
    PMID: 23784731 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300107
    Confirmation of oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) currently relies on histological analysis, which does not provide clear indication of cancer development from precancerous lesions. In the present study, whole saliva proteins of patients with OSCC (n = 12) and healthy subjects (n = 12) were separated by 2DE to identify potential candidate biomarkers that are much needed to improve detection of the cancer. The OSCC patients' 2DE saliva protein profiles appeared unique and different from those obtained from the healthy subjects. The patients' saliva α1-antitrypsin (AAT) and haptoglobin (HAP) β chains were resolved into polypeptide spots with increased microheterogeneity, although these were not apparent in their sera. Their 2DE protein profiles also showed presence of hemopexin and α-1B glycoprotein, which were not detected in the profiles of the control saliva. When subjected to densitometry analysis, significant altered levels of AAT, complement C3, transferrin, transthyretin, and β chains of fibrinogen and HAP were detected. The increased levels of saliva AAT, HAP, complement C3, hemopexin, and transthyretin in the OSCC patients were validated by ELISA. The strong association of AAT and HAP with OSCC was further supported by immunohistochemical staining of cancer tissues. The differently expressed saliva proteins may be useful complementary biomarkers for the early detection and/or monitoring of OSCC, although this requires validation in clinically representative populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism*; Mouth Neoplasms/chemistry
  14. Combined effects of isothiocyanate intake, glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and risk habits for age of oral squamous cell carcinoma development
    Karen-Ng LP, Marhazlinda J, Rahman ZA, Yang YH, Jalil N, Cheong SC, et al.
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011;12(5):1161-6.
    PMID: 21875259
    Dietary isothiocyanates (ITCs) found in cruciferous vegetables (Brassica spp.) has been reported to reduce cancer risk by inducing phase II conjugating enzymes, in particular glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). This case-control study was aimed at determining associations between dietary ITCs, GSTs polymorphisms and risk habits (cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and betel-quid chewing) with oral cancer in 115 cases and 116 controls. Information on dietary ITC intake from cruciferous vegetables was collected via a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained for genotyping of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 using PCR multiplex and PCR-RFLP. Chi-square and logistic regression were performed to determine the association of ITC and GSTs polymorphism and risk of oral cancer. When dietary ITC was categorized into high (greater than/equal to median) and low (less than median) intake, there was no significant difference between cases and control group. Logistic regression yielding odd ratios resulted in no significant association between dietary ITC intake, GSTM1, GSTT1 or GSTP1 genotypes with oral cancer risk overall. However, GSTP1 wild-type genotype was associated with later disease onset in women above 55 years of age (p= 0.017). Among the men above 45 years of age, there was clinical significant difference of 17 years in the age of onset of oral cancer between GSTP1 wild-type + low ITC intake and GSTP1 polymorphism + high ITC intake (p= 0.001). Similar conditions were also seen among men above 45 years of age with risk habits like drinking and chewing as the earlier disease onset associated with GSTP1 polymorphism and high ITC intake (p< 0.001). This study suggests that combination effects between dietary ITCs, GSTP1 polymorphism and risk habits may be associated with the risk of oral cancer and modulate the age of disease onset.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/genetics; Mouth Neoplasms/epidemiology*
  15. Gene expression in human oral squamous cell carcinoma is influenced by risk factor exposure
    Cheong SC, Chandramouli GV, Saleh A, Zain RB, Lau SH, Sivakumaren S, et al.
    Oral Oncol, 2009 Aug;45(8):712-9.
    PMID: 19147396 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.11.002
    Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a world health problem and is associated with exposure to different risk factors. In the west, smoking and alcohol consumption are considered to be the main risk factors whilst in India and southeast Asia, betel quid (BQ) chewing is predominant. In this study, we compared the gene expression patterns of oral cancers associated with BQ chewing to those caused by smoking using Affymetrix microarrays. We found that 281 genes were differentially expressed between OSCC and normal oral mucosa regardless of aetiological factors including MMP1, PLAU, MAGE-D4, GNA12, IFITM3 and NMU. Further, we identified 168 genes that were differentially expressed between the BQ and smoking groups including CXCL-9, TMPRSS2, CA12 and RNF24. The expression of these genes was validated using qPCR using independent tissue samples. The results demonstrate that whilst common genes/pathways contribute to the development of oral cancer, there are also other gene expression changes that are specific to certain risk factors. The findings suggest that different carcinogens activate or inhibit specific pathways during cancer development and progression. These unique gene expression profiles should be taken into consideration when developing biomarkers for future use in prognostic or therapeutic applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/chemically induced; Mouth Neoplasms/genetics*
  16. Fulltext Genome wide analysis of chromosomal alterations in oral squamous cell carcinomas revealed over expression of MGAM and ADAM9
    Vincent-Chong VK, Anwar A, Karen-Ng LP, Cheong SC, Yang YH, Pradeep PJ, et al.
    PLoS One, 2013;8(2):e54705.
