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Fulltext Salivary bacterial shifts in oral leukoplakia resemble the dysbiotic oral cancer bacteriome

Gopinath D, Kunnath Menon R, Chun Wie C, Banerjee M, Panda S, Mandal D, et al.

J Oral Microbiol, 2020 Dec 09;13(1):1857998.
PMID: 33391629 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1857998

Objective: While some oral carcinomas appear to arise de novo, others develop within long-standing conditions of the oral cavity that have malignant potential, now known as oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). The oral bacteriome associated with OPMD has been studied to a lesser extent than that associated with oral cancer. To characterize the association in detail we compared the bacteriome in whole mouth fluid (WMF) in patients with oral leukoplakia, oral cancer and healthy controls. Methods: WMF bacteriome from 20 leukoplakia patients, 31 patients with oral cancer and 23 healthy controls were profiled using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequencing reads were processed using DADA2, and taxonomical classification was performed using the phylogenetic placement method. Sparse Partial Least Squares Regression Discriminant Analysis model was used to identify bacterial taxa that best discriminate the studied groups. Results: We found considerable overlap between the WMF bacteriome of leukoplakia and oral cancer while a clearer separation between healthy controls and the former two disorders was observed. Specifically, the separation was attributed to 14 taxa belonging to the genera Megaspheara, unclassified enterobacteria, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Rothia and Salmonella, Streptococcus, and Fusobacterium. The most discriminative bacterial genera between leukoplakia and oral cancer were Megasphaera, unclassified Enterobacteriae, Salmonella and Prevotella.Conclusion: Oral bacteria may play a role in the early stages of oral carcinogenesis as a dysbiotic bacteriome is associated with oral leukoplakia and this resembles that of oral cancer more than healthy controls. Our findings may have implications for developing oral cancer prevention strategies targeting early microbial drivers of oral carcinogenesis.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma
Fulltext Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Sternum: An Oncological Curiosity

Jia, Ying Soo, Nur Ayub Mohd Ali, Aishath Azna Ali, Firdaus Hayati, Nornazirah Azizan, Andee Dzulkarnaen Zakaria, et al.

Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019;13(1):23-27.
MyJurnal

Skeletal metastasis is a frequent complication of cancer resulting in significant morbidity as well as mortality. We highlight a case of a 73-year old gentleman with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the sternum. He denied dysphagia, shortness of breath, goitre, and presence of chronic non-healing ulcer. He was anaemic and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was 18.7. Chest radiograph on lateral view showed a suspicious cortical irregularity. Computed tomography (CT) scan of thorax revealed an aggressive sternal lesion with soft tissue component. Ultrasound guided biopsy was performed and the biopsy was consistent with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma has a predilection to metastasize via haematogenous spread, but direct extension of tumour into the bone is not frequently seen. Finding the primary cause is utmost importance either via imaging modalities or invasive procedures. Isolated secondary lesion is extremely rare but unfortunate among defaulters. We discuss its diagnostic work-up and treatment options conserved to manage this condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Fulltext The known unknowns of HPV natural history

Gravitt PE

J Clin Invest, 2011 Dec;121(12):4593-9.
PMID: 22133884 DOI: 10.1172/JCI57149

The discovery that certain high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) cause nearly 100% of invasive cervical cancer has spurred a revolution in cervical cancer prevention by promoting the development of viral vaccines. Although the efficacy of these vaccines has already been demonstrated, a complete understanding of viral latency and natural immunity is lacking, and solving these mysteries could help guide policies of cervical cancer screening and vaccine use. Here, we examine the epidemiological and biological understanding of the natural history of HPV infection, with an eye toward using these studies to guide the implementation of cervical cancer prevention strategies.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/prevention & control; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
Tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-1 (TRAF-1) expression is increased in renal cell carcinoma patient serum but decreased in cancer tissue compared with normal: potential biomarker significance

Rajandram R, Yap NY, Pailoor J, Razack AH, Ng KL, Ong TA, et al.

