Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 191 in total

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  1. Fulltext A novel sample based quadrature phase shift keying demodulator
    Mohamed Moubark A, Ali SH
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:107831.
    PMID: 25197687 DOI: 10.1155/2014/107831
    This paper presents a new practical QPSK receiver that uses digitized samples of incoming QPSK analog signal to determine the phase of the QPSK symbol. The proposed technique is more robust to phase noise and consumes up to 89.6% less power for signal detection in demodulation operation. On the contrary, the conventional QPSK demodulation process where it uses coherent detection technique requires the exact incoming signal frequency; thus, any variation in the frequency of the local oscillator or incoming signal will cause phase noise. A software simulation of the proposed design was successfully carried out using MATLAB Simulink software platform. In the conventional system, at least 10 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR) is required to achieve the bit error rate (BER) of 10(-6), whereas, in the proposed technique, the same BER value can be achieved with only 5 dB SNR. Since some of the power consuming elements such as voltage control oscillator (VCO), mixer, and low pass filter (LPF) are no longer needed, the proposed QPSK demodulator will consume almost 68.8% to 99.6% less operational power compared to conventional QPSK demodulator.
    Matched MeSH terms: Signal-To-Noise Ratio
  2. Fulltext Target detection in forward scattering radar
    Mohamed Khalaf alla Hassan Mohamed, Raja Syamsul Azmir Raja Abdullah, Rasid, M.F.A.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2009;17(2):-.
    MyJurnal
    This paper analyses electromagnetic signal scattered from the target crossing the Forward Scattering
    Radar (FSR) system baseline. The aim of the analysis was to extract the Doppler signal of a target under the influence of high ground clutter and noise interference. The extraction was used for the
    automatic target detection (ATD) in the FSR system. Two extraction methods, namely Hilbert Transform and Wavelet Technique, were analyzed. The detection using the Hilbert Transform is only applicable for some conditions; however, the detection using the Wavelet Technique is more robust to any clutter and noise level. From 55 sets of signal, only 4% of false alarm was detected or occurred when the Wavelet Technique was applied as a detection scheme. Two sets of field experimentation were carried out and the target’s signal under the influence of high clutter had successfully been detected using the proposed method.
    Matched MeSH terms: Noise
  3. Fulltext The effects of background noise on brain activation during a verbal working memory task
    Mohamad, M., Yusoff, A.N., Mukari, S.Z.M., Abdullah, A., Abd Hamid, A.I.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2014;10(1):29-38.
    MyJurnal
    This study was carried out to investigate the effects of noisy background on brain activation during a working memory task. Fourteen healthy male subjects underwent silent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans while listening to words presented verbally against quiet (WIS) and noisy (WIN) backgrounds. The stimuli were binaurally presented to the subjects at 70 dB sound pressure level (SPL) in both conditions. Group results indicated significant (p < 0.001) bilateral widespread of brain activations in the primary auditory cortex, superior temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus and inferior parietal lobes during WIS. Additional significant activation was observed in the middle cingulate cortex and anterior cingulate cortex during WIN, suggesting the involvement of cingulate cortex in working memory processing against a noisy background. The mean percentage of signal change in all regions was higher during WIN as compared to WIS. Right hemispheric predominance was observed for both conditions in primary auditory cortex and middle frontal gyrus and this could be attributed to the increased difficulty of the tasks. The results obtained from this study demonstrated that background noise increased task demand and difficulty. Task demand was found to play an important role in determining the activation magnitude in the brain areas during working memory task.
    Matched MeSH terms: Noise
  4. Fulltext A Heuristic Approach for Optical Transceiver Placement to Optimize SNR and Illuminance Uniformities of an Optical Body Area Network
    Masroor K, Jeoti V, Drieberg M, Cheab S, Rajbhandari S
    Sensors (Basel), 2021 Apr 22;21(9).
