Displaying publications 121 - 140 of 371 in total

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  1. Algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge for real municipal wastewater treatment: Performance, microbial community change and feasibility of lipid recovery
    Purba LDA, Zahra SA, Yuzir A, Iwamoto K, Abdullah N, Shimizu K, et al.
    J Environ Manage, 2023 May 01;333:117374.
    PMID: 36758398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117374
    Despite various research works on algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge for wastewater treatment and resource recovery processes, limited information is available on its application in real wastewater treatment in terms of performance, microbial community variation and resource recovery. This study investigated the performance of algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge on real low-strength wastewater treatment in addition to the characterization of microbial community and fatty acid compositions for biodiesel production. The results demonstrated 71% COD, 77% NH4+-N and 31% phosphate removal efficiencies, respectively. In addition, all the water parameters successfully met the effluent standard A, imposed by the Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia. Core microbiome analyses revealed important microbial groups (i.e., Haliangium ochraceum, Burkholderiales and Chitinophagaceae) in bacterial community. Meanwhile the photosynthetic microorganisms, such as Oxyphotobacteria and Trebouxiophyceae dominated the algal-bacterial aerobic granular sludge, suggesting their important roles in granulation and wastewater treatment. Up to 12.51 mg/gSS lipid content was recovered from the granules. In addition, fatty acids composition showed high percetages of C16:0 and C18:0, demonstrating high feasibility to be used for biodiesel production application indicated by the cetane number, iodine value and oxidation stability properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  2. Bibliometric insights into microalgae cultivation in wastewater: Trends and future prospects for biolipid production and environmental sustainability
    Purba LDA, Susanti H, Admirasari R, Praharyawan S, Taufikurahman, Iwamoto K
    J Environ Manage, 2024 Feb 14;352:120104.
    PMID: 38242026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120104
    Cultivation of microalgae in wastewater stream has been extensively reported, especially for simultaneous production of biolipid and wastewater treatment process. This study aimed to derive the research trend and focus on biolipid production from microalgae cultivated in wastewater by using bibliometric approach. The search strategy used in Scopus database resulted in 1339 research articles from 1990 to November 2023. Majority of publications (46%) were affiliated to China and India, showing their predominance in this field. Keywords related to the center of attention included biodiesel, biofuel, biomass and nutrient removal. Meanwhile, keyword with recent publication year, indicating the emerging research trends, revolved around the cultivation techniques and application of the system. Co-culture involving more than one microalgae species, bacteria and yeast showed promising results, while addition of nanoparticles was also found to be beneficial. Increasing exploration on the application of microalgae for treatment of saline wastewater was also reported and the carbon fixation mechanism by microalgae has been widely investigated to promote less environmental impact. Future research on these topics were suggested based on the findings of the bibliometric analyses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels/analysis
  3. Biotechnological potentialities and valorization of mango peel waste: a review
    Pradeep Puligundla, Chulkyoon Mok, Sang Eun Oh, Vijaya Sarathi Reddy Obulam
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1901-1906.
    In recent years, by-products of fruit processing have received a great deal of attention, which is primarily due to their nutritional and economic exploitation through utilization of emerging technologies. Mango peel waste, a by-product from pulp processing units, is an important source of high quality antioxidant dietary fibre, pectin, polyphenols and carotenoids. It also possess significant biotechnological potential since it has been found suitable for several bioprocesses including ethanol, biogas, lactic acid, enzymes and single cell production. Valorization of mango peel through different routes not only can increase the profitability of fruit processing industries, but also help reduce environmental pollution. This review intends to provide a broad view on available technologies for mango peel waste utilization, with an emphasis on its biotechnological conversion into added value products beside other ways of utilization.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  4. Utilization of agricultural lignocellulosic wastes for biofuels and green diesel production
    Pocha CKR, Chia SR, Chia WY, Koyande AK, Nomanbhay S, Chew KW
    Chemosphere, 2022 Mar;290:133246.
