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The Association Between Female Sexual Dysfunction and Sexual Dysfunction in the Male Partner: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Chew PY, Choy CL, Sidi HB, Abdullah N, Che Roos NA, Salleh Sahimi HM, et al.

J Sex Med, 2021 01;18(1):99-112.
PMID: 33303390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.10.001

BACKGROUND: The field of study addressing the relationship between FSD and male sexual dysfunction (MSD) represents a pivotal worldwide health issue as interrelationship between FSD and MSD studies are still inconclusive.
AIM: To review the interrelationship between FSD and MSD and to conclude whether there is a definitive risk of men developing sexual dysfunction when his partner is suffering from FSD.
METHODS: The investigation was conducted following the standard practice for conducting and reporting the findings of systematic reviews and meta-analyses comprising of 4 electronic databases, that is, Embase, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library and Ovid (Medline) from inception to December 2019. Search strategies were developed based on relevant keywords with appropriate truncation and Boolean operators' approach. The quality of studies was employed using the McMaster Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies and were assessed by independent reviewers. The levels of evidence of the included studies were also determined.
OUTCOMES: MSD who had been exposed to FSD.
RESULTS: From more than 8,000 studies searched, 26 studies were finally included, and most included studies have reasonable quality. Meta-analysis found a significant sexual dysfunction in men who are partnered with women with FSD. It found a consistent correlation between FDS and sexual dysfunction in men with a significant 3-fold increase in MSD who are partnered with women with FSD (odds ratio = 3.011, 95% confidence interval: 1.856-4.885, P =
Plasmid profiling and curing of Lactobacillus strains isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of chicken

Chin SC, Abdullah N, Siang TW, Wan HY

J Microbiol, 2005 Jun;43(3):251-6.
PMID: 15995642

In this study, we assessed the susceptibility of 12 Lactobacillus strains, all of which had been isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of chicken, to three antibiotics (chloramphenicol, erythromycin and tetracycline) used commonly as selective markers in transformation studies of lactic acid bacteria. Among these strains, 17%, 58%, and 25% were found to exhibit a high degree of resistance to 200 microg/ml of tetracycline, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol, respectively. Seven of the 12 Lactobacillus strains exhibiting resistance to at least 50 microg/ml of chloramphenicol or erythromycin, and five strains exhibiting resistance to at least 50 microg/ml of tetracycline, were subsequently subjected to plasmid curing with chemical curing agents, such as novobiocin, acriflavin, SDS, and ethidium bromide. In no cases did the antibiotic resistance of these strains prove to be curable, with the exception of the erythromycin resistance exhibited by five Lactobacillus strains (L. acidophilus I16 and I26, L. fermentum I24 and C17, and L. brevis C10). Analysis of the plasmid profiles of these five cured derivatives revealed that all of the derivatives, except for L. acidophilus I16, possessed profiles similar to those of wild-type strains. The curing of L. acidophilus I16 was accompanied by the loss of 4.4 kb, 6.1 kb, and 11.5 kb plasmids.
Fulltext Determinants of comorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis: influence of demographic and duration of illness

Chin SN, Abdullah N, Poh LP

Journal of Advanced Research Design, 2015;22(1):13-22.
MyJurnal

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, disabling autoimmune disease which affects about 5 in 1000 people in Malaysia. Patients with RA are at increased risk of developing comorbid conditions. This research aims at determining these relationships between demographic, duration of illness and comorbidity in RA via a multiple binary logistic (MBL) regression analysis based on the 102 patients’ information (23 males; 79 females) obtained from the rheumatoid clinic of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Kota Kinabalu. The relationship of the RA patients with comorbid conditions was studied with focus on the demographic and duration of illness. The variables obtained for analysis were the comorbid conditions namely, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, age, duration of illness, gender, ethnicity, household income and education level. From six independent variables, two were quantitative would be analyzed, while four were categorical, and would be transformed into dummy variables. Four phases in a model-building approach were executed where two models were formed where Model I predicted the probability of occurrence of hypertension with age of patients and first order interaction between duration of illness before diagnosis and household income of less than RM1000 had positive effects on the model, while Model II predicted the occurrence of hyperlipidemia among the RA patients with age of patients and first order interaction variable between gender(female) and age were the contributing factors.
Study site: Rheumatoid clinic, Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH), Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Hot water extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius stalk waste enhances innate immune response and immune-related gene expression in red hybrid tilapia Oreochromis sp. following challenge with pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Ching JJ, Shuib AS, Abdullah N, Majid NA, Taufek NM, Sutra J, et al.

Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2021 Sep;116:61-73.
PMID: 34157396 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.005

In aquaculture, commercial fish such as red hybrid tilapia are usually raised at high density to boost the production within a short period of time. This overcrowded environment, however, may cause stress to the cultured fish and increase susceptibility to infectious diseases. Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics are used by fish farmers to overcome these challenges, but this may increase the production cost. Studies have reported on the potential of mushroom polysaccharides that can act as immunostimulants to enhance the immune response and disease resistance in fish. In the current study, hot water extract (HWE) from mushroom stalk waste (MSW) was used to formulate fish feed and hence administered to red hybrid tilapia to observe the activation of immune system. Upon 30 days of feeding, the fish were challenged with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) to mimic bacterial and viral infection, respectively. HWE supplementation promoted better feed utilisation in red hybrid tilapia although it did not increase the body weight gain and specific growth rate compared to the control diet. The innate immunological parameters such as phagocytic activity and respiratory burst activity were significantly higher in HWE-supplemented group than that of the control group following PAMPs challenges. HWE-supplemented diet also resulted in higher mRNA transcription of il1b and tnfa in midgut, spleen and head kidney at 1-day post PAMPs injection. Tlr3 exhibited the highest upregulation in the HWE fed fish injected with poly (I:C). At 3-days post PAMPs injection, both ighm and tcrb expression were upregulated significantly in the spleen and head kidney. Results showed that HWE supplementation enhances the immune responses of red hybrid tilapia and induced a higher serum bactericidal activity against S. agalactiae.
Adjuvant endocrine therapy side-effects among postmenopausal breast cancer patients in Malaysia

Choo SB, Saifulbahri A, Zullkifli SN, Fadzil ML, Redzuan AM, Abdullah N, et al.

Climacteric, 2019 04;22(2):175-181.
PMID: 30556740 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2018.1540563

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and their associated risk factors among postmenopausal breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy.
METHODS: Postmenopausal breast cancer patients on endocrine therapy were recruited at three hospitals in Malaysia. Presence and severity of menopausal symptoms were determined using the Menopause Rating Scale. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from medical records.
RESULTS: A total of 192 patients participated in this study. Commonly reported symptoms were musculoskeletal pain (59.9%), physical and mental exhaustion (59.4%), and hot flushes (41.1%). Multivariate analyses indicated that increasing number of years after menopause until the start of endocrine therapy was significantly associated with less likelihood of reporting menopausal symptoms and musculoskeletal pain. Patients with primary or secondary education levels reported significantly less menopausal urogenital symptoms compared to patients with a tertiary education level. Patients using aromatase inhibitors were twice as likely to experience musculoskeletal pain compared to patients using tamoxifen (odds ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-4.50; p
Review on Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah): bioactive phytochemicals and skin collagen synthesis promoting herb

Chua LS, Lee SY, Abdullah N, Sarmidi MR

Fitoterapia, 2012 Dec;83(8):1322-35.
PMID: 22521793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.04.002

Labisia pumila is a traditional herb widely used as post-partum medication for centuries. Recently, extensive researches have been carried out on the phytochemical identification, biological and toxicological studies for the herb. Phytochemicals found in the herbal extract showed high antioxidant properties, which were essential for various pharmacological activities. The significant findings are anti-estrogenic deficiency and -immunodeficiency diseases. Another finding that has considerable impact on natural product research is the contribution of L. pumila in promoting skin collagen synthesis. The performance of the herb as anti-aging agent due to natural aging process and accelerated by UV radiation was reviewed critically.
A proposed aerobic granules size development scheme for aerobic granulation process

Dahalan FA, Abdullah N, Yuzir A, Olsson G, Salmiati, Hamdzah M, et al.