    PMID: 33922288 DOI: 10.3390/s21092943
    The bi-directional information transfer in optical body area networks (OBANs) is crucial at all the three tiers of communication, i.e., intra-, inter-, and beyond-BAN communication, which correspond to tier-I, tier-II, and tier-III, respectively. However, the provision of uninterrupted uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) connections at tier II (inter-BAN) are extremely critical, since these links serve as a bridge between tier-I (intra-BAN) and tier-III (beyond-BAN) communication. Any negligence at this level could be life-threatening; therefore, enabling quality-of-service (QoS) remains a fundamental design issue at tier-II. Consequently, to provide QoS, a key parameter is to ensure link reliability and communication quality by maintaining a nearly uniform signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) within the coverage area. Several studies have reported the effects of transceiver related parameters on OBAN link performance, nevertheless the implications of changing transmitter locations on the SNR uniformity and communication quality have not been addressed. In this work, we undertake a DL scenario and analyze how the placement of light-emitting diode (LED) lamps can improve the SNR uniformity, regardless of the receiver position. Subsequently, we show that using the principle of reciprocity (POR) and with transmitter-receiver positions switched, the analysis is also applicable to UL, provided that the optical channel remains linear. Moreover, we propose a generalized optimal placement scheme along with a heuristic design formula to achieve uniform SNR and illuminance for DL using a fixed number of transmitters and compare it with an existing technique. The study reveals that the proposed placement technique reduces the fluctuations in SNR by 54% and improves the illuminance uniformity up to 102% as compared to the traditional approach. Finally, we show that, for very low luminous intensity, the SNR values remain sufficient to maintain a minimum bit error rate (BER) of 10-9 with on-off keying non-return-to-zero (OOK-NRZ) modulation format.
    Matched MeSH terms: Signal-To-Noise Ratio
  5. Fulltext Experimental Analysis of Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) in Laser Cutting of Sugar Palm Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites
    Masoud F, Sapuan SM, Ariffin MKAM, Nukman Y, Bayraktar E
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 Feb 26;13(5).
    PMID: 33652612 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050706
    In this paper, the influence of processing input parameters on the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of three different material thicknesses of sugar palm fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester (SPF-UPE) composites cut with a CO2 laser was investigated. Laser power, traverse speed, and gas pressure were selected as the most influential input parameters on the HAZ to optimize the HAZ response with fixing all of the other input parameters. Taguchi's method was used to determine the levels of parameters that give the best response to the HAZ. The significance of input parameters was also determined by calculating the max-min variance of the average of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) ratio for each parameter. Analysis of variation (ANOVA) was used to determine each input parameter's contribution to the influence on HAZ depth. The general results show that the minimum levels of laser power and the highest levels of traverse speed and gas pressure gave the optimum response to the HAZ. Gas pressure had the most significant effect on the HAZ, with contribution decreases as the material thickness increased, followed by the traverse speed with contribution increases with the increase in material thickness. Laser power came third, with a minimal contribution to the effect on the HAZ, and it did not show a clear relationship with the change in material thickness. By applying the optimum parameters, the desired HAZ depth could be obtained at relatively low values.
    Matched MeSH terms: Signal-To-Noise Ratio
  6. Noise-induced hearing loss and associated factors among vector control workers in a Malaysian state
    Masilamani R, Rasib A, Darus A, Ting AS
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2014 Nov;26(6):642-50.