    PMID: 34906526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133246
    The ever-growing human population has resulted in the expansion of agricultural activity; evident by the deforestation of rainfoamrests as a means of acquiring fertile land for crops. The crops and fruits produced by such means should be utilized completely; however, there are still losses and under-exploitation of these produces which has resulted in wastes being mounted in landfills. These underutilized agricultural wastes including vegetables and fruits can serve as a potential source for biofuels and green diesel. This paper discusses the main routes (e.g., biological and thermochemical) for producing biofuels such as bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, bio-oil and green diesel from underutilized crops by emphasizing recent technological innovations for improving biofuels and green diesel yields. The future prospects of a successful production of biofuels and green diesel by this source are also explained. Underutilized lignocelluloses including fruits and vegetables serve as a prospective biofuel and green diesel generation source for the future prosperity of the biofuel industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels*
  5. Investigating the effects of eleven key physicochemical factors on growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella sp. as a feedstock for biodiesel production
    Parichehreh R, Gheshlaghi R, Mahdavi MA, Kamyab H
    J Biotechnol, 2021 Nov 10;340:64-74.
    PMID: 34454961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.08.010
    Biodiesel, as a renewable and eco-friendly energy source that can be produced through algae oil esterification, has recently received much attention. Maximization of algal biomass and lipid content is crucial for commercial biodiesel production. In this study, Chlorella sp. PG96, a microalgal strain isolated from urban wastewater, was identified considering its morphological and molecular characteristics. Fractional factorial design (211-7) was employed to screen medium and environmental factors for achieving high lipid productivity. The effects of eleven factors including light intensity, light spectrum, aeration rate, temperature, salinity, NaHCO3, CO2, NaNO3, NH4Cl, MgSO4.7H2O, and K2HPO4 and their interactions on growth characteristics of Chlorella sp. PG96 (biomass and lipid production) were statistically assessed. Based on the experimental results, lipid productivity was at its maximum (54.19 ± 8.40 mglipid L-1 day-1) under a combination of high levels of all factors. The analysis also showed that physical parameters of light intensity and temperature were more effective on algal growth compared to nutritional parameters. Furthermore, nitrogen source of ammonium and carbon source of bicarbonate played more significant roles in biomass and lipid production, compared with nitrate and CO2, respectively. Although the effect of sulfur limitation on cellular growth was similar to phosphorus deficiency, S-limitation had a greater impact on lipid accumulation. The interaction between NaHCO3 and NH4Cl was the most prominent interaction affecting all responses. It is concluded that Chlorella sp. PG96 at a high level of light intensity and temperature (22500 Lux and 32 °C, respectively) can be a prospective candidate for biodiesel production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  6. Biodiesel from Thevetia Peruviana seed oil with Dimethyl carbonate using as an active catalyst potassium-methoxide
    Panchal BM, Deshmukh SA, Sharma MR
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1461-1468.
    The transesterification of Thevetia peruviana seed oil with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) for preparing biodiesel has been studied using as an active catalyst potassium-methoxide (KOCH3). The effects of reaction conditions: Molar ratio of dimethyl carbonate to Thevetia peruviana seed oil, catalyst concentration, reaction time and agitation speed on dimethyl esters (DMC-Tp-BioDs) yield were investigated. The highest DMC-Tp-BioDs yield could reach 97.1% at refluxing temperature for 90 min with molar ratio of DMC-to-oil 5:1 and 2.0% w/w KOCH3 (based on oil weight). The fuel properties of the produced DMC-Tp-BioDs were compared with the ASTM D6751-02 biodiesel standard.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  7. Fulltext The effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Final Discharge on the Characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum
    Osman NA, Ujang FA, Roslan AM, Ibrahim MF, Hassan MA
    Sci Rep, 2020 04 20;10(1):6613.