Bioresour Technol, 2015 Apr;181:291-6.
PMID: 25661308 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.062

Aerobic granulation is increasingly used in wastewater treatment due to its unique physical properties and microbial functionalities. Granule size defines the physical properties of granules based on biomass accumulation. This study aims to determine the profile of size development under two physicochemical conditions. Two identical bioreactors namely Rnp and Rp were operated under non-phototrophic and phototrophic conditions, respectively. An illustrative scheme was developed to comprehend the mechanism of size development that delineates the granular size throughout the granulation. Observations on granules' size variation have shown that activated sludge revolutionised into the form of aerobic granules through the increase of biomass concentration in bioreactors which also determined the changes of granule size. Both reactors demonstrated that size transformed in a similar trend when tested with and without illumination. Thus, different types of aerobic granules may increase in size in the same way as recommended in the aerobic granule size development scheme.
Energy expenditure in relation to activity of lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus)

Darlis, Abdullah N, Liang JB, Purwanto B, Ho YW

Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol, 2001 Nov;130(4):751-7.
PMID: 11691611

Heat production (HP) of male and female mouse deer during eating, standing and sitting was determined using the open circuit respiration chamber (RC). The time taken for similar activities was also determined in an outdoor enclosure (OD). The animals were fed kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and rabbit pellet ad libitum. Male mouse deer consumed more dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and gross energy (GE) than female. The time for each activity of male and female mouse deer kept in RC and OD was similar. The average time spent in RC and OD for both male and female, respectively, for sitting (956 and 896 min/day) was significantly (P<0.01) longer than standing (463 and 520 min/day) and eating (21 and 24 min/day). Heat production for male and female mouse deer, respectively, during eating was the highest (0.44 and 0.43 kJ/kg W(0.75)/min) followed by standing (0.37 and 0.33 kJ/kgW(0.75)/min) and sitting (0.26 and 0.26 kJ/kg W(0.75)/min). The difference in HP per min during standing between male and female was significant (P<0.05). The HP for 08.00-14.00 h and 14.00-20.00 h periods were higher than 20.00-02.00 h and 02.00-08.00 h periods. The overall HP for males during 08.00-14.00 h and 14.00-20.00 h periods were significantly (P<0.05) higher (114.8 and 119.2 kJ/kg W(0.75)) than female (107.5 and 110.4 kJ/kg W(0.75)), respectively.
Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Artocarpus heterophyllus L. J33 variety fruit waste from different extraction methods and identification of phenolic constituents by LCMS

Daud MNH, Fatanah DN, Abdullah N, Ahmad R

Food Chem, 2017 Oct 01;232:621-632.
PMID: 28490120 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.018

Artocarpus heterophyllus J33 (AhJ33) fruit is a popular and valuable jackfruit variety in Malaysia. For export, the pulp has to be separated from the skin which is usually discarded. Hence, the conversion of the fruit waste to food products with economic value needs to be explored utilizing the waste to wealth concept. This paper reports the evaluation of antioxidant potential of AhJ33 fruit waste (rind and rachis) extracts from three different extraction methods (maceration, percolation and Soxhlet). The antioxidant potential was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP and β-carotene bleaching assays. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated by TPC and the TFC assays. For both rind and rachis, the maceration technique yielded extracts with the strongest antioxidant activities which correlated with the highest TPC and TFC values. TOF LCMS analyses identified two phenolic acids as the major constituents responsible for the antioxidant activity of the active extracts.
Bioassay-guided fractionation of Artocarpus heterophyllus L. J33 variety fruit waste extract and identification of its antioxidant constituents by TOF-LCMS

Daud MNH, Wibowo A, Abdullah N, Ahmad R

Food Chem, 2018 Nov 15;266:200-214.
PMID: 30381177 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.120

We have previously reported on the antioxidant potential of Artocarpus heterophyllus J33 (AhJ33) variety fruit waste from different extraction methods. In the study, the rind maceration extract (RDM) exhibited the highest phenolic and polyphenolic contents and strongest antioxidant potential measured by the DPPH assay (R2 = 0.99). In this paper, we now report on the bioassay-guided fractionation of the active ethyl acetate (EtOAC) fraction of RDM and its TOF-LCMS analysis. Seven sub-fractions resulting from the chromatographic separation of the EtOAC fraction showed radical scavenging activities between 80 and 94% inhibition. Subsequent LCMS analysis led to the identification of fifteen compounds comprising 5 phenolics and 10 non-phenolic compounds, 11 of which are reported for the first time from AhJ33 variety. Most of the identified compounds have been reported to possess antioxidant activity in many previous studies. This indicates that AhJ33 is a promising source of antioxidants for the development of food and nutraceutical products.
Fulltext Most prevalent unmet supportive care needs and quality of life of breast cancer patients in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia

Edib Z, Kumarasamy V, Binti Abdullah N, Rizal AM, Al-Dubai SA

Health Qual Life Outcomes, 2016;14:26.
PMID: 26898558 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-016-0428-4

Addressing breast cancer patients' unmet supportive care needs in the early stage of their survivorship have become a prime concern because of its significant association with poor quality of life (QOL), which in turn increases healthcare utilization and costs. There is no study about unmet supportive care needs of breast cancer patients in Malaysia. This study aims to assess the most prevalent unmet supportive care needs of Malaysian breast cancer patients and the association between QOL and patients' characteristics, and their unmet supportive care needs.
Aspiration of breast abscess under ultrasound guidance: outcome obtained and factors affecting success

Elagili F, Abdullah N, Fong L, Pei T

Asian J Surg, 2007 Jan;30(1):40-4.
PMID: 17337370

To assess ultrasonographically (US) guided needle aspiration of breast abscesses as an alternative to surgical incision and drainage.
Skeletal-related events among breast and prostate cancer patients: towards new treatment initiation in Malaysia's hospital setting

Ezat SW, Syed Junid SM, Noraziani K, Zafar A, Saperi S, Nur AM, et al.

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013;14(5):3357-62.
PMID: 23803129

The human skeleton is the most common organ to be affected by metastatic cancer and bone metastases are a major cause of cancer morbidity. The five most frequent cancers in Malaysia among males includes prostate whereas breast cancer is among those in females, both being associated with skeletal lesions. Bone metastases weaken bone structure, causing a range of symptoms and complications thus developing skeletal-related events (SRE). Patients with SRE may require palliative radiotherapy or surgery to bone for pain, having hypercalcaemia, pathologic fractures, and spinal cord compression. These complications contribute to a decline in patient health- related quality of life. The multidimensional assessment of health-related quality of life for those patients is important other than considering a beneficial treatment impact on patient survival, since the side effects of treatment and disease symptoms can significantly impact health-related quality of life. Cancer treatment could contribute to significant financial implications for the healthcare system. Therefore, it is essential to assess the health-related quality of life and treatment cost, among prostate and breast cancer patients in countries like Malaysia to rationalized cost-effective way for budget allocation or utilization of health care resources, hence helping in providing more personalized treatment for cancer patients.
Fulltext Assessment of thermoluminescence glow curves and kinetic parameters of fabricated Ge-doped flat fiber for radiotherapy application

Fadzil, M.S.A., Mohd Noor, N., Tamchek, N., Ung, N.M., Alawiah, A., Abdullah, N., et al.

Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2018;30(2):1-14.
MyJurnal

The thermoluminescence kinetic parameters of Ge-doped flat fibre have been investigated comprehensively using the computerized glow curve deconvolution analysis. The Ge-doped flat fibre was irradiated to 6 MV and 10 MV photon beam with dose ranging from 100 cGy to 300 cGy. Analysis was done using WinGCF software on the dependence of the glow curve intensity on dose delivered and the determination of the trap parameters. Ge-doped flat fibre was found to be linear over the entire dose range explored for both 6 MV and 10 MV irradiations with r2 value of 0.9955 and 0.9933 respectively. The glow curve consists of five individual glow peaks. The peak height increases with increasing irradiation dose. The first peak (P1) is a dominant individual peak for low temperature peak (LTP) with the maximum temperature ranging from 167.4°C to 179.0°C for both beams studied. Meanwhile, peak (P4) is a dominant individual glow curve for high temperature peak (HTP) with maximum temperature for 6 MV and 10 MV and is observed between 264.5°C to 279.4°C. Peak 1 has the lowest activation energy which is less than 0.72 eV while peak 2 shows the highest activation energy (1.3 eV < Ea < 2.1 eV) which indicates the deepest electrons trap. The results showed that the peak integral will increases as the dose increases. The Ge-doped flat fibre demonstrated the second-order kinetic peak behavior by exhibiting the symmetric shape of the glow curve with high temperature half of the curve slightly broader than the low temperature half, which suggests the possibility of electron retrapping.
Skin prick test reactivity to foods in adult Malaysians with rhinitis