Pathology, 2014 Oct;46(6):518-22.
PMID: 25158810 DOI: 10.1097/PAT.0000000000000145

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) generally has a poor prognosis because of late diagnosis and metastasis. We have previously described decreased tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-1 (TRAF-1) in RCC compared with paired normal kidney in a patient cohort in Australia. In the present study, TRAF-1 expression in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) and normal kidney was again compared, but in a cohort from University Malaya Medical Centre. Serum TRAF-1 was also evaluated in RCC and normal samples.Immunohistochemistry with automated batch staining and Aperio ImageScope morphometry was used to compare TRAF-1 in 61 ccRCC with paired normal kidney tissue. Serum from 15 newly diagnosed and untreated ccRCC and 15 healthy people was tested for TRAF-1 using ELISA.In this cohort, TRAF-1 was highly expressed in proximal tubular epithelium of normal kidney, and significantly decreased in ccRCC tissue (p

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Renal Cell
Fulltext Analysis of octamer-binding transcription factor-4 expression in oral leukoplakia

Tegginamani AS, Shivakumar VH, Kallarakkal TG, Ismail SM, Abraham MT, Bin Zamzuri AT

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol, 2020 09 09;24(2):400.
PMID: 33456258 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_272_19

Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders have a risk for malignant transformation but are difficult to reliably identify and predict which patients are at the risk for malignant transformation. OCT4 has been hypothesized to play a key oncogenic driver in a variety of solid tumors. A deeper understanding of the aberrant molecular pathways which lead to carcinogenesis needs to be identified by the potential markers.
Aims: To assess the OCT4 stemness factor in oral leukoplakia for its potential risk to malignant transformation.
Settings and Design: 20 cases of oral leukoplakia were obtained from archives at Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating center (OCRCC) Malaysia Subjects and Methods: 20 cases of oral leukoplakia were assessed by OCT4 immunohistochemically. Oral squamous cell carcinoma was used as a control.
Result: no expression of OCT 4 was observed in any cases of oral leukoplakia.
Conclusion: The molecular mechanisms of Oct4 regulation and in particular of its switch on and off in tissues depends upon its microenvironment, which makes it challenging in fundamental and applied research fields of regenerative medicine and cancer therapy. It's better that patients should undergo multiple biopsies for the early detection of malignant transformation with close follow-up during the first two to three years, a large amount of work remains to be done with multi-marker panel investigation, as cure rates have remained constant over three decades.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Intrathyroidal oxyphilic parathyroid carcinoma: A potential diagnostic caveat in cytology?

Wong YP, Sharifah NA, Tan GC, Gill AJ, Ali SZ

Diagn Cytopathol, 2016 May 26.
PMID: 27229757 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23493

Oxyphilic (oncocytic) parathyroid lesions are very uncommon and their cytological features are rarely described. Due to the similarities in anatomical location and indistinguishable cytomorphological features, these lesions are easily confused with neoplastic and non-neoplastic thyroid lesions on fine needle aspiration (FNA). The diagnosis becomes more challenging in cases of unusual intrathyroidal location of the parathyroid lesions in the absence of clinical evidence of hyperparathyroidism, which simulate thyroid nodules clinically. We describe a case of intrathyroidal oxyphilic parathyroid carcinoma in a 66-year-old female, who presented with a dominant left "thyroid" nodule. FNA smears were cellular, comprising predominantly of oxyphilic cells arranged in papillary-like architecture with occasional nuclear grooves, which was mistaken for oncocytic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. The histological diagnosis of oxyphilic parathyroid "adenoma" was made following total thyroidectomy. The tumor, unfortunately, recurred 7 years later with associated multiple lung metastases. When dealing with thyroid lesions comprising predominantly of oncocytic cells, one should consider oxyphilic parathyroid neoplasms as one of the differential diagnosis. In difficult equivocal cases, a panel of immunocytochemical stains (PTH, GATA3, TTF-1, PAX8, and thyroglobulin) can be helpful. In addition, a combination of valuable clinical, radiological, and laboratory data, including serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels are key to arriving at an accurate cytological diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Papillary
Fulltext Vernonia cinerea regenerates tubular epithelial cells in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in cancer bearing mice without affecting antitumor activity

Amuthan A, Devi V, Shreedhara CS, Rao V, Jasphin S, Kumar N

J Tradit Complement Med, 2021 May;11(3):279-286.
PMID: 34012874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.08.004

