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Blood pressure regulation by the kallikrein-kinin system

Sharma JN, Uma K, Noor AR, Rahman AR

Gen. Pharmacol., 1996 Jan;27(1):55-63.
PMID: 8742494

1. The kallikrein-kinin system has a significant role in regulating arterial blood pressure. 2. Reduced formation of the kinin compontents may cause hypertensive diseases. This is because of the fact that this system is responsible for vasodilatation, reduction in total peripheral resistance, natriuresis, diuresis, increasing renal blood flow and releasing various vasodilator agents. 3. Reduced kinin-kallikrein generation in hypertensive subjects may also be associated with genetic and environmental defects. 4. The kallikrein-kinin system when administered to hypertensive patients can lower their raised blood pressure to normotensive levels. 5. The mode of action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors principally may be dependent on the kinin system protection.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/physiology*
Cardiac kallikrein in hypertensive and normotensive rats with and without diabetes

Sharma JN, Kesavarao U

Immunopharmacology, 1996 Jun;33(1-3):341-3.
PMID: 8856181 DOI: 10.1016/0162-3109(96)00104-x

This study examined the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on blood pressure and cardiac tissue kallikrein levels in WKYR and SHR. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes caused significant (p < 0.001) increase in SBP and DBP in WKYR and SHR as compared with their respective controls. We also observed that the active cardiac tissue kallikrein levels reduced greatly (p < 0.001) in diabetic WKYR and SHR than the normal rats. These findings suggest for the first time that the cardiac tissue kallikrein formation may have a greater role in the regulation of blood pressure and cardiac function.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/physiology
Inborn errors of metabolic diseases in Malaysia: a preliminary report of maple syrup urine diseases for 1993

Zakiah I, Ashikin YN, Aisiah SM, Ismail HI

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1995;26 Suppl 1:134-6.
PMID: 8629092

The Malaysian level of health care has greatly improved so that many of the infectious diseases are now under control. However, perinatal death or death due to unknown childhood diseases remains high (10.3%) being second on the list of causes of death amongst Malaysians. Could inborn metabolic diseases be the main cause of death among these children? Recently, with our success in the development of confirmatory techniques for amino acid disorders using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we have examined 404 samples received from all over the country in 1993. Each specimen with abnormal findings from screening tests by one-dimensional thin layer chromatography was confirmed using HPLC. 41% had generalized aminoacidurias and 4.2% had maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). Patients were aged between 11 days to 6 years. Most of them were Malay males and presented with a history suggestive of MSUD. With this preliminary finding, further studies will be carried out in order to have an investigation and management protocol for the diseases and more importantly to formulate a strategy of screening for the country.

Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
Cardiovascular effects of aspidofractinine-type alkaloids from Kopsia

Mok SL, Yoganathan K, Lim TM, Kam TS

J Nat Prod, 1998 Mar;61(3):328-32.
PMID: 9544563

Intravenous injection of the aspidofractinine alkaloid, kopsingine (1, 0.2-10.0 mg/kg) from Kopsia teoi, produced dose-related decreases in the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats, which were similar to those seen in normotensive controls. Minor modifications in the molecular structure of kopsingine, as in kopsaporine (2, the 12-demethoxy derivative of kopsingine) and 14,15-dihydrokopsingine (4), did not significantly alter the hypotensive responses, whereas a more drastic change in the structure, as in the heptacyclic kopsidine A (3) and the 3-to-17 oxo-bridged compound 5, resulted in an increase in blood pressure. The antihypertensive effects of kopsingine (1) and its congeners (2 and 4) along with the pressor effects produced by the heptacyclic oxo-bridged compounds (5 and 3) could be ascribed to central as well as peripheral actions.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects
Diode laser contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation for refractory glaucoma in Asian patients

