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Ultrasonic assisted ultrafiltration process for emulsification of oil field produced water treatment

Agi A, Junin R, Alqatta AYM, Gbadamosi A, Yahya A, Abbas A

Ultrason Sonochem, 2019 Mar;51:214-222.
PMID: 30401623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.10.023

Ultrafiltration has been proven to be very effective in the treatment of oil-in-water emulsions, since no chemical additives are required. However, ultrafiltration has its limitations, the main limits are concentration polarization resulting to permeate flux decline with time. Adsorption, accumulation of oil and particles on the membrane surface which causes fouling of the membrane. Studies have shown that the ultrasonic is effective in cleaning of fouled membrane and enhancing membrane filtration performance. But the effectiveness also, depends on the selection of appropriate membrane material, membrane geometry, ultrasonic module design, operational and processing condition. In this study, a hollow and flat-sheet polyurethane (PU) membranes synthesized with different additives and solvent were used and their performance evaluated with oil-in-water emulsion. The steady-state permeate flux and the rejection of oil in percentage (%) at two different modes were determined. A dry/wet spinning technique was used to fabricate the flat-sheet and hollow fibre membrane (HFMs) using Polyethersulfone (PES) polymer base, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) additive and N, N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent. Ultrasonic assisted cross-flow ultrafiltration module was built to avoid loss of ultrasonic to the surrounding. The polyurethane (PU) was synthesized by polymerization and sulphonation to have an anionic group (-OH; -COOH; and -SO3H) on the membrane surface. Changes in morphological properties of the membrane had a significant effect on the permeate flow rate and oil removal. Generation of cavitation and Brownian motion by the ultrasonic were the dominant mechanisms responsible for ultrafiltration by cracking the cake layers and reducing concentration polarization at the membrane surface. The percentage of oil after ultrafiltration process with ultrasonic is about 90% compared to 49% without ultrasonic. Ultrasonic is effective in enhancing the membrane permeate flux and controlling membrane fouling.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
Effect of sodium bicarbonate as blowing agent on production of epoxy shape memory foam using aqueous processing method

Muhammad Syazwan Fauzi, Lan DN, Hakimah Osman, Supri A. Ghani

Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:869-874.

Epoxy shape memory foam (ESM) was produced by an advanced aqueous method. Mixture of epoxy, sodium bicarbonate,
hardener and ammonium chloride was premixed and emulsified in distilled water by using high speed stirring (at 1200
rpm). The content of sodium bicarbonate used was 5, 10, 15 and 20 phr. Besides that, ammonium chloride was used
(based on stoichiometrical content) to also function as acidifying agent in initiating the decomposition process of sodium
bicarbonate at lower foaming temperature. The foam morphology was observed using SEM. It was found that higher
sodium bicarbonate produced more porosity, more cell size, thinner cell wall and more cell interconnection. Epoxy shape
memory foam with 10 phr of sodium bicarbonate exhibited good shape memory property and better compression set.
Shape memory behaviour was measured by the recovered time of the transformed sample to its original shape.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
Fulltext Dataset on controlled production of polyhydroxyalkanoate-based microbead using double emulsion solvent evaporation technique

Govindasamy S, Syafiq IM, Amirul AA, Amin RM, Bhubalan K

Data Brief, 2019 Apr;23:103675.
PMID: 30788397 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.01.023

A significant source of microplastics is from the usage of microbeads in the market since petrochemical plastic bead is a material used in cosmetic scrubs. A possible way to counteract the problem is by the substitution of synthetic plastic to natural biodegradable polymer. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a general class of thermoplastic microbial polymer and it is the best alternative to some petrochemical plastics due to its biodegradability. Some PHA has earned its way into cosmetic application due to its biocompatibility. This data article reports data on the development of biodegradable microbeads by using the double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Our data describe the extraction of biopolymer from marine bacteria that was cultivated in shaken flask culture, removal of endotoxins using oxidizing agent, the production of microbeads using a peristaltic pump with a specific flowrate and silicon tubing, and the cytotoxicity of the microbeads.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
Fulltext Effect of drying method on functional properties and antioxidant activities of chicken skin gelatin hydrolysate

Wan Omar WH, Sarbon NM

J Food Sci Technol, 2016 Nov;53(11):3928-3938.
PMID: 28035148 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2379-5