    PMID: 32313095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62815-0
    Phytoremediation is one of the environmental-friendly and cost-effective systems for the treatment of wastewater, including industrial wastewater such as palm oil mill effluent final discharge (POME FD). However, the effects of the wastewater on the phytoremediator plants, in term of growth performance, lignocellulosic composition, and the presence of nutrients and heavy metals in the plants are not yet well studied. In the present work, we demonstrated that POME FD increased the growth of P. purpureum. The height increment of P. purpureum supplied with POME FD (treatment) was 61.72% as compared to those supplied with rain water (control) which was 14.42%. For lignocellulosic composition, the cellulose percentages were 38.77 ± 0.29% (treatment) and 34.16 ± 1.01% (control), and the difference was significant. These results indicated that POME FD could be a source of plant nutrients, which P. purpureum can absorb for growth. It was also found that the heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) inside the plant were below the standard limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). Since POME FD was shown to have no adverse effects on P. purpureum, further research regarding the potential application of P. purpureum following phytoremediation of POME FD such as biofuel production is warranted to evaluate its potential use to fit into the waste-to-wealth agenda.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  8. Synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester from palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) with Ky(MgCa)2xO3 as heterogeneous catalyst
    Olutoye MA, Lee SC, Hameed BH
    Bioresour Technol, 2011 Dec;102(23):10777-83.
    PMID: 21983406 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.033
    Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were produced from palm oil using eggshell modified with magnesium and potassium nitrates to form a composite, low-cost heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification. The catalyst, prepared by the combination of impregnation/co-precipitation was calcined at 830 °C for 4 h. Transesterification was conducted at a constant temperature of 65 °C in a batch reactor. Design of experiment (DOE) was used to optimize the reaction parameters, and the conditions that gave highest yield of FAME (85.8%) was 5.35 wt.% catalyst loading at 4.5 h with 16:1 methanol/oil molar ratio. The results revealed that eggshell, a solid waste, can be utilized as low-cost catalyst after modification with magnesium and potassium nitrates for biodiesel production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  9. Production of biodiesel fuel by transesterification of different vegetable oils with methanol using Al₂O₃ modified MgZnO catalyst
    Olutoye MA, Hameed BH
    Bioresour Technol, 2013 Mar;132:103-8.
    PMID: 23395762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.171
    An active heterogeneous Al2O3 modified MgZnO (MgZnAlO) catalyst was prepared and the catalytic activity was investigated for the transesterification of different vegetable oils (refined palm oil, waste cooking palm oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil) with methanol to produce biodiesel. The catalyst was characterized by using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis to ascertain its versatility. Effects of important reaction parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature and reaction time on oil conversion were examined. Within the range of studied variability, the suitable transesterification conditions (methanol/oil ratio 16:1, catalyst loading 3.32 wt.%, reaction time 6h, temperature 182°C), the oil conversion of 98% could be achieved with reference to coconut oil in a single stage. The catalyst can be easily recovered and reused for five cycles without significant deactivation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels*
  10. Selection of high yielding Jatropha curcas L. accessions for elite hybrid seed production
    Nurul Hidayah Che Mat, Md Atiqur Rahman Bhuiyan, Senan S, Ratnam W, Zahira Yaakob
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:1567-1572.
    Phenotypic selection of individuals is the first step in a selective breeding program for elite hybrid seed production. In
    this study, a total of 295 Jatropha curcas individuals raised from cuttings representing 21 accessions, collected from eight
    different countries were evaluated for growth performance. The evaluation was done at the Biodiesel Research Station
    of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Pilah from December 2012 to December 2013. Individual plants from each
    accession were observed on several agronomic and yield related traits and all the data were recorded periodically.
    Performance of each accession was analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.4. Four traits which were plant
    height (PH), number of flowers per inflorescence (NFI), number of female flowers per inflorescence (NFFPI) and hundred
    seed weight (HSW) showed significant differences among the accessions after one year of planting. Maximum values for
    each trait were 115.5 cm for PH, 6 for number of branches per plant (BPP), 9 for number of inflorescences per plant
    (NIPP), 25 for number of fruits per plant (NFPP), 5 for number of fruits per inflorescence (NFPI), 191 for NFI, 10 for
    NFFPI, 81.0 g for HSW and 70 for number of seeds per plant (NSPP). Accession number 1 from Thailand showed the best
    performance for most traits. A highly significant and positive correlation was found between NFPP and NSPP. Based on
    superior trait values for NIPP, NFPP, NFPI, NFI, NFFPI and HSW, five plants from accession UKMJC 01, 04, 05, 13 and 14
    have been selected for generating elite intraspecific hybrids.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  11. Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst
    Nur Nazlina Saimon, Heng Khuan Eu, Anwar Johari, Norzita Ngadi, Mazura Jusoh, Zaki Yamani Zakaria
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:109-115.