Wong EY, Chew PT, Chee CK, Wong JS

Am J Ophthalmol, 1997 Dec;124(6):797-804.
PMID: 9402826

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of diode laser contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in Asian patients with refractory glaucoma by lower energy settings with an innovative probe featuring a glass ball tip that focused the laser beam onto the ciliary body.
METHODS: This prospective clinical study included consecutive Asian patients with dark irides and confirmed for glaucoma. Only one eye of each patient was treated. Diode laser contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation treatment was performed with the center of the probe placed 1.5 mm behind the limbus. About 30 pulses of 810-mm laser radiation (power, 1.8 to 2.0 W; duration, 0.3 to 0.5 second) were applied around the eye. Patients were examined at fixed postoperative intervals. Intraocular pressure levels and postoperative complications were recorded. The relation between patient and disease characteristics, total laser energy delivered, and intraocular pressure effects were analyzed.
RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were studied, with a mean follow-up period of 9.4 months. An average 56% of patients showed a 30% or greater drop in intraocular pressure. About 38% of patients achieved sustained intraocular pressure lowering to below 22 mm Hg at 18 months. Complications were few and included transient hypotony and iritis.
CONCLUSIONS: In Asian patients with refractory glaucoma or painful glaucomatous eyes with poor visual acuity (defined for this study as worse than 20/200), low-energy-setting diode laser contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation by means of the glass ball probe is relatively effective and safe.

Matched MeSH terms: Intraocular Pressure/physiology
A ferulic acid ester of sucrose and other constituents of Bhesa paniculata

Harrison LJ, Sia GL, Sim KY, Tan HT, Connolly JD, Lavaud C, et al.

Phytochemistry, 1995 Apr;38(6):1497-500.
PMID: 7786481

A novel derivative of sucrose, beta-(3,6-di-O-feruloyl)-fructofuranosyl-alpha-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-ac etyl)- glucopyranoside, was isolated from the wood of Bhesa paniculata. Its structure was determined by a combination of 2D 1H-1H and 1H-13C correlation NMR spectroscopy. The known compounds, glycerol 1-9',12'-octadecadienoate, beta-sitosterol, (+/-)-pinoresinol, methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, anofinic acid and 2-(1'-methylethenyl)-benzofuran-5-carboxylic acid were also isolated.

Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
Suppression of hypotensive responses of captopril and enalapril by the kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Sharma JN, Amrah SS, Noor AR

Pharmacology, 1995 Jun;50(6):363-9.
PMID: 7568335

The present investigation evaluated the effects of aprotinin, an inhibitor of kallikrein, on blood pressure responses, heart rate, and duration of hypotension induced by acute administration of captopril and enalapril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) in anaesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats. Captopril (20 mg/kg) and enalapril (20 mg/kg) administered intravenously caused a significant (p < 0.001) fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the absence of aprotinin. In contrast, captopril (20 mg/kg) and enalapril (20 mg/kg) failed (p > 0.05) to cause a fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the presence of aprotinin (2 mg/kg). Captopril and enalapril were able to significantly reduce the heart rate (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001) in the presence as well as in the absence of aprotinin. The duration of hypotension produced by captopril and enalapril was abolished significantly (p < 0.001) in the presence of aprotinin. These findings may suggest that captopril and enalapril caused hypotension via the kallikrein pathway, since the kallikrein inhibitor aprotinin can antagonize the hypotensive responses of these agents. Thus, kallikrein may be an independent mediator in the regulation of blood pressure.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects*
Therapeutic prospects of bradykinin receptor antagonists

Sharma JN

Gen. Pharmacol., 1993 Mar;24(2):267-74.
PMID: 8387049

1. Bradykinin and related kinins may act on four types of receptors designated as B1, B2, B3 and B4. It seems that the B2 receptors are most commonly found in various vascular and non-vascular smooth muscles, whereas B1 receptors are formed in vitro during trauma, and injury, and are found in bone tissues. 2. These BK receptors are involved in the regulations of various physiological and pathological processes. 3. The mode of kinin actions are based upon the interactions between the kinin and their specific receptors, which can lead to activation of several second-messenger systems. 4. Recently, numerous BK receptors antagonists have been synthesized with prime aim to treat diseases caused by excessive kinin production. 5. These diseases are RA, inflammatory diseases of the bowel, asthma, rhinitis and sore throat, allergic reactions, pain, inflammatory skin disorders, endotoxin and anaphylactic shock and coronary heart diseases. 6. On the other hand, BK receptor antagonists could be contraindicated in hypertension, since these drugs may antagonize the antihypertensive therapy and/or may trigger the hypertensive crisis. 7. It is worth suggesting that the BK receptor agonists might be useful antihypertensive drugs.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects
Fulltext Dose requirement and effect of nicardipine on lipid profile in mild to moderate essential hypertensives