Background: Traditional Siddha Medicine advises using metal-based formulations to treat cancers. In the case of any toxicities during the therapy, Siddha physicians use Vernonia cinerea (VC) whole plant kashayam (crude aqueous extract-CAE) to reverse the toxic effects.
Aim: To evaluate the nephroprotective activity of CAE and its fractions in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and to assess whether they compromise the anticancer efficacy of cisplatin.
Materials and methods: Cisplatin-induced renal damage was induced in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) bearing mice during mild phase of tumor growth. CAE and its butanol (BF) and aqueous (AF) fractions were administered orally from the 5th day for five days. Nephroprotective potential (serum urea, creatinine, renal histology) and effect of VC on cisplatin anticancer efficacy (tumor volume, viable tumor cells, percentage increase in life span (% ILS)) were calculated.
Result: CAE and its fractions significantly reversed the cisplatin-induced renal damage. CAE and BF treated animals showed regeneration of 50%-75% of proximal tubular cells. Compared to EAC control mice, the % ILS of the cisplatin-treated group was 244% and it was further extended to 379% after CAE administration. The % ILS in the CAE treated group was 1.6 times higher than the cisplatin alone treated group. GC-MS study showed the presence of astaxanthin and betulin.
Conclusion: CAE of VC reverses cisplatin-induced kidney damage as well as regenerates proximal tubular epithelial cells, without compromising the anticancer effect of cisplatin. When CAE was further fractionated, the nephroprotective activity was retained, but the beneficial anticancer effect of cisplatin was compromised.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma
Fulltext Aggressive scalp and sternal lesion: A presentation of rare case of metastatic eccrine carcinoma

Rownose CS, Mohamad Saupi MS, Sharif SZ, Lah NASN

Ann Med Surg (Lond), 2021 May;65:102322.
PMID: 33996055 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102322

Introduction: Ductal Eccrine carcinoma (DEC) is a rare primary cutaneous tumor that exhibits both squamous and adnexal ductal differentiation. Due to its rarity in clinical practice we present as case of DEC and a literature review on the latest management of this rare disease.
Case presentation: We report a case 41 years old female presented with lesion on the scalp and sternal mass, increasing in size with itchiness and erythematous for 6 months duration. Further CECT scan of brain and neck shows features of malignant left frontal scalp lesion with poor plane with overlying skin and underlying skull bone and CECT of thorax shows a large, irregular heterogeneously enhancing mass with necrotic center noted at right hilar within superior segment of right lower lobe, encasing right middle and lower lobe bronchi. Wedge biopsy of scalp lesion showed an intradermal lesion extensively infiltrating by malignant gland accompanied by desmoplasia and the tumor cells are seen extending into the surgical margins suggestive of ductal eccrine carcinoma.Clinical Discussion:This case highlights the importance and challenges in achieving early diagnosis coupled with the scarcity of information on these leads to difficulty in managing this patient.
Conclusion: In managing Ductal Eccrine Carcinoma tumor, standard method of treatment for has not been established. However, wide surgical excision is the treatment of choice for localized lesions. Regarding prognosis, there is conflicting data published which we describe in this article.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Fulltext PH-responsive strontium nanoparticles for targeted gene therapy against mammary carcinoma cells

Bakhtiar A, Chowdhury EH

Asian J Pharm Sci, 2021 Mar;16(2):236-252.
PMID: 33995617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.11.002

Genetic intervention via the delivery of functional genes such as plasmid DNA (pDNA) and short-interfering RNA (siRNA) offers a great way to treat many single or multiple genetic defects effectively, including mammary carcinoma. Delivery of naked therapeutic genes or siRNAs is, however, short-lived due to biological clearance by scavenging nucleases and circulating monocytes. Low cellular internalization of negatively-charged nucleic acids further causes low transfection or silencing activity. Development of safe and effectual gene vectors is therefore undeniably crucial to the success of nucleic acid delivery. Inorganic nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention in the recent years due to their high loading capacity and encapsulation activity. Here we introduce strontium salt-based nanoparticles, namely, strontium sulfate, strontium sulfite and strontium fluoride as new inorganic nanocarriers. Generated strontium salt particles were found to be nanosized with high affinity towards negatively-charged pDNA and siRNA. Degradation of the particles was seen with a drop in pH, suggesting their capacity to respond to pH change and undergo dissolution at endosomal pH to release the genetic materials. While the particles are relatively nontoxic towards the cells, siRNA-loaded SrF2 and SrSO3 particles exerted superior transgene expression and knockdown activity of MAPK and AKT, leading to inhibition of their phosphorylation to a distinctive extent in both MCF-7 and 4T1 cells. Strontium salt nanoparticles have thus emerged as a promising tool for applications in cancer gene therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma
Fulltext Profile of breast cancer among women in Kelantan