    Biodiesel, one of the renewable energy sources has gained attention for decades as the alternative fuel due to its remarkable properties. However, there are several drawbacks from the industrial production of biodiesel such as the spike in the production cost, environmental issues related to the usage of homogeneous catalyst and profitability in long term. One of the solutions to eliminate the problem is by utilizing low cost starting material such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). PFAD is a byproduct from the refining of crude palm oil and abundantly available. Esterification of PFAD to biodiesel will be much easier with the presence of heterogeneous acid catalyst. Most of acid catalyst preparation involves series of heating process using conventional method. In this study, microwave was utilized in catalyst preparation, significantly reducing the reaction time from conventional heating method. The catalyst produced was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmet and Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Temperature-Programmed Desorption - Ammonia (TPD-NH3) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) while percentage yield and conversion of the PFAD were analysed by gas chromatography - flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and acid-base titration, respectively. It has been demonstrated that the percentage yield of biodiesel from the PFAD by employing sulfonated glucose acid catalyst (SGAC) reached 98.23% under the following conditions: molar ratio of methanol to PFAD of 10:1, catalyst loading of 2.5% and reaction temperature of 70oC. The microwave-assisted SGAC showed its potential to replace the SGAC produced via conventional heating method.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  12. Integrated palm oil mill effluent treatment and co2 sequestration by microalgae
    Nur Anira Syafiqah Hazman, Hassimi Abu Hasan, Kamrul Fakir Kamarudin, Nazlina Haiza Mohd Yasin, Mohd Sobri Takriff, Noor Irma Nazashida Mohd Hakimi
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1455-1464.
    Malaysian economy relies on palm oil industries as a driver for rural development. However, palm oil mill effluent
    (POME) that is generated from palm oil processing stages causes major environmental challenges. Before being
    released to the environment, POME treatment is crucial to comply with standard discharge limit. Microalgae have
    demonstrated excellent potential for phycoremediating POME and capturing CO2
    . In this study, local microalgae isolate
    such as Chlamydomonas sp. UKM 6 and Chlorella spp. UKM 8 were used for POME treatment in 21 days with different
    inoculum sizes (5%, 10% and 15%). In addition, an integrated treatment process was performed by taking the treated
    POME supernatant for cultivation of Chorella spp. UKM 2, Chorella sorokiniana UKM 3 and Chlorella vulgaris for CO2
    sequestration study. Different CO2
    concentrations (5%, 10% and 15%) were used and the experiments were carried
    out in 10 days under continuous illumination. The results showed that among two species involves in POME treatment,
    Chlamydomonas sp. UKM 6 showed a great potential to remove pollutant such as COD (56%), nitrogen (65%) and
    phosphorus (34%). The biomass after POME treatment and CO2
    biofixation content high lipid (90 mg lipid/g biomass)
    which can be the potential source for biodiesel production. In CO2
    sequestration study, C. sorokininana UKM3 able
    to takes up to 15% CO2
    with CO2
    uptake rate of 273 mgL-1d-1. In this study, the integrated system of POME treatment
    and CO2
    sequestration were feasible using microalgae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  13. Fulltext Ce-Loaded HZSM-5 Composite for Catalytic Deoxygenation of Algal Hydrolyzed Oil into Hydrocarbons and Oxygenated Compounds
    Nuhma MJ, Alias H, Tahir M, Jazie AA
    Molecules, 2022 Oct 25;27(21).