Tariq AR, Maheendran K, Kamsiah J, Christina P

Med J Malaysia, 1992 Sep;47(3):182-9.
PMID: 1491643

Twenty eight patients who satisfied the entry criteria and had completed an initial 2 weeks treatment with placebo were titrated fortnightly with doses of Nicardipine ranging from 30 mg to 90 mg daily in two or three divided doses. Nicardipine treatment significantly reduced blood pressures both in the supine and standing positions (p < 0.0004) when compared with placebo treatment. Heart rates however did not change significantly. Forty six percent (13/28) of patients on 20 mg twice daily, 25% (7/28) on 10 mg three times daily, 18% (5/28) of patients on 20 mg three times daily and 11% (3/28) on 30 mg three times daily achieved supine diastolic blood pressures < 90 mm Hg. Nicardipine treatment at 16 weeks and at 24 weeks did not significantly alter the lipid profile when compared to the end of placebo treatment period. No other biochemical abnormalities were reported during the study period. Except for 2 cases of mild pedal oedema and 2 cases of transient headaches, no serious side-effects were encountered.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects
Fulltext Once daily felodipine monotherapy in mild to moderate hypertension

Kon SP, Tan HW, Chua CT, Ong ML, Kamsiah J, Maheendran KK, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 1992 Dec;47(4):290-6.
PMID: 1303482

In a single-blind study conducted at our centres, 78 hypertensive patients were enrolled with 58 completing the study according to the protocol. Mean supine and standing blood pressures were significantly reduced after treatment with felodipine, reductions being 27/21 mmHg (p < 0.0001) and 25/19 mmHg (p < 0.0001) respectively. Of 46 patients given felodipine 5 mg, 44 (95.7%) achieved target blood pressure defined as a diastolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg, while all 12 patients on felodipine 10 mg did so. The 2 patients who did not achieve target pressure at the final visit did so on previous visits. There were no differences in pre and post-treatment laboratory variables. Treatment was discontinued in 6 patients because of headaches. No adverse events of clinical significance were reported in the 58 patients who completed the study. In conclusion, we found felodipine given once daily to be effective in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension.

Study site: Multicentre

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects
Cardiovascular responses in the normotensive rat produced by intravenous injection of gambirine isolated from Uncaria callophylla B1. ex Korth

Mok JS, Chang P, Lee KH, Kam TS, Goh SH

J Ethnopharmacol, 1992 Jun;36(3):219-23.
PMID: 1434680

Among several alkaloids, including dimeric indoles, isolated from Uncaria callophylla, gambirine which is an alkaloid unique to this plant, has been found to be another hypotensive principle from the plant. Intravenous injections of gambirine in the dose range of 0.2 to 10.0 mg/kg caused a dose-related fall in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures as well as heart rate. At all doses gambirine showed a prompt onset of action and at the higher doses (5.0-10 mg/kg), marked persistence of hypotension accompanied by severe bradycardia were observed. In addition, higher doses of gambirine produced a more marked decrease in diastolic than systolic pressure while at lower doses both decreased equally. It is suggested that the hypotensive effect of gambirine may be peripheral in origin and is associated, at least in part, with a cardiac action.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects*
Fulltext The Mentakab Hypertension Study Project Part VI--Blood pressure measurement and hypertension: a questionnaire survey of medical staff