Norsa’adah, B.B., Rusli, B.N., lmran, B.A.K., Naing, L.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2004;4(2):24-29.
MyJurnal

Breast cancer is the commonest female cancer in Malaysia with a prevalence of 86.2 cases per 100,000 women in 1996. Pronling breast cancer patients is important for better planning of preventive and screening strategies for Malaysian women. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to identify histological presentation, socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics and prevalence of risk or protective factors of breast cancer among women with breast cancer in Kelantan. A total of 175 female breast cancer patients who were diagnosed in 1991 to 2000, were interviewed using standardized questionnaires. The mean (sd) age was 47.0 (9.6) years with 77.7% Malay, 20.6% Chinese and 1.7% others. About half (52.6%) had 9 years or less of formal education, while 59.4% were housewives/unemployed and 60.6% had a monthly family income of less than RM1 ,000. The commonest histological type was innltrative ductal carcinoma (73 .7%) . Presentation of breast cancer with the stage lll or Vl was 59.4%. The prevalence of nulliparity · 13.1%, breastfeeding longer than two years - 58.9%, premenstrual period - 72.0%, menarche at 11 years old or less - 5 .7%, positive family history - 14.4%, overweight/obesity - 48.0%, oral contraceptives use 30.3%, hormone replacement therapy » 1.1%, cigarette smoking - 4.6%, consuming akohol - 3.4%, previous benign breast disease - 6.3%, previous breast biopsy - 2.9% and previous oophorectomy - 4.6%. The patients were younger compared to other studies. The ethnic distribution did not represent the population distribution of Kelantan. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and smoking were higher than the national prevalence among women, thus they should be included in the prevention strategies for breast cancer. Further studies are recommended to investigate why many of breast cancer patients in Kelantan presented at a younger age and at advanced stages of cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Ductal
Fulltext HPV positivity and its' influencing factors among invasive cervical cancer women in Malaysia

Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh, Norin Rahayu Samsuddin, Sharifah Noor Akmal Syed Hussain, Shamsul Azhar Shah, Syed Mohamed Aljunid

Int J Public Health Res, 2011;1(1):13-22.
MyJurnal

Accepted 10 August 2011.
Introduction Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most prevalent female cancer in Malaysia. Almost 70% of its’ causal factors are attributable to oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18 and other risk factors. HPV genotypes distributions are also noted to differ by geographical area.
Methods This was cross sectional study conducted in 2007, to determine the influencing factors of HPV positivity and prevalence of HPV infections among patients with cervical cancer in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Patients’ paraffin-embedded cervical tissues kept in the Pathology Department from 1999 to 2007 were randomly selected. A total of 81 medical records with complete information were chosen as samples and patients were contacted for consent. Tissue samples were further derived for PCR DNA for HPV genotyping. Analyses included descriptive statistics; bivariate χ2 test and correlation were used to determine relationship between factors and HPV positivity. Significance level of less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.
Results Mean age of cancer diagnosis was at 52 ± 12.2 years. Women of Chinese ethnicity was the highest ethnicity to be HPV positive at 65.4% and squamous cell carcinoma was more commonly found (59.3%) compared with other types of cancers. The prevalence of HPV positivity was 92.6% with type 16 being the most common (74.1%), followed by type 33 (30.9%) and 18 (22.2%). Multiple HPV infections were a common finding at 54.3%. Factors thought to influence positivity i.e. age of intercourse, number of sexual partners, number of parity, smoking status of patients and their partners, oral contraceptive usage, presence of chronic illnesses and cancer stage were not significantly associated with HPV positivity. Increased CC severity level was not associated with increased number of HPV infections (Pearson correlation 0.58; p =0.607).
Conclusions High HPV positivity at 92.6% was found among ICC patients. Factors thought to influence HPV positivity were not significant. The top three HPV genotypes were type 16 followed by type 33 and 18. However, local women HPV serotypes findings need to be replicated in a larger population sample.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A preliminary report on the role of endoscopic endonasal nasopharyngectomy in recurrent rT3 and rT4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Wong EHC, Liew YT, Abu Bakar MZ, Lim EYL, Prepageran N

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2017 Jan;274(1):275-281.
PMID: 27520568 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4248-2