    PMID: 23405089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054705
    Despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), mortality and morbidity rates have not improved over the past decade. A major drawback in diagnosis and treatment of OSCC is the lack of knowledge relating to how genetic instability in oral cancer genomes affects oral carcinogenesis. Hence, the key aim of this study was to identify copy number alterations (CNAs) that may be cancer associated in OSCC using high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). To our knowledge this is the first study to use ultra-high density aCGH microarrays to profile a large number of OSCC genomes (n = 46). The most frequently amplified CNAs were located on chromosome 11q11(52%), 2p22.3(52%), 1q21.3-q22(54%), 6p21.32(59%), 20p13(61%), 7q34(52% and 72%),8p11.23-p11.22(80%), 8q11.1-q24.4(54%), 9q13-q34.3(54%), 11q23.3-q25(57%); 14q21.3-q31.1(54%); 14q31.3-q32.33(57%), 20p13-p12.3(54%) and 20q11.21-q13.33(52%). The most frequently deleted chromosome region was located on 3q26.1 (54%). In order to verify the CNAs from aCGH using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), the three top most amplified regions and their associated genes, namely ADAM5P (8p11.23-p11.22), MGAM (7q34) and SIRPB1 (20p13.1), were selected in this study. The ADAM5P locus was found to be amplified in 39 samples and deleted in one; MGAM (24 amplifications and 3 deletions); and SIRPB1 (12 amplifications, others undetermined). On the basis of putative cancer-related annotations, two genes, namely ADAM metallopeptidase domain 9 (ADAM9) and maltase-glucoamylase alpha-glucosidase (MGAM), that mapped to CNA regions were selected for further evaluation of their mRNA expression using reverse transcriptase qPCR. The over-expression of MGAM was confirmed with a 6.6 fold increase in expression at the mRNA level whereas the fold change in ADAM9 demonstrated a 1.6 fold increase. This study has identified significant regions in the OSCC genome that were amplified and resulted in consequent over-expression of the MGAM and ADAM9 genes that may be utilized as biological markers for OSCC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/enzymology; Mouth Neoplasms/genetics*
  17. Chemiluminescence as a diagnostic aid in the detection of oral cancer and potentially malignant epithelial lesions
    Ram S, Siar CH
    Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2005 Jul;34(5):521-7.
    PMID: 16053872
    Chemiluminescence was evaluated as a diagnostic aid in the detection of oral cancer and potentially malignant epithelial lesions (PMELs) by comparing it against 1% tolonium chloride mouth rinse. Forty-six clinically identified lesions [14 primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 26 PMELs and 6 benign lesions] and five cases of normal oral mucosa from 40 subjects (inclusive of 10 previously treated SCC cases) were examined with a commercial chemiluminescent kit (Vizilite) and tolonium chloride. Biopsy and histological verification of 31 lesions disclosed 14 SCC (45.2%), 10 epithelial dysplasias (32.3%), 5 lichen planus (16.1%) and 2 benign lesions (6.4%). For the remaining 15 lesions, a biopsy was not performed owing to patient's lack of consent or ill-health. The five cases of normal oral mucosa which tested negative for both tools were also not biopsied for ethical reasons. Sensitivity for Vizilite and tolonium chloride was 100% and 70.3%, respectively; and specificity was 14.2% for Vizilite and 25% for tolonium chloride. Their accuracy was 80.6% and 64.5%, respectively. Current findings suggest that chemiluminescence is a more reliable diagnostic tool than tolonium chloride in the detection of oral cancer and PMELs, and for follow-up of patients treated for the same.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis*; Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
  18. Correlation of Arsenic Levels in Smokeless Tobacco Products and Biological Samples of Oral Cancer Patients and Control Consumers
    Arain SS, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Talpur FN, Kazi AG, Brahman KD, et al.
    Biol Trace Elem Res, 2015 Dec;168(2):287-95.
    PMID: 25975948 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0355-y
    It has been extensively reported that chewing of smokeless tobacco (SLT) can lead to cancers of oral cavity. In present study, the relationship between arsenic (As) exposure via chewing/inhaling different SLT products in oral cancer patients have or/not consumed SLT products was studied. The As in different types of SLT products (gutkha, mainpuri, and snuff) and biological (scalp hair and blood) samples of different types of oral cancer patients and controls were analyzed. Both controls and oral cancer patients have same age group (ranged 30-60 years), socio-economic status, localities, and dietary habits. The concentrations of As in SLT products and biological samples were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometer after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology were checked by certified reference materials. The resulted data of present study indicates that the concentration of As was significantly higher in scalp hair and blood samples of oral cancer patients than those of controls (p<0.001). It was also observed that the values of As were two- to threefolds higher in biological samples of controls subjects, consuming SLT products as compared to those have none of these habits (p>0.01). The intake of As via consuming different SLT may have synergistic effects, in addition to other risk factors associated with oral cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/blood*; Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism*
  19. Aggressive, multifocal oral verrucous leukoplakia: proliferative verrucous leukoplakia or not?
    Ghazali N, Bakri MM, Zain RB
    J Oral Pathol Med, 2003 Aug;32(7):383-92.
    PMID: 12846784
    Some oral verrucal lesions may constitute parts of the clinicopathological spectrum of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL). Because of its idiopathic yet sinister nature, it is possible that PVL may exist in other populations. The aim of this study was to review the clinicopathological features of persistent, multifocal, oral verrucal lesions in Malaysian population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/classification*; Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
  20. Factors involved in the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in Malaysia
    Khoo SP, Shanmuhasuntharam P, Mahadzir WM, Tay KK, Latif A, Nair S
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 1998;10(1):49-51.
    PMID: 10050209 DOI: 10.1177/101053959801000111
    The delay in the diagnosis of oral cancer has been variously reported as being contributed by the clinicians, patients or both. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the referral pattern of 65 patients eventually diagnosed as having oral squamous cell carcinoma. The results showed that 50% of the patients delayed seeking professional help for more than 3 months after being aware of the lesion. The majority of the patients consulted medical practitioners as the first source of help. The mean clinicians' and patients' delay were 10.3 weeks and 28.9 weeks respectively. Dental practitioners showed a tendency to refer more advanced lesions compared to the medical practitioners. The findings raise the concern that lack of patients' awareness, misdiagnosis by clinicians and late detection by dental practitioners prevail thus calling for urgent measures towards early detection of the disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis*; Mouth Neoplasms/psychology
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