Gendeh BS, Murad S, Razi AM, Abdullah N, Mohamed AS, Kadir KA

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2000 May;122(5):758-62.
PMID: 10793361

The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of food and house dust mite (HDM) allergy in patients with nasal congestion and rhinorrhea attending the Otorhinolaryngology Clinic, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. This was a prospective matched, controlled study of patients skin prick tested with commercial food and common aeroallergens. The participants were 148 Malaysian adults with symptoms of nasal congestion and rhinorrhea and 113 adult Malaysian control subjects without rhinitis symptoms. The skin prick test (SPT) was used to evaluate 11 foods common to the Malaysian diet and 3 HDM inhalants. Forty-eight percent of the patients with rhinitis had positive SPT results to foods, compared with 4.4% of control subjects (P < 0.05). The most commonly implicated foods were shrimp (48%) and rice (30%), which are common in the Malaysian diet. Seventy-two percent of rhinitis patients had positive SPT results to HDM, compared with 22.2% of control subjects (P < 0.05). Patients with rhinitis also had significantly more gastrointestinal problems than control subjects (P < 0.05). The incidences of HDM and food allergy are significantly greater in Malaysian adults with rhinitis symptoms than in control subjects without rhinitis. The effect of avoidance or immunotherapy awaits further study.
Study site: Otorhinolaryngology Clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Fulltext Factors affecting commencement and cessation of smoking behaviour in Malaysian adults

Ghani WM, Razak IA, Yang YH, Talib NA, Ikeda N, Axell T, et al.

BMC Public Health, 2012;12:207.
PMID: 22429627 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-207

BACKGROUND: Tobacco consumption peak in developed countries has passed, however, it is on the increase in many developing countries. Apart from cigarettes, consumption of local hand-rolled cigarettes such as bidi and rokok daun are prevalent in specific communities. Although factors associated with smoking initiation and cessation has been investigated elsewhere, the only available data for Malaysia is on prevalence. This study aims to investigate factors associated with smoking initiation and cessation which is imperative in designing intervention programs.
METHODS: Data were collected from 11,697 adults by trained recording clerks on sociodemographic characteristics, practice of other risk habit and details of smoking such as type, duration and frequency. Smoking commencement and cessation were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier estimates and log-rank tests. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate the hazard rate ratios.
RESULTS: Males had a much higher prevalence of the habit (61.7%) as compared to females (5.8%). Cessation was found to be most common among the Chinese and those regularly consuming alcoholic beverages. Kaplan-Meier plot shows that although males are more likely to start smoking, females are found to be less likely to stop. History of betel quid chewing and alcohol consumption significantly increase the likelihood of commencement (p < 0.0001), while cessation was least likely among Indians, current quid chewers and kretek users (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: Gender, ethnicity, history of quid chewing and alcohol consumption have been found to be important factors in smoking commencement; while ethnicity, betel quid chewing and type of tobacco smoked influences cessation.
Fulltext Factors affecting commencement and cessation of betel quid chewing behaviour in Malaysian adults

Ghani WM, Razak IA, Yang YH, Talib NA, Ikeda N, Axell T, et al.

BMC Public Health, 2011;11:82.
PMID: 21294919 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-82

Betel quid chewing is a common habit widely practiced in Southern Asian populations. However, variations are seen in the content of a betel quid across the different countries. Factors associated with commencement and cessation of this habit has been numerously studied. Unfortunately, data on Malaysian population is non-existent. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the inception and also cessation of betel quid chewing behaviour among Malaysian adults.
Fulltext Prospective surveillance of nosocomial device-associated bacteremia in three adult intensive units in Malaysia

Gopal Katherason S, Naing L, Jaalam K, Kamarul Iman Musa K, Nik Abdullah NM, Aiyar S, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2010 Aug;27(2):308-16.
PMID: 20962730 MyJurnal

