Displaying publications 101 - 120 of 331 in total

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  1. Fulltext Mechanistic basis for protection of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells by oryzanol-rich fraction against hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity
    Ismail N, Ismail M, Imam MU, Azmi NH, Fathy SF, Foo JB, et al.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2014;14:467.
    PMID: 25475556 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-467
    Apoptosis is often the end result of oxidative damage to neurons. Due to shared pathways between oxidative stress, apoptosis and antioxidant defence systems, an oxidative insult could end up causing cellular apoptosis or survival depending on the severity of the insult and cellular responses. Plant bioresources have received close attention in recent years for their potential role in regulating the pathways involved in apoptosis and oxidative stress in favour of cell survival. Rice bran is a bioactive-rich by-product of rice milling process. It possesses antioxidant properties, making it a promising source of antioxidants that could potentially prevent oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
  2. Neuroprotective effect from stem bark extracts of Knema laurina against H₂O₂- and Aβ(1-42)-induced cell death in human SH-SY5Y cells
    Ismail N, Akhtar MN, Ismail M, Zareen S, Shah SA, Lajis NH, et al.
    Nat Prod Res, 2015;29(16):1571-4.
    PMID: 25471591 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.985676
    The stem bark extracts of Knema laurina inhibited the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)- and aggregated amyloid β-peptide 1-42 length (Aβ(1-42))-induced cell death in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Exposure of 250 μM H2O2 or 20 μM Aβ(1-42) to the cells for 24 h reduced 50% of cell viability. Pretreatment of cells with ethyl acetate extract (EAE) or n-butanol extract (BE) at 300 μg/mL and then exposure to H2O2 protected the cells against the neurotoxic effects of H2O2. Besides, methanolic extract (ME) at 1 and 10 μg/mL exerted neuroprotective effect on Aβ(1-42)-induced toxicity to the cells. These results showed that EAE, BE and ME exhibited neuroprotective activities against H2O2- and Aβ(1-42)-induced cell death. Flavonoids (3-6) and β-sitosterol glucoside (8) were isolated from the EAE. Compound 1 was isolated from hexane extract, and compounds 2 and 7 were isolated from dichloromethane extract. All these observations provide the possible evidence for contribution in the neuroprotective effects.
  3. Fulltext First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi
    Ta TH, Hisam S, Lanza M, Jiram AI, Ismail N, Rubio JM
    Malar J, 2014;13:68.
    PMID: 24564912 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-68
    Since 1960, a total of seven species of monkey malaria have been reported as transmissible to man by mosquito bite: Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium brasilianum, Plasmodium eylesi, Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium schwetzi and Plasmodium simium. With the exception of P. knowlesi, none of the other species has been found to infect humans in nature. In this report, it is described the first known case of a naturally acquired P. cynomolgi malaria in humans.The patient was a 39-year-old woman from a malaria-free area with no previous history of malaria or travel to endemic areas. Initially, malaria was diagnosed and identified as Plasmodium malariae/P. knowlesi by microscopy in the Terengganu State Health Department. Thick and thin blood films stained with 10% Giemsa were performed for microscopy examination. Molecular species identification was performed at the Institute for Medical Research (IMR, Malaysia) and in the Malaria & Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (MAPELAB, Spain) using different nested PCR methods.Microscopic re-examination in the IMR showed characteristics of Plasmodium vivax and was confirmed by a nested PCR assay developed by Snounou et al. Instead, a different PCR assay plus sequencing performed at the MAPELAB confirmed that the patient was infected with P. cynomolgi and not with P. vivax.This is the first report of human P. cynomolgi infection acquired in a natural way, but there might be more undiagnosed or misdiagnosed cases, since P. cynomolgi is morphologically indistinguishable from P. vivax, and one of the most used PCR methods for malaria infection detection may identify a P. cynomolgi infection as P. vivax.Simian Plasmodium species may routinely infect humans in Southeast Asia. New diagnostic methods are necessary to distinguish between the human and monkey malaria species. Further epidemiological studies, incriminating also the mosquito vector(s), must be performed to know the relevance of cynomolgi malaria and its implication on human public health and in the control of human malaria.The zoonotic malaria cannot be ignored in view of increasing interactions between man and wild animals in the process of urbanization.
  4. Mouth rinsing improves cycling endurance performance during Ramadan fasting in a hot humid environment
    Che Muhamed AM, Mohamed NG, Ismail N, Aziz AR, Singh R
    Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2014 Apr;39(4):458-64.