    PMID: 22548779 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512444776
    This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated factors of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) among vector control workers in the state of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted on 181 vector control workers who were working in district health offices in a state in Malaysia. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and audiometry. Prevalence of NIHL was 26% among this group of workers. NIHL was significantly associated with the age-group of 40 years and older, length of service of 10 or more years, current occupational noise exposure, listening to loud music, history of firearms use, and history of mumps/measles infection. Following logistic regression, age of more than 40 years and noise exposure in current occupation were associated with NIHL with an odds ratio of 3.45 (95% confidence interval = 1.68-7.07) and 6.87 (95% confidence interval = 1.54-30.69), respectively, among this group of vector control workers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/epidemiology*
  7. Fulltext Empowering occupational health doctors through the occupational safety & health (noise exposure) regulations 2019
    Manivasagam, Dayanath
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2019;16(1):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    The Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia (DOSH) is the authority responsible to safeguard the occupational safety, health and welfare of workers in Malaysia. Occupational noise-related hearing disorders are the leading type of occupational diseases recorded by DOSH every year. Occupational Health Doctor (OHD) is a competency recognized by DOSH and their scope of duties in industries is currently confined to conduct medical surveillance for workers with hazardous chemical exposure and confined space medical fitness examination. The duties of OHD are good to be expanded by empowering more of their roles in industrial activities involving other legislations under DOSH. The noise exposure regulation under the Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967 has been governing the worker’s exposure to hazardous industrial noise and preventing noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) since 1989. However, the provisions of the regulation need to be strengthened in some essential medical elements of the Hearing Conservation Programme (HCP) for a comprehensive prevention of NIHL at the workplace. Recently enacted Occupational Safety and Health (Noise Exposure) Regulations 2019 offer a wider coverage of workers in ten sectors of industries applicable under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994. The current regulatory requirements for management of workplace noise have many improvements compared to the existing law. Enhancement in the medical requirements of industrial audiometry is made prominent by involving OHDs to interpret audiograms and conduct medical examination for workers. The reporting of occupational noise-related hearing disorders to DOSH is outlined better in the new regulation. The occurrence of NIHL and other related hearing disorders are expected to reduce eventually after the introduction of Occupational Safety and Health (Noise Exposure) Regulations 2019. The OHDs will play a pivotal role in industrial audiometry and prevention of hearing disorders among the working population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced; Noise, Occupational
  8. Fulltext SNR improvements in self-heterodyne detection technique for laser linewidth measurements
    Manimaran, R., Abdul-Rashid, H.A.
    ASM Science Journal, 2008;2(2):133-137.
    MyJurnal
    This paper proposes a signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) improvement by using an external phase modulator that allowed flexible control of the spectrum amplitude by varying the modulation index for linewidth measurements. Compared with the conventional self-heterodyne detection technique, the results obtained in this study showed an SNR improvement as high as 10 dB. This 10 dB improvement in SNR could help to reduce the usage of a particular length of a single mode fibre (normally about 50 Km) when measuring a linewidth in the region of 10 kHz.
    Matched MeSH terms: Noise; Signal-To-Noise Ratio
  9. Pesticide applicators questionnaire content validation: A fuzzy delphi method
    Manakandan SK, Rosnah I, Mohd Ridhuan J, Priya R
    Med J Malaysia, 2017 08;72(4):228-235.
    PMID: 28889134 MyJurnal
    BACKGROUND: The most crucial step in forming a set of survey questionnaire is deciding the appropriate items in a construct. Retaining irrelevant items and removing important items will certainly mislead the direction of a particular study. This article demonstrates Fuzzy Delphi method as one of the scientific analysis technique to consolidate consensus agreement within a panel of experts pertaining to each item's appropriateness. This method reduces the ambiguity, diversity, and discrepancy of the opinions among the experts hence enhances the quality of the selected items. The main purpose of this study was to obtain experts' consensus on the suitability of the preselected items on the questionnaire.

    METHODS: The panel consists of sixteen experts from the Occupational and Environmental Health Unit of Ministry of Health, Vector-borne Disease Control Unit of Ministry of Health and Occupational and Safety Health Unit of both public and private universities. A set of questionnaires related to noise and chemical exposure were compiled based on the literature search. There was a total of six constructs with 60 items in which three constructs for knowledge, attitude, and practice of noise exposure and three constructs for knowledge, attitude, and practice of chemical exposure. The validation process replicated recent Fuzzy Delphi method that using a concept of Triangular Fuzzy Numbers and Defuzzification process.

