Displaying publications 81 - 100 of 125 in total

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  1. Nanophase hydroxyapatite as a biomaterial in advanced hard tissue engineering: a review
    Zakaria SM, Sharif Zein SH, Othman MR, Yang F, Jansen JA
    Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2013 Oct;19(5):431-41.
    PMID: 23557483 DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2012.0624
    Hydroxyapatite is a biocompatible material that is extensively used in the replacement and regeneration of bone material. In nature, nanostructured hydroxyapatite is the main component present in hard body tissues. Hence, the state of the art in nanotechnology can be exploited to synthesize nanophase hydroxyapatite that has similar properties with natural hydroxyapatite. Sustainable methods to mass-produce synthetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are being developed to meet the increasing demand for these materials and to further develop the progress made in hard tissue regeneration, especially for orthopedic and dental applications. This article reviews the current developments in nanophase hydroxyapatite through various manufacturing techniques and modifications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  2. Nanostructured materials from hydroxyethyl cellulose for skin tissue engineering
    Zulkifli FH, Hussain FSJ, Rasad MSBA, Mohd Yusoff M
    Carbohydr Polym, 2014 Dec 19;114:238-245.
    PMID: 25263887 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.019
    In this study, a novel fibrous membrane of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend was successfully fabricated by electrospinning technique and characterized. The concentration of HEC (5%) with PVA (15%) was optimized, blended in different ratios (30-50%) and electrospun to get smooth nanofibers. Nanofibrous membranes were made water insoluble by chemically cross-linking by glutaraldehyde and used as scaffolds for the skin tissue engineering. The microstructure, morphology, mechanical and thermal properties of the blended HEC/PVA nanofibrous scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning colorimetry, universal testing machine and thermogravimetric analysis. Cytotoxicity studies on these nanofibrous scaffolds were carried out using human melanoma cells by the MTT assays. The cells were able to attach and spread in the nanofibrous scaffolds as shown by the SEM images. These preliminary results show that these nanofibrous scaffolds that supports cell adhesion and proliferation is promising for skin tissue engineering.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  3. Novel chitosan derivative based composite scaffolds with enhanced angiogenesis; potential candidates for healing chronic non-healing wounds
    Rizwan M, Yahya R, Hassan A, Yar M, Abd Halim AA, Rageh Al-Maleki A, et al.
    J Mater Sci Mater Med, 2019 Jun 11;30(6):72.
    PMID: 31187295 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6273-3
    The success of wound healing depends upon the proper growth of vascular system in time in the damaged tissues. Poor blood supply to wounded tissues or tissue engineered grafts leads to the failure of wound healing or rejection of grafts. In present paper, we report the synthesis of novel organosoluble and pro-angiogenic chitosan derivative (CSD) by the reaction of chitosan with 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid and triethylorthoformate (TEOF). The synthesized material was characterized by FTIR and 13C-NMR to confirm the incorporated functional groups and new covalent connectivities. Biodegradability of the synthesized chitosan derivative was tested in the presence of lysozyme and was found to be comparable with CS. The cytotoxicity and apoptosis effect of new derivative was determined against gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells and was found to be non-toxic. The CSD was found to be soluble in majority of organic solvents. It was blended with polycaprolactone (PCL) to form composite scaffolds. From an ex ovo CAM assay, it was noted that CSD stimulated the angiogenesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods
  4. Fulltext Overview of Urethral Reconstruction by Tissue Engineering: Current Strategies, Clinical Status and Future Direction
    Rashidbenam Z, Jasman MH, Hafez P, Tan GH, Goh EH, Fam XI, et al.
    Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2019 08;16(4):365-384.