    PMID: 24669987 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0276
    This study examined the effect of mouth rinsing during endurance cycling in a hot humid environment (32 °C and 75% relative humidity) on athletes in the Ramadan fasted state. Nine trained adolescent male cyclists completed 3 trials that consisted of a carbohydrate mouth-rinse (CMR), a placebo mouth-rinse (PMR), and a no-rinse (NOR) trial during the last 2 weeks of Ramadan. Each trial consisted of a preloading cycle at 65% peak rate of oxygen consumption for 30 min followed by a 10-km time trial (TT10 km) under hot humid condition. During the CMR and PMR trials, each cyclist rinsed his mouth with 25 mL of the solution for 5 s before expectorating the solution pre-exercise, after 5, 15, and 25 min of the preloading cycle, and 15 s prior to the start of TT10 km. Time to complete the TT10 km was significantly faster in the CMR and PMR trials compared with the NOR trial (12.9 ± 1.7 and 12.6 ± 1.7 vs. 16.8 ± 1.6 min, respectively; p < 0.017). Ratings of perceived exertion taken at the end of the TT10 km was lower in both CMR and PMR trials compared with the NOR trial, although the difference was significant only between CMR and NOR (p < 0.05). In conclusion, mouth rinsing with either carbohydrate or placebo solution provided ergogenic benefits compared with a no-rinse condition on TT10 km performance in acute Ramadan fasted subjects during endurance cycling in a heat stress environment.
  5. Mechanisms of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-induced IOP reduction in normotensive rats
    Agarwal R, Krasilnikova AV, Raja IS, Agarwal P, Mohd Ismail N
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2014 May 5;730:8-13.
    PMID: 24583339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.021
    Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) have been shown to lower intraocular pressure (IOP). Since, the ACEIs cause increased tissue prostaglandin levels, we hypothesized that the mechanisms of ACEI-induced IOP reduction have similarity with those of prostaglandin analogs. The present study investigated the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cytokine activity modulation as the underlying mechanisms of ACEI-induced ocular hypotension. The IOP lowering effect of single drop of enalaprilat dehydrate 1% was evaluated in rats pretreated with a broad spectrum MMP inhibitor or a cytokine inhibitor. Effect of angiotensin receptor blocker, losartan potassium 2%, was also studied to evaluate involvement of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) in IOP lowering effect of ACEI. Topical treatment with single drop of enalaprilat resulted in significant IOP reduction in treated eye with mean peak reduction 20.3% at 3h post-instillation. Treatment with losartan resulted in a peak IOP reduction of 13.3%, which was significantly lower than enalaprilat, indicating involvement of mechanisms in addition to AT1 blockade. Pretreatment with a broad spectrum MMP inhibitor or a cytokine inhibitor significantly attenuated the enalprilat-induced IOP reduction with mean peak IOP reduction of 11.2% and 13.6% respectively. The IOP-lowering effect of enalaprilat seems to be attributed to reduced angiotensin II type 1 receptor stimulation and modulation of MMP and cytokines activities.
  6. Fulltext Complete life cycle of a pennellid Peniculus minuticaudae Shiino, 1956 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) infecting cultured threadsail filefish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer
    Ismail N, Ohtsuka S, Maran BA, Tasumi S, Zaleha K, Yamashita H
    Parasite, 2013;20:42.
    PMID: 24165196 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013041
    The complete life cycle of a pennellid copepod Peniculus minuticaudae Shiino, 1956 is proposed based on the discovery of all post-embryonic stages together with the post-metamorphic adult females infecting the fins of threadsail filefish Stephanolepis cirrhifer (Monacanthidae) cultured in a fish farm at Ehime Prefecture, Japan. The hatching stage was the infective copepodid. The life cycle of P. minuticaudae consists of six stages separated by moults: the copepodid, four chalimi and adult. In this study, the adult males were observed frequently in precopulatory amplexus with various stages of females however, copulation occurs only between adults. Fertilized pre-metamorphic adult females carrying spermatophores may detach from the host and settle again before undergoing massive differential growth into the post-metamorphic adult female. Comparison of the life cycle of P. minuticaudae has been made with three known pennellids: Lernaeocera branchialis (Linnaeus, 1767), Cardiodectes medusaeus (Wilson, 1908) and Lernaeenicus sprattae (Sowerby, 1806). Among the compared species, P. minuticaudae is the first ectoparasitic pennellid to be discovered to complete its life cycle on a single host without any change in infection site preferences between infective copepodid and fertilized pre-metamorphic female.
  7. Predictors of sustained six months quitting success: efforts of smoking cessation in low intensity smoke-free workplaces
    Yasin SM, Retneswari M, Moy FM, Taib KM, Ismail N
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 2013 Aug;42(8):401-7.