    PMID: 36364078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217251
    Despite the extensive research into the catalytic uses of zeolite-based catalysts, these catalysts have a limited useful lifetime because of the deactivating effect of coke production. This study looks at the use of Cerium (Ce) loaded HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts in the hydrocarbon and oxygenated chemical conversion from Chlorella Vulgaris microalgae crude oil. Characterization of structure, morphology, and crystallinity was performed after the catalysts were manufactured using the impregnation technique. Soxhlet extraction was carried out to extract the crude oil of microalgae. Transesterification reaction was used to produce algal hydrolyzed oil (HO), and the resulting HO was put to use in a batch reactor at 300 °C, 1000 rpm, 7 bars of nitrogen pressure, a catalyst to the algal HO ratio of 15% (wt. %), and a retention time of 6 h. To determine which Ce-loaded HZSM-5 catalysts would be most effective in converting algal HO into non-oxygenated molecules (hydrocarbons), we conducted a series of tests. Liquid product characteristics were analyzed for elemental composition, higher heating value (HHV), atomic ratios of O/C and H/C, and degree of deoxygenation (DOD%). Results were categorized into three groups: product yield, chemical composition, and carbon number distribution. When Cerium was added to HZSM-5 zeolite at varying loading percentages, the zeolite's acid sites became more effective in facilitating the algal HO conversion. The results showed that 10%Ce/HZSM-5 had the greatest conversion of the algal HO, the yield of hydrocarbons, HHV, and DOD% (98.2%, 30%, 34.05 MJ/Kg, and 51.44%, respectively) among all the synthesized catalysts in this research. In conclusion, the physical changes seen in the textural characteristics may be attributed to Cerium-loading on the parent HZSM-5; nevertheless, there is no direct association between the physical features and the hydrocarbons yield (%). The primary impact of Cerium alteration of the parent HZSM-5 zeolite was to change the acidic sites required to boost the conversion (%) of the algal HO in the catalytic deoxygenation process, which in turn increased the hydrocarbons yield (%), which in turn increased the HHV and DOD%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  14. Fulltext PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COOKING OIL USING BENTONITE CATALYSTS
    Noraini Hamzah, Izyan Yusof, Sabiha Hanim Saleh, Nazrizawati Ahmad Tajuddin, Mohd Lokman Ibrahim, Wan Zurina Samad
    Journal of Academia Universiti Teknologi MARA Negeri Sembilan, 2021;9(1):139-144.
    MyJurnal
    Demand for diesel continues to increase due to rapid population growth, which could contribute to fossil fuel exhaustion. Biodiesel has been widely developed as a replacement for conventional diesel to resolve the issue. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) was carried out via the transesterification process using two types of bentonite catalysts, which are raw bentonite and NaOH/bentonite. By using the impregnation method, the NaOH/bentonite catalyst was synthesized at 60°C for 12 hours. The transesterification was conducted with 0.5wt% of catalyst, at 15:1 (methanol- to-oil), for 2 hours at different reaction temperatures. The characterization of both raw bentonite and NaOH/bentonite was done using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET) surface characterization. A high yield of FAMEs (72%) was found to be obtained in continuous stirring at 55ºC for 2 hours and 15:1 methanol/oil molar ratio with 0.5wt.% (0.15g) of NaOH/bentonite catalyst.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  15. Performance evaluation and kinetic modeling of down-flow high-rate anaerobic bioreactors for poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment
    Njoya M, Basitere M, Ntwampe SKO, Lim JW
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2020 Nov 04.