    PMID: 31413941 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00193-z
    BACKGROUND: Urinary tract is subjected to a variety of disorders such as urethral stricture, which often develops as a result of scarring process. Urethral stricture can be treated by urethral dilation and urethrotomy; but in cases of long urethral strictures, substitution urethroplasty with genital skin and buccal mucosa grafts is the only option. However a number of complications such as infection as a result of hair growth in neo-urethra, and stone formation restrict the application of those grafts. Therefore, tissue engineering techniques recently emerged as an alternative approach, aiming to overcome those restrictions. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive coverage on the strategies employed and the translational status of urethral tissue engineering over the past years and to propose a combinatory strategy for the future of urethral tissue engineering.

    METHODs: Data collection was based on the key articles published in English language in years between 2006 and 2018 using the searching terms of urethral stricture and tissue engineering on PubMed database.

    RESULTS: Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into urothelial and smooth muscle cells to be used for urologic application does not offer any advantage over autologous urothelial and smooth muscle cells. Among studied scaffolds, synthetic scaffolds with proper porosity and mechanical strength is the best option to be used for urethral tissue engineering.

    CONCLUSION: Hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells in combination with autologous cells seeded on a pre-vascularized synthetic and biodegradable scaffold can be said to be the best combinatory strategy in engineering of human urethra.

    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  5. Pediatric auricular chondrocytes gene expression analysis in monolayer culture and engineered elastic cartilage
    Ruszymah BH, Lokman BS, Asma A, Munirah S, Chua K, Mazlyzam AL, et al.
    Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2007 Aug;71(8):1225-34.
    PMID: 17531328
    This study was aimed at regenerating autologous elastic cartilage for future use in pediatric ear reconstruction surgery. Specific attentions were to characterize pediatric auricular chondrocyte growth in a combination culture medium and to assess the possibility of elastic cartilage regeneration using human fibrin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  6. Phenotypic expression of collagen type II and collagen type I gene in monolayer culture of human auricular chondrocytes
    Nur Adelina AN, Aminuddin BS, Munirah S, Chua KH, Fuzina NH, Saim L, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 May;59 Suppl B:188-9.
    PMID: 15468881
    Cartilage is regularly needed for reconstructive surgery. Basic research in tissue engineering is necessary to develop its full potential. We presented here the expression profile of type II collagen gene and type I collagen gene in human auricular monolayer culture expansion. Cultured chondrocytes documented a reduction in the expression level of collagen type II gene whilst collagen type I gene was gradually expressed through all the passages. This study demonstrated that human auricular chondrocytes lose its phenotypic expression during monolayer culture expansion. Further studies are required to enhance cartilage specific gene expression, collagen type II throughout the in vitro culture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  7. Physical and Natural Crosslinking Approaches on Three-Dimensional Gelatin Microspheres for Cartilage Regeneration
    Sulaiman S, Rani RA, Mohamad Yahaya NH, Tabata Y, Hiraoka Y, Seet WT, et al.
    Tissue Eng Part C Methods, 2022 10;28(10):557-569.
    PMID: 35615885 DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEC.2022.0073
    The use of gelatin microspheres (GMs) as a cell carrier has been extensively researched. One of its limitations is that it dissolves rapidly in aqueous settings, precluding its use for long-term cell propagation. This circumstance necessitates the use of crosslinking agents to circumvent the constraint. Thus, this study examines two different methods of crosslinking and their effect on the microsphere's physicochemical and cartilage tissue regeneration capacity. Crosslinking was accomplished by physical (dehydrothermal [DHT]) and natural (genipin) crosslinking of the three-dimensional (3D) GM. We begin by comparing the microstructures of the scaffolds and their long-term resistance to degradation under physiological conditions (in an isotonic solution, at 37°C, pH = 7.4). Infrared spectroscopy indicated that the gelatin structure was preserved after the crosslinking treatments. The crosslinked GM demonstrated good cell adhesion, viability, proliferation, and widespread 3D scaffold colonization when seeded with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, the crosslinked microspheres enhanced chondrogenesis, as demonstrated by the data. It was discovered that crosslinked GM increased the expression of cartilage-related genes and the biosynthesis of a glycosaminoglycan-positive matrix as compared with non-crosslinked GM. In comparison, DHT-crosslinked results were significantly enhanced. To summarize, DHT treatment was found to be a superior approach for crosslinking the GM to promote better cartilage tissue regeneration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods
  8. Physicomechanical properties of sintered scaffolds formed from porous and protein-loaded poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres for potential use in bone tissue engineering
    Boukari Y, Scurr DJ, Qutachi O, Morris AP, Doughty SW, Rahman CV, et al.