Lim TO

Singapore Med J, 1992 Apr;33(2):160-3.
PMID: 1621120

A questionaire concerning various aspects of blood pressure measurement and hypertension was answered by 84 out of 98 (86%) doctors and 73 out of 100 (73%) nurses working in various parts of the state of Pahang. 59% and 85% of doctors and nurses respectively agreed that blood pressure should be measured routinely in all out-patients. 48% of medical staff were taught to use and 38% were actually using phase 4 as the diastolic blood pressure despite the general agreement that phase 5 should be used to denote diastolic pressure. 52% of doctors believed that hypertensive patients present with symptoms, the common symptoms cited were headache and dizziness, although it is well documented that hypertension is essentially asymptomatic. 93%, 80%, 69% and 82% of doctors believed that treatment of hypertension can prevent cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, renal failure and coronary artery disease respectively, although prevention of the last complication is yet unproven. Most doctors would begin treating a patient at rather low level of blood pressure, for example, for a man in the age group 40-49, 40% of doctors would begin drug treatment at diastolic pressure of 90 mmHg and 55% at diastolic pressure 95 mmHg. 79% of nurses and 55% of doctors were dissatisfied with the sphygmomanometer they have, the most common complaint was that the cuff-bladder 'blow up' on being inflated.
Study site: doctors and nurses at private general practice, klinik kesihatan, district hospitals, Pahang, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure Determination*
Influence of testosterone on mean arterial pressure: A physiological study in male and female normotensive WKY and hypertensive SHR rats

Loh SY, Salleh N

Physiol Int, 2017 Mar 01;104(1):25-34.
PMID: 28361574 DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.1.3

Introduction Testosterone plays an important role in the blood pressure regulation. However, information with regard to the effect of this hormone on blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive conditions is limited. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between plasma testosterone level and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was investigated under these conditions. Methods Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and hypertensive Spontaneous Hypertensive (SHR) male and female rats were gonadectomized with female rats treated with testosterone. Estrous cycle stages of intact female rats of both strains were identified by vaginal smear. Pressure in the carotid artery of anesthetized rats was measured via direct cannulation technique. The blood was withdrawn for plasma testosterone level measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Treatment of ovariectomized female WKY and SHR rats with testosterone for 6-week duration has resulted in MAP to increase (P

Matched MeSH terms: Arterial Pressure/drug effects*
Outcomes of diuretic use in pre-dialysis CKD patients with moderate renal deterioration attending tertiary care referral center

Khan YH, Sarriff A, Adnan AS, Khan AH, Mallhi TH

Clin Exp Nephrol, 2017 Dec;21(6):1011-1023.
PMID: 28271257 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-017-1397-6

INTRODUCTION: Diuretic therapy has been the mainstay of treatment in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, primarily for hypertension and fluid overload. Apart from their beneficial effects, diuretic use is associated with adverse renal outcomes. The current study is aimed to determine the outcomes of diuretic therapy.
METHODOLOGY: A prospective observational study was conducted by inviting pre-dialysis CKD patients. Fluid overload was assessed by Bioimpedance analysis (BIA).
RESULTS: A total 312 patients (mean age 64.5 ± 6.43) were enrolled. Among 144 (46.1%) diuretic users, furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were prescribed in 69 (48%) and 39 (27%) patients, respectively, while 36 (25%) were prescribed with combination therapy (furosemide plus HCTZ). Changes in BP, fluid compartments, eGFR decline and progression to RRT were assessed over a follow-up period of 1 year. Maximum BP control was observed with combination therapy (-19.3 mmHg, p

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects*
Fulltext A clinical audit on diabetes care in two urban public primary care clinics in Malaysia

Sazlina SG, Zailinawati AH, Zaiton A, Ong I

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2010;6(1):101-109.
MyJurnal

Introduction: The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing globally and it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The importance of a better quality of diabetes care is increasingly acknowledged. Objective: This clinical audit was conducted to assess the quality of care given to type 2 DM patients in public primary care clinics. Methods: A clinical audit was conducted in two selected urban public primary care clinics, between April and June of 2005. The indicators and criteria of quality care were based on the current Malaysian clinical practice guidelines for type 2 DM. A structured pro forma was used to collect data. Results: A total of 396 medical records of patients with type 2 DM were included in this audit. Most of the patients had measurements of fasting blood glucose and blood pressure recorded in more than 90% of the visits over the previous one year. Twenty-seven percent of the patients had glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) done every 6 months with a mean of 8.3%. Only 15.6% had HbA1c values less than 6.5 %. Fifty percent had blood pressure controlled at 130/80 mmHg and below; and 13.0% had low density lipoprotein cholesterol values of 2.6 mmol/L or less. The majority of the patients were overweight or obese. Conclusions: The quality of diabetes care in this study was
found to be suboptimal. There is a gap between guidelines and clinical practice. Certain measures to improve the quality of diabetes care need to be implemented with more rigour.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination
Fulltext Metabolic control and cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetes in a primary care clinic