Endoscopic endonasal nasopharyngectomy (EEN) has become increasingly used for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (rNPC) due to reduced functional and cosmetic morbidities compared to conventional external approach. Majority of the existing studies on EEN focused on patients with lower recurrent staging of rT1 and rT2. The aims of this study were to provide a preliminary report on the outcome of EEN performed in patients with advanced (rT3 and rT4) rNPC, and to determine the prognostic factors for patients' survival. All patients who underwent EEN for rNPC between January 2003 and December 2015 inclusive were analyzed. All surgeries were performed in University Malaya Medical Centre in Kuala Lumpur and Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Sabah, by a single surgeon. We reported the 2-year overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) and any related complications and significant prognostic factors. Fifteen patients with recurrent NPC (2 rT3 and 13 rT4 tumours) underwent EEN over the 13 years period. The mean age was 50.4 years (range 30-65) and the mean follow-up period was 28.7 months (range 9-81 weeks). The 2-year OS, DFS and DSS were 66.7 % (mean 19.4 months), 40 % (mean 15.7 months) and 73.3 % (mean 20.2 months), respectively. No severe operative complications were encountered. No independent prognostic factors for survival outcome were identified. This is the first preliminary report in English that exclusively looked at the use of EEN in advanced rT3 and rT4 NPCs, showing favourable patient outcome. However, further long-term follow-up of patients is required.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma
Fulltext Extracellular Vesicles Including Exosomes Regulate Innate Immune Responses to Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Kouwaki T, Fukushima Y, Daito T, Sanada T, Yamamoto N, Mifsud EJ, et al.

Front Immunol, 2016;7:335.
PMID: 27630638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00335

The innate immune system is essential for controlling viral infection. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistently infects human hepatocytes and causes hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the innate immune response to HBV infection in vivo remains unclear. Using a tree shrew animal model, we showed that HBV infection induced hepatic interferon (IFN)-γ expression during early infection. Our in vitro study demonstrated that hepatic NK cells produced IFN-γ in response to HBV only in the presence of hepatic F4/80(+) cells. Moreover, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from HBV-infected hepatocytes contained viral nucleic acids and induced NKG2D ligand expression in macrophages by stimulating MyD88, TICAM-1, and MAVS-dependent pathways. In addition, depletion of exosomes from EVs markedly reduced NKG2D ligand expression, suggesting the importance of exosomes for NK cell activation. In contrast, infection of hepatocytes with HBV increased immunoregulatory microRNA levels in EVs and exosomes, which were transferred to macrophages, thereby suppressing IL-12p35 mRNA expression in macrophages to counteract the host innate immune response. IFN-γ increased the hepatic expression of DDX60 and augmented the DDX60-dependent degradation of cytoplasmic HBV RNA. Our results elucidated the crucial role of exosomes in antiviral innate immune response against HBV.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
NOTCH1 Signaling Regulates Self-renewal and Platinum Chemoresistance of Cancer Stem-like Cells in Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Zhang Y, Xu W, Guo H, Zhang Y, He Y, Lee SH, et al.

Cancer Res, 2017 Apr 17.
PMID: 28416482 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-1633

Cancer stem-like cells (CSC) are thought to drive tumor initiation, metastasis, relapse and therapeutic resistance, but their specific pathogenic characters in many cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have yet to be well defined. Here we develop findings that the growth factor HGF promotes CSC sphere formation in NSCLC cell populations. In patient-derived sphere-forming assays (PD-SFA) with HGF, CD49f and CD104 were defined as novel markers of lung CSC (LCSC). In particular, we isolated a subpopulation of CD166(+)CD49f(hi)CD104(-)Lin(-) LCSC present in all human specimens of NSCLC examined, regardless of their histological subtypes or genetic driver mutations. This specific cell population was tumorigenic and capable of self-renewal, giving rise to tumor spheres in vitro and orthotopic lung tumors in immune-compromised mice. Mechanistic investigations established that NOTCH1 was preferentially expressed in this cell subpopulation and required for self-renewal via the transcription factor HES1. Through a distinct HES1-independent pathway, NOTCH1 also protected LCSCs from cisplatin-induced cell death. Notably, treatment with a γ-secretase inhibitor that blunts NOTCH1 function ablated self-renewing LCSC activity and restored platinum sensitivity in vitro and in vivo Overall, our results define the pathogenic characters of a cancer stem-like subpopulation in lung cancer, the targeting of which may relieve platinum resistance in this disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
Fulltext Susceptibility of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) H103 and H376 cell lines to Retroviral OSKM mediated reprogramming

Verusingam ND, Yeap SK, Ky H, Paterson IC, Khoo SP, Cheong SK, et al.