    J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2015;26(12):796-811.
    PMID: 26065672 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1058696
    An injectable poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) system comprising both porous and protein-loaded microspheres capable of forming porous scaffolds at body temperature was developed for tissue regeneration purposes. Porous and non-porous (lysozyme loaded) PLGA microspheres were formulated to represent 'low molecular weight' 22-34 kDa, 'intermediate molecular weight' (IMW) 53 kDa and 'high molecular weight' 84-109 kDa PLGA microspheres. The respective average size of the microspheres was directly related to the polymer molecular weight. An initial burst release of lysozyme was observed from both microspheres and scaffolds on day 1. In the case of the lysozyme-loaded microspheres, this burst release was inversely related to the polymer molecular weight. Similarly, scaffolds loaded with 1 mg lysozyme/g of scaffold exhibited an inverse release relationship with polymer molecular weight. The burst release was highest amongst IMW scaffolds loaded with 2 and 3 mg/g. Sustained lysozyme release was observed after day 1 over 50 days (microspheres) and 30 days (scaffolds). The compressive strengths of the scaffolds were found to be inversely proportional to PLGA molecular weight at each lysozyme loading. Surface analysis indicated that some of the loaded lysozyme was distributed on the surfaces of the microspheres and thus responsible for the burst release observed. Overall the data demonstrates the potential of the scaffolds for use in tissue regeneration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  9. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid mesh coated with fibrin or collagen and biological adhesive substance as a prefabricated, degradable, biocompatible, and functional scaffold for regeneration of the urinary bladder wall
    Salem SA, Hwei NM, Bin Saim A, Ho CC, Sagap I, Singh R, et al.
    J Biomed Mater Res A, 2013 Aug;101(8):2237-47.
    PMID: 23349110 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34518
    The chief obstacle for reconstructing the bladder is the absence of a biomaterial, either permanent or biodegradable, that will function as a suitable scaffold for the natural process of regeneration. In this study, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) plus collagen or fibrin was evaluated for its suitability as a scaffold for urinary bladder construct. Human adipose-derived stem cells (HADSCs) were cultured, followed by incubation in smooth muscle cells differentiation media. Differentiated HADSCs were then seeded onto PLGA mesh supported with collagen or fibrin. Evaluation of cell-seeded PLGA composite immersed in culture medium was performed under a light and scanning microscope. To determine if the composite is compatible with the urodynamic properties of urinary bladder, porosity and leaking test was performed. The PLGA samples were subjected to tensile testing was pulled until PLGA fibers break. The results showed that the PLGA composite is biocompatible to differentiated HADSCs. PLGA-collagen mesh appeared to be optimal as a cell carrier while the three-layered PLGA-fibrin composite is better in relation to its leaking/ porosity property. A biomechanical test was also performed for three-layered PLGA with biological adhesive and three-layered PLGA alone. The tensile stress at failure was 30.82 ± 3.80 (MPa) and 34.36 ± 2.57 (MPa), respectively. Maximum tensile strain at failure was 19.42 ± 2.24 (mm) and 23.06 ± 2.47 (mm), respectively. Young's modulus was 0.035 ± 0.0083 and 0.043 ± 0.012, respectively. The maximum load at break was 58.55 ± 7.90 (N) and 65.29 ± 4.89 (N), respectively. In conclusion, PLGA-Fibrin fulfils the criteria as a scaffold for urinary bladder reconstruction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods
  10. Polyvinyl alcohol as a viable membrane in artificial tissue design and development
    Kadri NA, Raha MG, Pingguan-Murphy B
    Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2011;66(8):1489-94.