    RESULTS: A 100% response rate was obtained from all the sixteen experts with an average Likert scoring of four to five. Post FDM analysis, the first prerequisite was fulfilled with a threshold value (d) ≤ 0.2, hence all the six constructs were accepted. For the second prerequisite, three items (21%) from noise-attitude construct and four items (40%) from chemical-practice construct had expert consensus lesser than 75%, which giving rise to about 12% from the total items in the questionnaire. The third prerequisite was used to rank the items within the constructs by calculating the average fuzzy numbers. The seven items which did not fulfill the second prerequisite similarly had lower ranks during the analysis, therefore those items were discarded from the final draft.

    CONCLUSION: Post FDM analysis, the experts' consensus on the suitability of the pre-selected items on the questionnaire set were obtained, hence it is now ready for further construct validation process.

    Matched MeSH terms: Noise, Occupational/adverse effects
  10. A new algorithm to estimate attenuation using frequency shift methods
    Maman Hermana, Hammad Hazim Mohd Azhar, Zuhar Zahir Tuan Harith
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:953-959.
    This paper presents the improvement of quality factor (Q) estimation using shift frequency method. A new method was developed based on two previous methods; peak frequency shift (PFS) method and centroid frequency shift (CFS) method. The proposed algorithm has been tested to gauge its performance using three different scenarios; Q variation, travel
    time variation, and signal to noise ratio (SNR) variation. The test was performed using the Ricker wavelet with random noise included. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the new proposed method was able to improve Q estimation using shift frequency method. This method can also be implemented in the low and high Q condition, shallow and deep wavelet targets and in the low and high SNR conditions of seismic data. The limitations in the PFS and CFS methods can be reduced by this method.
    Matched MeSH terms: Noise; Signal-To-Noise Ratio
  11. Fulltext Noise characteristics of grass-trimming machine engines and their effect on operators
    Mallick Z, Badruddin IA, Khaleed Hussain MT, Salman Ahmed NJ, Kanesan J
    Noise Health, 2009 Apr-Jun;11(43):98-102.
    PMID: 19414929 DOI: 10.4103/1463-1741.50694
    Over the last few years, interaction of humans with noisy power-driven agricultural tools and its possible adverse after effects have been realized. Grass-trimmer engine is the primary source of noise and the use of motorized cutter, spinning at high speed, is the secondary source of noise to which operators are exposed. In the present study, investigation was carried out to determine the effect of two types of grass-trimming machine engines (SUM 328 SE and BG 328) noise on the operators in real working environment. It was found that BG-328 and SUM-328 SE produced high levels of noise, of the order of 100 and 105 dB(A), respectively, to which operators are exposed while working. It was also observed that situation aggravates when a number of operators simultaneously operate resulting in still higher levels of noise. Operators should be separated 15 meters from each other in order to avoid the combined level of noise exposure while working with these machines. It was found that SPL, of the grass-trimmer machine engines (BG-328 and SUM-328 SE), were higher than the limit of noise recommended by ISO, NIOSH, and OSHA for an 8-hour workday. Such a high level of noise exposure may cause physiological and psychological problems to the operators in long run.
    Matched MeSH terms: Noise, Occupational*
  12. Fulltext The noise exposed factory workers: the prevalence of sensori-neural hearing loss and their use of personal hearing protection devices
    Maisarah SZ, Said H
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Sep;48(3):280-5.
    PMID: 8183139
    A total of 524 industrial workers were studied. They consisted of 442 noise exposed and 82 non-noise exposed workers. The purpose was to compare the prevalence of sensori-neural hearing loss among the noise exposed and the non-noise exposed workers, to study their knowledge on the hazard of noise to hearing and the workers' attitude towards the hearing protection devices. The prevalence of sensori-neural hearing loss was significantly higher among the noise exposed workers, i.e., 83% versus 31.7% (p < 0.01). However, the prevalence of hearing impairment was much lower for both groups, being 30.1% for the noise exposed and 3.7% for the non-noise exposed group. Although hearing protection devices were provided to 80.5% of the workers, only 5.1% were wearing them regularly. The possibility of developing hearing loss due to exposure to excessive noise was only known by 35.5% of the noise exposed workers. This awareness was found to have a positive correlation with the workers' compliance to the hearing protection devices. Our findings highlight the need for workers to be educated on the hazards of excessive noise exposure to hearing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/epidemiology*
  13. Fulltext Cortical signal-in-noise coding varies by noise type, signal-to-noise ratio, age, and hearing status
    Maamor N, Billings CJ
    Neurosci Lett, 2017 01 01;636:258-264.