Cheong AT, Ahmad Z, Chew BH

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2012;8(1):5-12.
MyJurnal

Prevalence of diabetes is escalating both globally as well as in Malaysia. With the epidemic of diabetes and its related morbidities and mortalities, health care professionals are facing an unprecedented challenges in controlling the disease. Objective: To determine the metabolic control and the cardiovascular risk factors among type 2 diabetic patients in a primary care setting. Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in a primary care clinic in Selangor, Malaysia. Inclusion criteria were all type 2 diabetic patients aged 18 and above and were being followed-up for more than six months prior to the recruiting period in May 2009. The demographic data were obtained through face- to-face interview. Height, weight and blood pressure of the patients were taken during the day of data collection. The co-morbidities and laboratory results were obtained from the medical records. Results: Two-hundred patients were recruited. The mean age was 58.6 (SD=10.5) with 79.0% of the patients aged more than 50 years old. The majority of the patients were female (62.5%). One-tenth (11.5%) were smokers. More than half of the patients (64.0%) had co-morbid of hypertension and half of them (50.5%) had dyslipidaemia. A total of 72.5% of the patients had 3 or more cardiovascular risk factors. Less than one fifth of the patients had achieved the target of control for glycaemia, blood pressure, LDL and BMI. Those age 60 and above had significantly higher proportion of patients achieving fasting blood glucose control (p=0.033). Conclusion: The majority of type 2 diabetic patients had multiple cardiovascular risk factors (3 or more risk factors) and had not achieved the recommended goals in
metabolic control.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination
Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory and Anti-Hypertensive Effect of Protein Hydrolysate from Actinopyga lecanora (Sea Cucumber) in Rats

Sadegh Vishkaei M, Ebrahimpour A, Abdul-Hamid A, Ismail A, Saari N

Mar Drugs, 2016 Sep 30;14(10).
PMID: 27706040

Food protein hydrolysates are known to exhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory properties and can be used as a novel functional food for prevention of hypertension. This study evaluated the ACE inhibitory potentials of Actinopyga lecanora proteolysate (ALP) in vivo. The pre-fed rats with ALP at various doses (200, 400, 800 mg/kg body weight) exhibited a significant (p ≤ 0.05) suppression effect after inducing hypertension. To determine the optimum effective dose that will produce maximal reduction in blood pressure, ALP at three doses was fed to the rats after inducing hypertension. The results showed that the 800 mg/kg body weight dose significantly reduced blood pressure without noticeable negative physiological effect. In addition, there were no observable changes in the rats' heart rate after oral administration of the ALP. It was concluded that Actinopyga lecanora proteolysate could potentially be used for the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals for prevention and treatment of hypertension.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects
Ionic liquid-impregnated agarose film two-phase micro-electrodriven membrane extraction (IL-AF-μ-EME) for the analysis of antidepressants in water samples

Mohamad Hanapi NS, Sanagi MM, Ismail AK, Wan Ibrahim WA, Saim N, Wan Ibrahim WN

J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2017 Mar 01;1046:73-80.
PMID: 28142101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.028

The aim of this study was to investigate and apply supported ionic liquid membrane (SILM) in two-phase micro-electrodriven membrane extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) for pre-concentration and determination of three selected antidepressant drugs in water samples. A thin agarose film impregnated with 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [C6MIM] [PF6], was prepared and used as supported ionic liquid membrane between aqueous sample solution and acceptor phase for extraction of imipramine, amitriptyline and chlorpromazine. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the method provided good linearity in the range of 1.0-1000μgL(-1), good coefficients of determination (r(2)=0.9974-0.9992) and low limits of detection (0.1-0.4μgL(-1)). The method showed high enrichment factors in the range of 110-150 and high relative recoveries in the range of 88.2-111.4% and 90.9-107.0%, for river water and tap water samples, respectively with RSDs of ≤7.6 (n=3). This method was successfully applied to the determination of the drugs in river and tap water samples. It is envisaged that the SILM improved the perm-selectivity by providing a pathway for targeted analytes which resulted in rapid extraction with high degree of selectivity and high enrichment factor.

Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
Hemodynamic effects of HPMA copolymer based doxorubicin conjugate: A randomized controlled and comparative spectral study in conscious rats

Cheah HY, Šarenac O, Arroyo JJ, Vasić M, Lozić M, Glumac S, et al.

Nanotoxicology, 2017 03;11(2):210-222.
PMID: 28098511 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1285071

Conjugation of Doxorubicin (DOX) to N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methylacrylamide copolymer (HPMA) has significantly reduced the DOX-associated cardiotoxicity. However, the reports on the impact of HPMA-DOX conjugates on the cardiovascular system such as blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were in restrained animals using tail cuff and/or other methods that lacked the resolution and sensitivity. Herein, we employed radiotelemetric-spectral-echocardiography approach to further understand the in vivo cardiovascular hemodynamics and variability post administration of free DOX and HPMA-DOX. Rats implanted with radio-telemetry device were administered intravenously with DOX (5 mg/kg), HPMA-DOX (5 mg DOX equivalent/kg) and HPMA copolymer and subjected to continuous cardiovascular monitoring and echocardiography for 140 days. We found that DOX-treated rats had ruffled fur, reduced body weight (BW) and a low survival rate. Although BP and HR were normal, spectral analysis indicated that their BP and HR variabilities were reduced. All rats exhibited typical signs of cardiotoxicity at histopathology. In contrast, HPMA-DOX rats gained weight over time and survived. Although BP, HR and related variabilities were unaffected, the left ventricular end diastolic volume (EDV) of these rats, as well as of the HPMA copolymer-treated rats, was found increased at the end of observation period. Additionally, HPMA copolymer caused microscopic injury of the heart tissue. All of these suggest the necessity of caution when employing HPMA as carrier for prolonged drug delivery. The current study also indicates the potential of radiotelemetric-spectral-echocardiography approach for improved preclinical cardiovascular risk assessment of polymer-drug conjugate and other nano-sized-drug constructs.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure/drug effects*
Combination of Cyclodextrin and Ionic Liquid in Analytical Chemistry: Current and Future Perspectives

Hui BY, Raoov M, Zain NNM, Mohamad S, Osman H

Crit Rev Anal Chem, 2017 Sep 03;47(5):454-467.
PMID: 28453309 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1320936

The growth in driving force and popularity of cyclodextrin (CDs) and ionic liquids (ILs) as promising materials in the field of analytical chemistry has resulted in an exponentially increase of their exploitation and production in analytical chemistry field. CDs belong to the family of cyclic oligosaccharides composing of α-(1,4) linked glucopyranose subunits and possess a cage-like supramolecular structure. This structure enables chemical reactions to proceed between interacting ions, radical or molecules in the absence of covalent bonds. Conversely, ILs are an ionic fluids comprising of only cation and anion often with immeasurable vapor pressure making them as green or designer solvent. The cooperative effect between CD and IL due to their fascinating properties, have nowadays contributed their footprints for a better development in analytical chemistry nowadays. This comprehensive review serves to give an overview on some of the recent studies and provides an analytical trend for the application of CDs with the combination of ILs that possess beneficial and remarkable effects in analytical chemistry including their use in various sample preparation techniques such as solid phase extraction, magnetic solid phase extraction, cloud point extraction, microextraction, and separation techniques which includes gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis as well as applications of electrochemical sensors as electrode modifiers with references to recent applications. This review will highlight the nature of interactions and synergic effects between CDs, ILs, and analytes. It is hoped that this review will stimulate further research in analytical chemistry.

Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods

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