PeerJ, 2017;5:e3174.
PMID: 28417059 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3174

Although numbers of cancer cell lines have been shown to be successfully reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), reprogramming Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) to pluripotency in relation to its cancer cell type and the expression pattern of pluripotent genes under later passage remain unexplored. In our study, we reprogrammed and characterised H103 and H376 oral squamous carcinoma cells using retroviral OSKM mediated method. Reprogrammed cells were characterized for their embryonic stem cells (ESCs) like morphology, pluripotent gene expression via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence staining, embryoid bodies (EB) formation and directed differentiation capacity. Reprogrammed H103 (Rep-H103) exhibited similar ESCs morphologies with flatten cells and clear borders on feeder layer. Reprogrammed H376 (Rep-H376) did not show ESCs morphologies but grow with a disorganized morphology. Critical pluripotency genes Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog were expressed higher in Rep-H103 against the parental counterpart from passage 5 to passage 10. As for Rep-H376, Nanog expression against its parental counterpart showed a significant decrease at passage 5 and although increased in passage 10, the level of expression was similar to the parental cells. Rep-H103 exhibited pluripotent signals (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Tra-1-60) and could form EB with the presence of three germ layers markers. Rep-H103 displayed differentiation capacity into adipocytes and osteocytes. The OSCC cell line H103 which was able to be reprogrammed into an iPSC like state showed high expression of Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog at late passage and may provide a potential iPSC model to study multi-stage oncogenesis in OSCC.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Fulltext Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in preinvasive and invasive cervical cancer-a ukm study

Sharifa Ezat, W.P., Sharifah, N.A., Sayyidi Hamzi, A.R., Norin Rahayu, S., Shamsul Azhar, S., Syed Mohamed, A.

Medicine & Health, 2010;5(2):66-76.
MyJurnal

A cross sectional study was done to determine the prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in pre-invasive (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, grade 3 or CIN 3) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC), in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). A total of 80 paraffin-embedded tumour tissue blocks (20 CIN 3, 60 invasive cancers) between 1999 to 2007 were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology. Patient’s medical records were obtained from the Medical Records Office. Among invasive cancers (n=60), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) account for 75% and adenocarcinoma 25%. The mean age of cases studied was 52.0 ± 12.2 years and Chinese was the predominant ethnicity (66.3%). Twelve HPV genotypes were identified, namely, HPV 16, 33, 18, 39,52, 45, 58, 59, 31, 35, 6 and 11. The prevalence of HPV was 92.5% with types 16 being the most common (73.8%), followed by types 33 (30%) and 18 (22.5%). A total of 31 cases (38.8%) showed single HPV genotype, while 43 (53.8%) had multiple HPV (two genotypes or more) genotypes. In ICC, HPV 16, followed by types 33, 18, 52 and 39 were the top five common HPV genotypes detected. High prevalence of HPV and multiple HPV infections were major findings among patients with pre-invasive and invasive cervical cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Fulltext Hepatitis B infection: what the primary care doctors should know

Kew ST, Loh KY

Malays Fam Physician, 2006;1(1):8-10.
MyJurnal

Hepatitis B virus infection is a global public health problem. The prevalence of hepatitis B infection is higher in Asia. The rate of HBsAg carriage in the general population ranges from 2-20%. The WHO has recommended that by the end of 21st century hepatitis B vaccination should be incorporated into routine childhood immunisation programmes for all nations. Vaccination against hepatitis B remains the most important aspect of preventive care. Most importantly hepatitis B vaccination can protect individual from fulminant hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Primary care physicians must be familiar with the pathology, epidemiological and clinical presentations of this disease and be able to refer patients for appropriate treatment at the tertiary centre.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Fulltext Immunohistochemical Study of p53 Expression in Premalignant and Malignant Cervical Neoplasms