    PMID: 24045376
    INTRODUCTION: This study aims to identify the predictors of a 6-month quitting success among employees involved in workplace smoking cessation with low-intensity smoke-free policy.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicentre prospective cohort study was conducted among employees from 2 different public universities in Malaysia. Interventions include at least 2 sessions of behavioural therapy combined with free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for 8 weeks. Participants were followed up for 6 months. Independent variables assessed were on sociodemographic and environmental tobacco smoke. Their quit status were determined at 1 week, 3 months and 6 months.

    RESULTS: One hundred and eighty- five smokers volunteered to participate. Among the participants, 15% and 13% sustained quit at 3 months and 6 months respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that at 6 months, attending all 3 behavioural sessions predicted success. None of the environmental tobacco exposure variables were predictive of sustained cessation.

    CONCLUSION: Individual predictors of success in intra-workplace smoking cessation programmes do not differ from the conventional clinic-based smoking cessation. Furthermore, environmental tobacco exposure in low intensity smoke-free workplaces has limited influence on smokers who succeeded in maintaining 6 months quitting.

  8. Fulltext Dillenia Suffruticosa extract inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) via induction of G2/M arrest and apoptosis
    Armania N, Yazan LS, Ismail IS, Foo JB, Tor YS, Ishak N, et al.
    Molecules, 2013;18(11):13320-39.
    PMID: 24172241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113320
    The present research was designed to evaluate the anticancer properties of Dillenia suffruticosa extract. Our focus was on the mode of cell death and cell cycle arrest induced in breast cancer cells by the active fractions (designated as D/F4, D/F5 and EA/P2) derived from chromatographic fractionation of D. suffruticosa extracts. The results showed that the active fractions are more cytotoxic towards MCF-7 (estrogen positive breast cancer cells) and MDA-MB-231 (estrogen negative breast cancer cells) as compared to other selected cancer cell lines that included HeLa, A459 and CaOV3. The induction of cell death through apoptosis by the active fractions on the breast cancer cells was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC and PI staining. Cell cycle analysis revealed that D/F4 and EA/P2 induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells. On the other hand, MDA-MB-231 cells treated with D/F4 and D/F5 accumulated in the sub-G1 phase without cell cycle arrest, suggesting the induction of cell death through apoptosis. The data suggest that the active fractions of D. suffruticosa extract eliminated breast cancer cells through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The reason why MCF-7 was more sensitive towards the treatment than MDA-MB-231 remains unclear. This warrants further work, especially on the role of hormones in response towards cytotoxic agents. In addition, more studies on the mechanisms underlying the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by the plant extract also need to be carried out.
  9. Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre: a review
    Al Muqarrabun LM, Ahmat N, Ruzaina SA, Ismail NH, Sahidin I
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2013 Nov 25;150(2):395-420.
    PMID: 24016802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.041
    Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre is one of the many plants with diverse medicinal properties where all its parts have been used as traditional medicine in the treatment and prevention of several kinds of ailments in many countries such as for treatment of piles, skin diseases, and wounds.
  10. Fulltext Hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic study of Gynura procumbens leaf extracts
    Algariri K, Meng KY, Atangwho IJ, Asmawi MZ, Sadikun A, Murugaiyah V, et al.
    Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2013 May;3(5):358-66.
    PMID: 23646298 DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60077-5
    To study the antidiabetic activity of Gynura procumbens (G. procumbens) used in the traditional management of diabetes in Southern Asia.
  11. Application MALDI TOF on protein identification of vitellogenin in giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus)
    Om AD, Jasmani S, Ismail N, Yeong SY, Abol-Munafi AB
    Fish Physiol Biochem, 2013 Oct;39(5):1277-86.
    PMID: 23494207 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9782-x
    A new proteomics technology has been implemented to study the protein repertoires of developing oocytes of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). Knowledge of the chemical composition and physiochemical properties of vitellogenin (Vtg) is necessary to interpret the functional and biological properties attributed during ovulation. Vtg, as a biomarker indicator in sex determination, has been analyzed to determine the sex and maturational status of fish in the absence of the gonad tissue. A male giant grouper was induced by 2 mg/kg of 17ß-estradiol (E2), and blood was sampled at days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10. SDS-PAGE 1D electrophoresis was used to analyze Vtg protein, and Vtg identification was done with 4800 Plus MALDI TOF/TOF™ mass spectrophotometer (Applied Biosystems/MDS SCIEX, USA). Meanwhile, MS/MS de novo sequencing identified the proteins by matching sequences of tryptic peptides to the known sequences of other species. Vtg was confirmed by MASCOT at 95% significant level, and molecular mass was 187 kDa. Protein resolved on SDS-PAGE as a double band of approximately the same mass as determined with MALDI-TOF. The N-terminal sequences and identification of Vtg were also determined. The potential of using MS methods to understand the structure and function of Vtg is discussed.