    PMID: 21915506
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  11. Potential applications of engineered nanoparticles in medicine and biology: an update
    Rudramurthy GR, Swamy MK
    J Biol Inorg Chem, 2018 Dec;23(8):1185-1204.
    PMID: 30097748 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1600-6
    Nanotechnology advancements have led to the development of its allied fields, such as nanoparticle synthesis and their applications in the field of biomedicine. Nanotechnology driven innovations have given a hope to the patients as well as physicians in solving the complex medical problems. Nanoparticles with a size ranging from 0.2 to 100 nm are associated with an increased surface to volume ratio. Moreover, the physico-chemical and biological properties of nanoparticles can be modified depending on the applications. Different nanoparticles have been documented with a wide range of applications in various fields of medicine and biology including cancer therapy, drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, biomolecules detection, and also as antimicrobial agents. However, the development of stable and effective nanoparticles requires a profound knowledge on both physico-chemical features of nanomaterials and their intended applications. Further, the health risks associated with the use of engineered nanoparticles needs a serious attention.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods
  12. Fulltext Preliminary In Vitro Evaluation of Chitosan-Graphene Oxide Scaffolds on Osteoblastic Adhesion, Proliferation, and Early Differentiation
    Wong SHM, Lim SS, Tiong TJ, Show PL, Zaid HFM, Loh HS
    Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Jul 22;21(15).
    PMID: 32708043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155202
    An ideal scaffold should be biocompatible, having appropriate microstructure, excellent mechanical strength yet degrades. Chitosan exhibits most of these exceptional properties, but it is always associated with sub-optimal cytocompatibility. This study aimed to incorporate graphene oxide at wt % of 0, 2, 4, and 6 into chitosan matrix via direct blending of chitosan solution and graphene oxide, freezing, and freeze drying. Cell fixation, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, alkaline phosphatase colorimetric assays were conducted to assess cell adhesion, proliferation, and early differentiation of MG63 on chitosan-graphene oxide scaffolds respectively. The presence of alkaline phosphatase, an early osteoblast differentiation marker, was further detected in chitosan-graphene oxide scaffolds using western blot. These results strongly supported that chitosan scaffolds loaded with graphene oxide at 2 wt % mediated cell adhesion, proliferation, and early differentiation due to the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups of graphene oxide. Therefore, chitosan scaffolds loaded with graphene oxide at 2 wt % showed the potential to be developed into functional bone scaffolds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  13. Processing of polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone-based copolymers into 3D scaffolds, and their cellular responses
    Hoque ME, San WY, Wei F, Li S, Huang MH, Vert M, et al.
    Tissue Eng Part A, 2009 Oct;15(10):3013-24.
    PMID: 19331580 DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2008.0355
    Synthetic polymers have attracted much attention in tissue engineering due to their ability to modulate biomechanical properties. This study investigated the feasibility of processing poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) homopolymer, PCL-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diblock, and PCL-PEG-PCL triblock copolymers into three-dimensional porous scaffolds. Properties of the various polymers were investigated by dynamic thermal analysis. The scaffolds were manufactured using the desktop robot-based rapid prototyping technique. Gross morphology and internal three-dimensional structure of scaffolds were identified by scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography, which showed excellent fusion at the filament junctions, high uniformity, and complete interconnectivity of pore networks. The influences of process parameters on scaffolds' morphological and mechanical characteristics were studied. Data confirmed that the process parameters directly influenced the pore size, porosity, and, consequently, the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. The in vitro cell culture study was performed to investigate the influence of polymer nature and scaffold architecture on the adhesion of the cells onto the scaffolds using rabbit smooth muscle cells. Light, scanning electron, and confocal laser microscopy showed cell adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix formation on the surface as well as inside the structure of both scaffold groups. The completely interconnected and highly regular honeycomb-like pore morphology supported bridging of the pores via cell-to-cell contact as well as production of extracellular matrix at later time points. The results indicated that the incorporation of hydrophilic PEG into hydrophobic PCL enhanced the overall hydrophilicity and cell culture performance of PCL-PEG copolymer. However, the scaffold architecture did not significantly influence the cell culture performance in this study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  14. Properties of Cell Sources in Tissue-Engineered Three-dimensional Oral Mucosa Model: A Review
    Mohd Nor NH, Berahim Z, Ahmad A, Kannan TP
    Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2017;12(1):52-60.