Nosocomial blood stream infection (or nosocomial bacteremia) is a common problem in hospitals worldwide, including Malaysia. A three-year prospective cohort study (October 2003-March 2007) of the incidences, risk factors, and patterns of the microorganisms causing bacteremia was conducted using a validated surveillance form in three intensive care units (ICUs) in Malaysia. Center for Disease Control criteria were used to diagnose bacteremia. Patients were monitored from admission until the end point of study, which was the first detection of bacteremia in the blood in each patient. The frequency of occurrence of bacteremia with clinical symptoms was 10.7% (n=23). Bacteremia was observed to occur within a mean length of stay of 10 days in ICU. The rate of device-related infection was 10.4% per device utilization days with a device utilization rate of 95.9%/1000 patient days. The total number of patient days was 2309 and the period of device utilization was 2211 days. The common bacteria detected were extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=6); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=6); Acinetobacter species (n=5); Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)(n=3); and (non- ESBL) Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=2). Multivariable analysis using Cox Proportional Hazard Model showed that the predictors for developing bacteremia were cancer, MRSA carriage, duration of central venous catheter (CVC) infusion, frequency change of CVC, and the administration of hydrocortisone drugs. These results indicate that a combination of nursing and medical interventions as well as patients' severity of illness could lead to bacteremia in ICU. Strategic implementation of quality assurance measures in ICUs could help to control this problem.
Fulltext A comparative study of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia morphine and tramadol in patients undergoing major operation

Hadi MA, Kamaruljan HS, Saedah A, Abdullah NM

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Dec;61(5):570-6.
PMID: 17623958

The success of major surgery depends partly on providing effective post-operative pain relief, which can be commonly achieved by morphine administration via patient- controlled analgesic (PCA) system. Alternatively, tramadol which is a weak opioid analgesic, can be used for post operative pain relief. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous PCA tramadol in comparison with PCA morphine in term of analgesic properties, sedation and side effects. A randomized, double-blinded study was conducted on 160 ASA I and II patients who underwent major operations. Eighty of them received a loading dose of intravenous morphine 0.1 mg/kg followed by PCA morphine bolus of 1 mg (1 mg/ml) as required, while the other 80 patients received a loading dose of 2.5 mg/kg of intravenous tramadol followed by PCA infusion of 10 mg (10 mg/ml) as required. Patients were monitored for pain, sedation and side effects as well as respiratory rate, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, blood pressure and pulse rate. Patients were evaluated 30 minutes, 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours post operation. There were no differences in the demographic data between the two groups (p > 0.05). The overall mean pain score in tramadol group was 0.70 +/- 0.60 as compared to 0.75 +/- 0.67 for morphine group. The mean pain score for tramadol and morphine groups at 30 minutes, 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours post operation were 1.32 +/- 0.79, 104 +/- 0.79, 0.35 +/- 0.48, 0.09 +/- 0.33 and 1.35 +/- 0.99, 1.14 +/- 0.81, 0.40 +/- 0.54, 0.10 +/- 0.34 respectively. The overall mean sedation score in tramadol and morphine group was 0.39 +/- 0.44 as compared to 0.35 +/- 0.43 for morphine group. The mean sedation score for tramadol and morphine group at 30 minutes, 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours post operation were 0.90 +/- 0.74, 0.56 +/- 0.59, 0.075 +/- 0.27, 0.025 +/- 0.16 and 0.84 +/- 0.70, 0.46 +/- 0.64, 0.08 +/- 0.27, 0.01 +/- 0.11 respectively. There was no significant difference in the overall mean pain and sedation score between the two groups as well as for each duration assessed (p > 0.05). There were also no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the blood pressure and heart rate. The incidence of nausea, vomiting and pruritus were the same in the two groups. This study indicates that PCA tramadol is as equally effective as PCA morphine control following major surgery. The incidences of sedation, nausea or pruritus were the same in the two groups.
Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum 15HN using alginate-psyllium-fenugreek polymeric blends

Haghshenas B, Abdullah N, Nami Y, Radiah D, Rosli R, Yari Khosroushahi A

J Appl Microbiol, 2015 Apr;118(4):1048-57.
PMID: 25619628 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12762

Investigation on the use of herbal-based biopolymers for probiotic-Lactobacillus plantarum 15HN-encapsulation is presented. The objectives are to enhance its oral delivery, colonic release and survival rate of these probiotic cultures in gastrointestinal environment.

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