    PMID: 27838448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.020
    The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of noise type, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), age, and hearing status on cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) to speech sounds. This helps to explain the hearing-in-noise difficulties often seen in the aging and hearing impaired population. Continuous, modulated, and babble noise types were presented at varying SNRs to 30 individuals divided into three groups according to age and hearing status. Significant main effects of noise type, SNR, and group were found. Interaction effects revealed that the SNR effect varies as a function of noise type and is most systematic for continuous noise. Effects of age and hearing loss were limited to CAEP latency and were differentially modulated by energetic and informational-like masking. It is clear that the spectrotemporal characteristics of signals and noises play an important role in determining the morphology of neural responses. Participant factors such as age and hearing status, also play an important role in determining the brain's response to complex auditory stimuli and contribute to the ability to listen in noise.
    Matched MeSH terms: Signal-To-Noise Ratio*
  14. Optimization of dose and image quality of paediatric cardiac catheterization procedure
    Lubis LE, Bayuadi I, Pawiro SA, Ng KH, Bosmans H, Soejoko DS
    Phys Med, 2015 Nov;31(7):659-68.
    PMID: 26050060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.05.011
    The purpose of this study is to quantify the quality of the available imaging modes for various iodine-based contrast agent concentration in paediatric cardiology. The figure of merit (FOM) was defined as the squared signal to noise ratio divided by a patient dose related parameter. An in house constructed phantom simulated a series of vessel segments with iodine concentrations from 10% or 30 mg/cc to 16% or 48 mg/cc of iodine in a blood plasma solution, all within the dimensional constraints of a paediatric patient. The phantom also used test inserts of tin (Sn). Measurements of Entrance Surface Air Kerma (ESAK) and exit dose rate were performed along with calculations of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of all the objects. A first result showed that it was favourable to employ low dose fluoroscopy mode and lower frame rate modes in cine acquisition if dynamic information is not critical. Normal fluoroscopy dose mode provided a considerably higher dose level (in comparison to low dose mode) with only a slight improvement in SNR. Higher frame rate cine modes should be used however when the clinical situation dictates so. This work also found that tin should not be intended as iodine replacement material for research purposes due to the mismatching SNR, particularly on small vessel sizes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Signal-To-Noise Ratio
  15. Tuning into the travel health risks of music tourism
    Lu TS, Flaherty GT
    J Travel Med, 2018 01 01;25(1).
    PMID: 30346571 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tay106
    Matched MeSH terms: Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/prevention & control*
  16. Fulltext Pulse shaping amplifier (PSA) for nuclear spectroscopy system
    Lombigit, Lojius, Maslina Ibrahim, Nolida Yusup, Nur Aira Abdul Rahman, Yong, Chong Fong
    Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2014;26(1):25-35.
    MyJurnal
    Pulse Shaping Amplifier (PSA) is an essential component in nuclear spectroscopy system. This
    amplifier has two functions; to shape the output pulse and performs noise filtering. In this paper,
    we describe the procedure for the design and development of a pulse shaping amplifier which can
    be used in a nuclear spectroscopy system. This prototype was developed using high performance
    electronics devices and assembled on a FR4 type printed circuit board. Performance of this
    prototype was tested by comparing it with an equivalent commercial spectroscopy amplifier (Model
    Silena 7611). The test results showed that the performance of this prototype was comparable
    to the commercial spectroscopic amplifier.