  12. Fulltext Neuroprotective effects of germinated brown rice against hydrogen peroxide induced cell death in human SH-SY5Y cells
    Ismail N, Ismail M, Fathy SF, Musa SN, Imam MU, Foo JB, et al.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(8):9692-708.
    PMID: 22949825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089692
    The neuroprotective and antioxidative effects of germinated brown rice (GBR), brown rice (BR) and commercially available γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) against cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells have been investigated. Results show that GBR suppressed H(2)O(2)-mediated cytotoxicity and induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, GBR reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and prevented phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation in SH-SY5Y cells, key features of apoptosis, and subsequent cell death. GBR exhibited better neuroprotective and antioxidative activities as compared to BR and GABA. These results indicate that GBR possesses high antioxidative activities and suppressed cell death in SH-SY5Y cells by blocking the cell cycle re-entry and apoptotic mechanisms. Therefore, GBR could be developed as a value added functional food to prevent neurodegenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress and apoptosis.
  13. Anti-angiogenic activity of Morinda citrifolia extracts and its chemical constituents
    Beh HK, Seow LJ, Asmawi MZ, Abdul Majid AM, Murugaiyah V, Ismail N, et al.
    Nat Prod Res, 2012;26(16):1492-7.
    PMID: 22292423 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2011.562208
    Morinda citrifolia L. has been used for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. This study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-angiogenic effect of M. citrifolia fruits and leaves. Anti-angiogenic activity was evaluated in vivo using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Bioactivity-guided fractionation and isolation were performed to identify the active constituent, and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis was then used to quantify the amount of this active constituent in the active extracts and fraction. The methanol extracts of fruits and leaves of M. citrifolia and the subsequent chloroform fraction of the fruit methanolic extract were found to have potential anti-angiogenic activity and were more potent compared to suramin. Scopoletin was identified as one of the chemical constituents that may be partly responsible for the anti-angiogenic activity of M. citrifolia fruits. The present findings further support the use of M. citrifolia in cancer or other pathological conditions related to angiogenesis.
  14. Anti-angiogenic activity of Gynura segetum leaf extracts and its fractions
    Seow LJ, Beh HK, Majid AM, Murugaiyah V, Ismail N, Asmawi MZ
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2011 Mar 24;134(2):221-7.
    PMID: 21167271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.007
    Gynura segetum is a popular medicinal plant in Indonesia and Malaysia, known to possess various medicinal properties especially for treatment of cancer, diabetes and hypertension.
  15. A prospective study on the pattern of medication use for schizophrenia in the outpatient pharmacy department, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Selangor, Malaysia
    Ponto T, Ismail NI, Abdul Majeed AB, Marmaya NH, Zakaria ZA
    Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 2010 Jul-Aug;32(6):427-32.
    PMID: 20852752 DOI: 10.1358/mf.2010.32.6.1477907
    Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder and pharmacotherapy plays a major role in its management. The 1950s and early 1960s saw milestones in the introduction of psychotropic drugs in clinical practice. A review of drug prescriptions in different settings provides an insight into the pattern of drug use, identifies drug-related problems and may be used to compare recommended guidelines with actual practice. This effort led to the evaluation of the drug prescribing pattern of antipsychotics in patients attending the psychiatric clinic at a government hospital. The data from 371 antipsychotic medication prescriptions that included 200 prescriptions for schizophrenia were collected during one month (1rst-31rst August 2008) at the outpatient pharmacy department. The mean age of patients was 35.0 years (SD = 1.131), with a male to female ratio of 2:1. The most widely used oral antipsychotic was haloperidol (16.3%) while the most common depot preparation prescribed was zuclopenthixol decanoate (8.8%). The daily dose of the average antipsychotic prescribed in this clinic was 342.06 mg equivalent of chlorpromazine. There was no relation between the doses received and ethnicity of the patient (Malay, Chinese or Indian). However, there was a significant relationship between the prescribed dose and patient age (P < 0.042). Nearly 32% of the schizophrenia patients were prescribed with atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine (10.8%), risperidone (10.0%), quetiapine (7.6%) and clozapine (3.2%). Monotherapy was given to 73.0% of the schizophrenia patients. The majority of patients also received antidepressants. To conclude, this study gave evidence that physicians had a strong preference for monotherapy with conventional antipsychotic drugs while the use of atypical drugs was less prevalent.