Tan, GC, Sharifah, N.A., Salwati, S., Hatta, A.Z., Shiran, M.S, Ng, Ho

Medicine & Health, 2007;2(2):125-132.
MyJurnal

One of the most important cervical cancer risk factors is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The p53 gene is one of the most important targets of the HPV E6 gene. E6 protein has the ability to stimulate p53 degradation, inhibits several functions of wild-type p53 and it competes with its function including suppression of malignant growth. The aim of this study is to determine the differences in p53 expressions in pre-malignant and malignant cervical neoplasms. This is a retrospective study on 100 cases of cervical neoplasms. There were 21 cases of CIN 1, 8 cases of CIN 2, 25 cases of CIN 3, 36 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 7 cases of adenocarcinoma and 3 cases of adenosquamouscarcinoma. All cases were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using p53 monoclonalantibody. Thirty six of the 54 pre-malignant cases (66.7%) were positive for p53 protein, n contrast to the malignant cases in which, 40 of the 46 cases (87.0%) were positive. he majority of CIN showed absent to focal staining (29/54, 53.7%). In contrast, 84.8% (39/46( of the invasive carcinoma showed regional to diffuse staining. The expression of p53 is greater in the malignant cervical neoplasms than the pre-malignant cervical lesions, suggesting that p53 overexpression is not an early phenomenon in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. It is also shown to be slightly higher in percentage in CIN 2 and 3 when compared with CIN 1. However, a number of cases were p53 negative, suggesting that other factors may be involved and further HPV studies are indicated.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Fulltext Ginger Extract (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Triggers Apoptosis in Hepatocarcinogenesis Induced Rats

Yasmin Anum, M.Y., Shahriza, Z.A., Looi, ML, Shafina Hanim, M.H., Harlianshah, H., Noor Aini, A.H., et al.

Medicine & Health, 2008;3(2):263-274.
MyJurnal

Ginger extract has been reported previously by our group to exhibit anticancer and an-tioxidant effects by reducing tumour burden and lipid peroxidation respectively in he-patocarcinogenesis induced rats. The current study examined the expression of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-8 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in hepatocarcinogenesis treated rats. Thirty normal male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups based on the diet given: i) control (normal rat chow), ii) olive oil, iii) ginger extract (100mg/kg body weight), iv) choline deficient diet + ethionine, CDE (to induce liver cancer) and v) CDE+ ginger extract. Rats were killed at week 8, and liver tissues were excised for immuno-histochemical study to identify pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, caspase-8 and Bcl-2. The observation on H&E staining confirmed the CDE diet induced liver can-cer as indicated by the presence of numerous oval cells. Identification of Bcl-2 expres-sion showed that 91.6% (11/12) of the samples from the CDE group revealed positive staining while treatment with ginger extract however inhibited the expression with only 8.4% (1/12) samples showing positive staining for Bcl-2. As for caspase-8 protein, 41.7% (5/12) of the samples from CDE group showed positive staining, which in-creased to 100% (12/12) with ginger extract treatment. Our findings suggest that gin-ger extract has an anticancer effect by inducing apoptosis in liver cancer cells via up-regulation of the expression of pro-apoptotic protein, caspase-8 and down-regulation of the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
Fulltext Choroidal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma presenting with exudative retinal detachment

Hor, S.M., Mushawiahti, M.

Journal of Surgical Academia, 2017;7(1):62-65.
MyJurnal

A 42-year-old Chinese man, known case of renal cell carcinoma with lung metastasis, was referred to Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre for left eye blurring of vision for one month duration, which was worse upon
waking up in the morning and cleared up after 1-2 hours. On examination, visual acuities were 6/6 in both eyes. No
relative afferent pupillary defect. Left fundus showed inferonasal retinal detachment without macular involvement.
No retina break, no retinitis and no choroidal lesion seen. Right eye examination was normal. Optical coherence
tomography (OCT) of left eye showed subretinal fluid temporal and inferior to optic disc. Fundus fluorescein
angiography (FFA) left eye showed hypofluoresence in early phase but hyperfluorescence with pin point leakage in
late phase over inferonasal quadrant. Indocyanine green (ICG) showed early hypofluoresence with late pin point
hyperfluoresence in the same quadrant. A clinical diagnosis of exudative retinal detachment due to choroidal
metastasis secondary to renal cell carcinoma was made. The patient was planned for cyber-knife radiotherapy of his
left eye but unfortunately we lost the follow up. High index of suspicion and relevant investigation are needed for
patients with visual complaints and history of renal cell carcinoma to diagnose choroidal metastasis.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Renal Cell

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