    PMID: 33145736 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11397-5
    In this study, the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) was evaluated using two new down-flow high-rate anaerobic bioreactor systems (HRABS), including the down-flow expanded granular bed reactor (DEGBR) and the static granular bed reactor (SGBR). These two bioreactors have demonstrated a good performance for the treatment of PSW with removal percentages of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and fats, oil, and grease (FOG) exceeding 95% during peak performance days. This performance of down-flow HRABS appears as a breakthrough in the field of anaerobic treatment of medium to high-strength wastewater because down-flow anaerobic bioreactors have been neglected for the high-rate anaerobic treatment of such wastewater due to the success of up-flow anaerobic reactors such as the UASB and the EGSB as a result of the granulation of a consortium of anaerobic bacteria required for efficient anaerobic digestion and biogas production. Hence, to promote the recourse to such technologies and provide further explanation to their performance, this study approached the kinetic analysis of these two down-flow HRABS using the modified Stover-Kincannon and the Grau second-order multi-component substrate models. From a comparison between the two models investigated, the modified Stover-Kincannon model provided the best prediction for the concentration of the substrate in the effluent from the two HRABS. This analysis led to the determination of the kinetic parameters of the two models that can be used for the design of the two HRABS and the prediction of the performance of the SGBR and DEGBR. The kinetic parameters determined using the Modified Stover-Kincannon were Umax = 40.5 gCOD/L.day and KB = 47.3 gCOD/L.day for the DEGBR and Umax = 33.6 gCOD/L.day and KB = 44.9 gCOD/L.day for the SGBR; while, using the Grau second-order model, the kinetic models determined were a = 0.058 and b = 1.112 for the DEGBR and a = 0.135 and b = 1.33 for the SGBR.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  16. Recent advances on the sustainable approaches for conversion and reutilization of food wastes to valuable bioproducts
    Ng HS, Kee PE, Yim HS, Chen PT, Wei YH, Chi-Wei Lan J
    Bioresour Technol, 2020 Apr;302:122889.
    PMID: 32033841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122889
    The increasing amounts of food wastage and accumulation generated per annum due to the growing human population worldwide often associated with environmental pollution issues and scarcity of natural resources. In view of this, science community has worked towards in finding sustainable approaches to replace the common practices for food waste management. The agricultural and food processing wastes rich in nutrients are often the attractive substrates for the bioconversion for valuable bioproducts such as industrial enzymes, biofuel and bioactive compounds. The sustainable approaches on the re-utilization of food wastes as the industrial substrates for production of valuable bioproducts has meet the goals of circular bioeconomy, results in the diversify applications and increasing market demands for the bioproducts. This review discusses the current practice and recent advances on reutilization of food waste for bioconversion of valuable bioproducts from agricultural and food processing wastes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  17. Fulltext Offretite Zeolite Single Crystals Synthesized by Amphiphile-Templating Approach
    Ng EP, Ahmad NH, Khoerunnisa F, Mintova S, Ling TC, Daou TJ
    Molecules, 2021 Apr 13;26(8).
    PMID: 33924655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082238
    Offretite zeolite synthesis in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) is reported. The offretite crystals were synthesized with a high crystallinity and hexagonal prismatic shape after only 72 h of hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C. The CTABr has dual-functions during the crystallization of offretite, viz. as structure-directing agent and as mesoporogen. The resulting offretite crystals, with a Si/Al ratio of 4.1, possess more acid sites than the conventional offretite due to their high crystallinity and hierarchical structure. The synthesized offretite is also more reactive than its conventional counterpart in the acylation of 2-methylfuran for biofuel production under non-microwave instant heating condition, giving 83.5% conversion with 100% selectivity to the desired product 2-acetyl-5-methylfuran. Hence, this amphiphile synthesis approach offers another cost-effective and alternative route for crystallizing zeolite materials that require expensive organic templates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  18. Investigation on the performance of hybrid anaerobic membrane bioreactors for fouling control and biogas production in palm oil mill effluent treatment
    Ng CA, Wong LY, Chai HY, Bashir MJK, Ho CD, Nisar H, et al.
    Water Sci Technol, 2017 Sep;76(5-6):1389-1398.
    PMID: 28953465 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.326
    Three different sizes of powdered activated carbon (PAC) were added in hybrid anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) and their performance was compared with a conventional AnMBR without PAC in treating palm oil mill effluent. Their working volume was 1 L each. From the result, AnMBRs with PAC performed better than the AnMBR without PAC. It was also found that adding a relatively smaller size of PAC (approximately 100 μm) enhanced the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency to 78.53 ± 0.66%, while the concentration of mixed liquor suspended solid and mixed liquor volatile suspended solid were 8,050 and 6,850 mg/L, respectively. The smaller size of PAC could also enhance the biofloc formation and biogas production. In addition, the smaller particle sizes of PAC incorporated into polyethersulfone membrane resulted in higher performance of membrane fouling control and produced better quality of effluent as compared to the membrane without the addition of PAC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels*
  19. Biodiesel Production from Citrillus colocynthis Oil Using Enzymatic Based Catalytic Reaction and Characterization Studies
    Nehdi IA, Sbihi HM, Blidi LE, Rashid U, Tan CP, Al-Resayes SI
    Protein Pept Lett, 2018;25(2):164-170.