    Matched MeSH terms: Noise
  17. Determination of Aflatoxins B1 and B2 in Peanuts and Corn Based Products
    Loh SH, Nur Iryani Mohd Yusof, How ML
    Sains Malaysiana, 2010;39.
    A method for the determination of aflatoxins B1 and B2 in peanuts and corn based products is described. The samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile-water (84:16), followed by multifunctional clean-up and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Both calibration curves showed good correlation from 4.0 to 32.0 ppb for aflatoxin B1 (r=0.9999) and 1.2 to 9.6 ppb for aflatoxin B2 (r=0.9997). The detection limit of aflatoxins B1 and B2 were established at 0.1 and 0.03 ppb, respectively, based on signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1. Average recoveries for the determination of aflatoxins B1 and B2 at 10 and 3 ppb spiking levels, respectively ranged from 94.2 to 107.6%. A total of 20 peanut samples and corn based products were obtained from retail shop and local market around Kuala Terengganu and analyzed for aflatoxins B1 and B2 contents, using the proposed method. Aflatoxins B1 and B2 were detected in 5 out of the 9 peanuts samples and 5 out of the 11 corn based products, at levels ranging from 0.2 to 101.8 ppb.
    Matched MeSH terms: Signal-To-Noise Ratio
  18. 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging noise in standard head and neck sequence does not cause temporary threshold shift in high frequency
    Lim EY, Tang IP, Peyman M, Ramli N, Narayanan P, Rajagopalan R
    Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2015 Nov;272(11):3109-13.
    PMID: 25205300 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3232-y
    High acoustic noise level is one of the unavoidable side effects of 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A case of hearing loss after 3 T MRI has been reported in this institution and hence this study. The objective of this study was to determine whether temporary threshold shift (TTS) in high frequency hearing occurs in patients undergoing 3 T MRI scans of the head and neck. A total of 35 patients undergoing head and neck 3 T MRI for various clinical indications were tested with pure tone audiometry in different frequencies including high frequencies, before and after the MRI scan. Any threshold change from the recorded baseline of 10 dB was considered significant. All patients were fitted with foamed 3 M earplugs before the procedure following the safety guidelines for 3 T MRI. The mean time for MRI procedure was 1,672 s (range 1,040-2,810). The noise dose received by each patient amounted to an average of 3,906.29% (1,415-9,170%). The noise dose was derived from a normograph used by Occupational Noise Surveys. This was calculated using the nomograph of L eq, L EX, noise dose and time. There was no statistically significant difference between the hearing threshold before and after the MRI procedures for all the frequencies (paired t test, P > 0.05). For patients using 3 M foamed earplugs, noise level generated by 3 T MRI during routine clinical sequence did not cause any TTS in high frequency hearing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/etiology*; Noise*
  19. On optimizing the blocking step of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Epstein-Barr virus serology
    Lim CS, Krishnan G, Sam CK, Ng CC
    Clin Chim Acta, 2013 Jan 16;415:158-61.
    PMID: 23043757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.08.031
    Because blocking agent occupies most binding surface of a solid phase, its ability to prevent nonspecific binding determines the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and reliability of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
    Matched MeSH terms: Signal-To-Noise Ratio
  20. Fulltext Tamper localization and lossless recovery watermarking scheme with ROI segmentation and multilevel authentication
    Liew SC, Liew SW, Zain JM
    J Digit Imaging, 2013 Apr;26(2):316-25.
    PMID: 22555905 DOI: 10.1007/s10278-012-9484-4
    Tamper localization and recovery watermarking scheme can be used to detect manipulation and recover tampered images. In this paper, a tamper localization and lossless recovery scheme that used region of interest (ROI) segmentation and multilevel authentication was proposed. The watermarked images had a high average peak signal-to-noise ratio of 48.7 dB and the results showed that tampering was successfully localized and tampered area was exactly recovered. The usage of ROI segmentation and multilevel authentication had significantly reduced the time taken by approximately 50 % for the tamper localization and recovery processing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Signal-To-Noise Ratio
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