    PMID: 27538403
    Oral mucosa is a mucous membrane lining the oral cavity. Its main function is to protect the deeper structures against the external factors; thermal, chemical, mechanical and biological stimuli. Apart from that, it also plays a significant role during mastication, deglutition and speech. Some oral diseases or injuries to oral mucosa lead to impairment of the oral functions and aesthetics which eventually result in permanent defect of oral mucosa. In order to overcome this defect, different approaches for the development of reconstructed oral mucosa models have been employed including skin/autologous grafts, guided tissue replacement, vestibuloplasty etc. However, the finding of an acceptable source for the transplantations or autologous grafts seems a bit challenging. To overcome this problem, the development of oral mucosa using tissue engineering approach has been widely studied involving various cell lines from different sources. This paper aims to highlight various cell sources used in the development of tissueengineered oral mucosa models based on articles retrieved from PubMed and MEDLINE databases using the search terms "oral mucosa tissue engineering", regardless of time when published.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  15. Fulltext Recent Advances in Biopolymeric Composite Materials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicines: A Review
    Aslam Khan MU, Abd Razak SI, Al Arjan WS, Nazir S, Sahaya Anand TJ, Mehboob H, et al.
    Molecules, 2021 Jan 25;26(3).
    PMID: 33504080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030619
    The polymeric composite material with desirable features can be gained by selecting suitable biopolymers with selected additives to get polymer-filler interaction. Several parameters can be modified according to the design requirements, such as chemical structure, degradation kinetics, and biopolymer composites' mechanical properties. The interfacial interactions between the biopolymer and the nanofiller have substantial control over biopolymer composites' mechanical characteristics. This review focuses on different applications of biopolymeric composites in controlled drug release, tissue engineering, and wound healing with considerable properties. The biopolymeric composite materials are required with advanced and multifunctional properties in the biomedical field and regenerative medicines with a complete analysis of routine biomaterials with enhanced biomedical engineering characteristics. Several studies in the literature on tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound dressing have been mentioned. These results need to be reviewed for possible development and analysis, which makes an essential study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  16. Recent Development in the Fabrication of Collagen Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review
    Busra MFM, Lokanathan Y
    Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2019;20(12):992-1003.
    PMID: 31364511 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190731121016
    Tissue engineering focuses on developing biological substitutes to restore, maintain or improve tissue functions. The three main components of its application are scaffold, cell and growthstimulating signals. Scaffolds composed of biomaterials mainly function as the structural support for ex vivo cells to attach and proliferate. They also provide physical, mechanical and biochemical cues for the differentiation of cells before transferring to the in vivo site. Collagen has been long used in various clinical applications, including drug delivery. The wide usage of collagen in the clinical field can be attributed to its abundance in nature, biocompatibility, low antigenicity and biodegradability. In addition, the high tensile strength and fibril-forming ability of collagen enable its fabrication into various forms, such as sheet/membrane, sponge, hydrogel, beads, nanofibre and nanoparticle, and as a coating material. The wide option of fabrication technology together with the excellent biological and physicochemical characteristics of collagen has stimulated the use of collagen scaffolds in various tissue engineering applications. This review describes the fabrication methods used to produce various forms of scaffolds used in tissue engineering applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  17. Recent advances in the role of supramolecular hydrogels in drug delivery
    Amin MC, Ahmad N, Pandey M, Abeer MM, Mohamad N
    Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2015 Jul;12(7):1149-61.