  16. Malaysianol A, a new trimer resveratrol oligomer from the stem bark of Dryobalanops aromatica
    Wibowo A, Ahmat N, Hamzah AS, Sufian AS, Ismail NH, Ahmad R, et al.
    Fitoterapia, 2011 Jun;82(4):676-81.
    PMID: 21338657 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.006
    A new resveratrol trimer, malaysianol A (1), five known resveratrol oligomers: laevifonol (2), ampelopsin E (3), α-viniferin (4), ε-viniferin (5), diptoindonesin A (6), and bergenin (7) have been isolated from the acetone extract of the stem bark of Dryobalanops aromatica by combination of vacuum and radial chromatography techniques. Their structures were established on the basis of their spectroscopic evidence and comparison with the published data. The cytotoxic activity of the compounds was tested against several cell lines in which compound 4 was found to inhibit strongly the growth of HL-60 cell line.
  17. Genetic diversity of enterovirus 71 isolated from cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in the 1997, 2000 and 2005 outbreaks, Peninsular Malaysia
    Chua KB, Chua BH, Lee CS, Chem YK, Ismail N, Kiyu A, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2007 Dec;29(2):69-78.
    PMID: 19108398
    All known field isolates of enterovirus 71 (EV71) can be divided into three distinct genogroups (A, B, C) and 10 subgenogroups (A, B1-5, C1-4) based on VP1 gene sequences. We examined VP1 gene sequences of 10, 12 and 11 EV71 strains isolated in peninsular Malaysia during the outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in 1997, 2000 and 2005 respectively. Four EV71 strains isolated in the hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak of 2006 in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) were included to describe their genetic relationship. Four subgenogroups (C1, C2, B3 and B4) of EV71 co-circulated and caused the outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in peninsular Malaysia in 1997. Two subgenogroups (C1 and B4) were noted to cause the outbreak in 2000. In the 2005 outbreak, besides EV71 strains of subgenogroup C1, EV71 strains belonged to subgenogroup B5 were isolated but formed a cluster which was distinct from EV71 strains of the subgenogroup B5 isolated in 2003. The four EV71 strains isolated from clinical specimens of patients with hand, foot and mouth disease in the Sarawak outbreak in early 2006 also belonged to subgenogroup B5. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene sequences showed that the four Sarawak EV71 isolates belonged to the same cluster as the EV71 strains that were isolated in peninsular Malaysia as early as May 2005. The data suggested that the EV71 strains causing the outbreak in Sarawak could have originated from peninsular Malaysia.
  18. Analysis of water compartment in dengue patients
    Ibrahim F, Ooi KF, Ismail NA, Taib MN, Wan Abas WA
    Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2007 2 7;2005:4130-3.
    PMID: 17281142
    This paper describes the water compartments in healthy subjects and dengue patients on the day of defervescence of fever using bioelectrical impedance analysis. A total of 223 healthy subjects (65 males and 158 females) and 210 dengue patients (119 males and 91 females) in Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM), were studied. The ages for healthy subjects vary between 14 and 60 years old with mean age of 26.05 years while the ages for the dengue patients vary between 12 and 83 years old with mean age of 30.14 years. The parameters of water compartments investigated were total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW) and intracellular water (ICW). There were significant difference between healthy subjects and dengue patients for both male (p<0.05) and female (p<0.001) beginning on fever day 0 till fever day 4. The mean TBW and ECW values of dengue patients obtained were found to be higher than the normal healthy subjects while the mean ICW was lower. The mean TBW and ICW for male were higher than female while the mean ECW for male was lower than female for healthy subjects and dengue patients.
  19. Efficacy of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice is increased by the use of low-cost white reflecting curtains
    Djokomuljanto S, Quah BS, Surini Y, Noraida R, Ismail NZ, Hansen TW, et al.
    Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., 2006 Nov;91(6):F439-42.
    PMID: 16877479
    To determine whether the addition of low-cost reflecting curtains to a standard phototherapy unit could increase effectiveness of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice.
  20. Fulltext High fat diet-induced inflammation and oxidative stress are attenuated by N-acetylneuraminic acid in rats
    Yida Z, Imam MU, Ismail M, Ismail N, Ideris A, Abdullah MA
    J Biomed Sci, 2015;22:96.
    PMID: 26498218 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0211-6
    Serum sialic acid levels are positively correlated with coronary artery disease and inflammation. Although sialic acid is a non-specific marker, it is considered sensitive likely due to its influence in sialylation of glycoprotein structures all over the body.
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