    PMID: 28240158 DOI: 10.2174/0929866524666170223150839
    BACKGROUND: Biodiesel is a green fuel consisting of long chain fatty acid monoalkyl esters, which can be blended with diesel or used alone which is usually produced from vegetable oils/fats by either lipasecatalyzed transesterification. In this investigation, an enzyme (Novozym 435) catalyzed process was optimized to prepare methyl esters from crude Citrullus colocynthis oil (CCO) by transesterification of CCO with methanol. However, as per our knowledge, lipase-catalyzed transesterification have not been used for biodiesel production from Citrullus colocynthis.

    OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this work was to transesterify the CCO in the presence of Candida antarctica lipase as catalyst and methanol. Additionally, the physicochemical parameters/fuel properties of the Citrullus colocynthis methyl ester (CCME) were assessed and compared.

    METHODS: Lipase-catalyzed reactions were carried out in three necked flask (50 mL) attached with reflux condenser and thermometer, immersed in oil bath at constant stirring speed (400 rpm). The reaction mixture was consisted of CCO and varying the calculated amount of methanol, tert-butyl alcohol, and Novozym 435. The experimental parameters reaction time, methanol/oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, tert-butanol content, Novozym 435 content and water content were optimized for the transesterification reaction. The CCME yield was measured using gas chromatograph. The fuel properties of the produced CCME were determined as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and European (EN) biodiesel standard methods.

    RESULTS: In this study, an enzymatic catalyst was employed to synthesize the CCME from CCO via transesterification. Several variables affecting the CCME yield were optimized as lipase quantity (4%), water content (0.5%), methanol/oil molar ratio (5:1), reaction temperature (43 °C), reaction medium composition (80% tertbutanol/ oil), and reaction time (3.7 h). A CCME yield of 97.8% was achieved using enzyme catalyzed transesterification of CCO under optimal conditions. The significant biodiesel fuel properties of CCME, i.e. cloud point (0.70 °C); cetane number (49.07); kinematic viscosity (2.27 mm2/s); flash point (143 °C); sulfur content (2 ppm) density (880 kg/m3) and acid value (0.076 mg KOH/g) were appraised. CCME also exhibited long-term storage stability (4.80 h) and all the biodiesel fuel properties were within the range of standards (ASTM D6751 and EN 14214).

    CONCLUSION: The lipase-catalyzed transesterification produced better conversion than the base-catalyzed reaction. The fuel properties of CCME were within the limits of the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. Furthermore, CCME showed good oxidative stability and a long shelf life due its high natural antioxidant content. CCME showed better fuel properties and long-term storage stability due to which it can be used as a potential alternative fuel.

    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels
  20. Fulltext Biological pretreatment of rubberwood with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora for enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production
    Nazarpour F, Abdullah DK, Abdullah N, Motedayen N, Zamiri R
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:268349.
    PMID: 24167813 DOI: 10.1155/2013/268349
    Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), a potential raw material for bioethanol production due to its high cellulose content, was used as a novel feedstock for enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production using biological pretreatment. To improve ethanol production, rubberwood was pretreated with white rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora to increase fermentation efficiency. The effects of particle size of rubberwood (1 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.25 mm) and pretreatment time on the biological pretreatment were first determined by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction and their best condition obtained with 1 mm particle size and 90 days pretreatment. Further morphological study on rubberwood with 1 mm particle size pretreated by fungus was performed by FT-IR spectra analysis and SEM observation and the result indicated the ability of this fungus for pretreatment. A study on enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in an increased sugar yield of 27.67% as compared with untreated rubberwood (2.88%). The maximum ethanol concentration and yield were 17.9 g/L and 53% yield, respectively, after 120 hours. The results obtained demonstrate that rubberwood pretreated by C. subvermispora can be used as an alternative material for the enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Biofuels/microbiology*
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