    PMID: 25547588 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.997707
    Supramolecular hydrogels, formed by noncovalent crosslinking of polymeric chains in water, constitute an interesting class of materials that can be developed specifically for drug delivery and biomedical applications. The biocompatibility, stimuli responsiveness to various external factors, and powerful functionalization capacity of these polymeric networks make them attractive candidates for novel advanced dosage form design.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods
  18. Recent development on porous calcium phosphate ceramics for biomedical application
    Sopyan I
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Jul;63 Suppl A:14-5.
    PMID: 19024961
    Porous calcium phosphate ceramics have found enormous use in biomedical applications including bone tissue regeneration, cell proliferation, and drug delivery. In bone tissue engineering it has been applied as filling material for bone defects and augmentation, artificial bone graft material, and prosthesis revision surgery. Their high surface area leads to excellent osteoconductivity and resorbability providing fast bone ingrowths. Porous calcium phosphate can be produced by a variety of methods. This paper discusses briefly fundamental aspects of porous calcium phosphate for biomedical applications as well as various techniques used to prepare porous calcium phosphate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  19. Reconstruction of living bilayer human skin equivalent utilizing human fibrin as a scaffold
    Mazlyzam AL, Aminuddin BS, Fuzina NH, Norhayati MM, Fauziah O, Isa MR, et al.
    Burns, 2007 May;33(3):355-63.
    PMID: 17321690
    Our aim of this study was to develop a new methodology for constructing a bilayer human skin equivalent to create a more clinical compliance skin graft composite for the treatment of various skin defects. We utilized human plasma derived fibrin as the scaffold for the development of a living bilayer human skin equivalent: fibrin-fibroblast and fibrin-keratinocyte (B-FF/FK SE). Skin cells from six consented patients were culture-expanded to passage 1. For B-FF/FK SE formation, human fibroblasts were embedded in human fibrin matrix and subsequently another layer of human keratinocytes in human fibrin matrix was stacked on top. The B-FF/FK SE was then transplanted to athymic mice model for 4 weeks to evaluate its regeneration and clinical performance. The in vivo B-FF/FK SE has similar properties as native human skin by histological analysis and expression of basal Keratin 14 gene in the epidermal layer and Collagen type I gene in the dermal layer. Electron microscopy analysis of in vivo B-FF/FK SE showed well-formed and continuous epidermal-dermal junction. We have successfully developed a technique to engineer living bilayer human skin equivalent using human fibrin matrix. The utilization of culture-expanded human skin cells and fibrin matrix from human blood will allow a fully autologous human skin equivalent construction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods*
  20. Fulltext Regression Analysis of the Dielectric and Morphological Properties for Porous Nanohydroxyapatite/Starch Composites: A Correlative Study
    Beh CY, Cheng EM, Mohd Nasir NF, Abdul Majid MS, Khor SF, Mohd Jamir MR, et al.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2022 May 19;23(10).
    PMID: 35628505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105695
    This paper aims to investigate the dielectric properties, i.e., dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss factor (ε″), dielectric tangent loss (tan δ), electrical conductivity (σ), and penetration depth (Dp), of the porous nanohydroxyapatite/starch composites in the function of starch proportion, pore size, and porosity over a broad band frequency range of 5 MHz-12 GHz. The porous nanohydroxyapatite/starch composites were fabricated using different starch proportions ranging from 30 to 90 wt%. The results reveal that the dielectric properties and the microstructural features of the porous nanohydroxyapatite/starch composites can be enhanced by the increment in the starch proportion. Nevertheless, the composite with 80 wt% of starch proportion exhibit low dielectric properties (ε', ε″, tan δ, and σ) and a high penetration depth because of its highly interconnected porous microstructures. The dielectric properties of the porous nanohydroxyapatite/starch composites are highly dependent on starch proportion, average pore size, and porosity. The regression models are developed to express the dielectric properties of the porous nanohydroxyapatite/starch composites (R2 > 0.96) in the function of starch proportion, pore size, and porosity from 1 to 11 GHz. This dielectric study can facilitate the assessment of bone scaffold design in bone tissue engineering applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tissue Engineering/methods
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