The aim of this study is to investigate the functional and antioxidant properties of chicken skin gelatin hydrolysate (CSGH) as affected by the drying method used in the preparation of gelatin (freeze-dried and vacuum dried). CSGH obtained from freeze-dried gelatin showed better functional properties such as emulsifying activity index (EAI), water holding and oil binding capacity at different pH compared to CSGH produced from vacuum dried gelatin. Meanwhile, the CSGH of the vacuum dried gelatin exhibited a better emulsifying stability index (ESI), foaming capacity and stability. CSGH from freeze-dried gelatin showed better antioxidant, DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelating activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
Fulltext Effects of degree of hydrolysis on physicochemical properties of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) frame hydrolysate

Amiza, M.A., Kong, Y.L., Faazaz, A.L.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(1):199-206.
MyJurnal

The effect of degree of hydrolysis (DH) on the physicochemical properties of cobia frame hydrolysate was determined. Three levels of degree of hydrolysis of cobia frame hydrolysate were studied, which were 53%, 71% and 96%. After enzymatic hydrolysis using Alcalase®, the samples were spray-dried. Cobia hydrolysate powder samples were analyzed for their proximate analysis and physicochemical properties. The proximate analysis showed significant differences in fat and ash content only. DH96 hydrolysate showed desirable essential amino acid profile for human requirement except for methionine and isoleucine. The study found that cobia frame hydrolysate had good colour, emulsifying capacity and excellent foaming properties. However, there were no significant differences in water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity and peptide solubility among the hydrolysate samples. This study suggested that cobia frame hydrolysate is a potential ingredient and foaming agent for food industry.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
The True Amphipathic Nature of Graphene Flakes: A Versatile 2D Stabilizer

Kuziel AW, Milowska KZ, Chau PL, Boncel S, Koziol KK, Yahya N, et al.

Adv Mater, 2020 Aug;32(34):e2000608.
PMID: 32672882 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000608

The fundamental colloidal properties of pristine graphene flakes remain incompletely understood, with conflicting reports about their chemical character, hindering potential applications that could exploit the extraordinary electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties of graphene. Here, the true amphipathic nature of pristine graphene flakes is demonstrated through wet-chemistry testing, optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and density functional theory, molecular dynamics, and Monte Carlo calculations, and it is shown how this fact paves the way for the formation of ultrastable water/oil emulsions. In contrast to commonly used graphene oxide flakes, pristine graphene flakes possess well-defined hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions: the basal plane and edges, respectively, the interplay of which allows small flakes to be utilized as stabilizers with an amphipathic strength that depends on the edge-to-surface ratio. The interactions between flakes can be also controlled by varying the oil-to-water ratio. In addition, it is predicted that graphene flakes can be efficiently used as a new-generation stabilizer that is active under high pressure, high temperature, and in saline solutions, greatly enhancing the efficiency and functionality of applications based on this material.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
Lopinavir-Loaded Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Enhanced Solubility: Development, Characterisation and Caco-2 Cell Uptake

Khan AA, Akhtar S, Yadav Y, Atiya A, Alelwani W, Bannunah AM, et al.

Curr Drug Deliv, 2023;20(10):1474-1486.
PMID: 35980056 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220817111054

BACKGROUND: The antiretroviral protease inhibitor drug, lopinavir (LPV), is used to treat HIV-1 infection. LPV is known to have limited oral bioavailability, which may be attributed to its poor aqueous solubility, low efficacy and high first-pass metabolism. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for LPV have been developed and optimised to counter the current issues.
METHODS: The titration method was used to prepare LPV-loaded SNEDDS (LPV-SNEDDS). Six different pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the nanoemulsifying region. The developed formulations were chosen in terms of globule size < 100 nm, dispersity ≤ 0.5, dispersibility (Grade A) and% transmittance > 85. Heating-cooling cycle, freeze-thaw cycle, and centrifugation studies were performed to confirm the stability of the developed SNEDDS.
RESULTS: The final LPV-SNEDDS (L-14) droplet size was 58.18 ± 0.62 nm, with polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency (EE%) values of 0.326 ± 0.005, -22.08 ± 1.2 mV, and 98.93 ± 1.18%, respectively. According to high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis, the droplets in the optimised formulation were < 60 nm in size. The selected SNEDDS released nearly 99% of the LPV within 30 min, which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the LPV-suspension in methylcellulose (0.5% w/v). It indicates the potential use of SNEDDS to enhance the solubility of LPV, which eventually could help improve the oral bioavailability of LPV. The Caco-2 cellular uptake study showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher LPV uptake from the SNEEDS (LPV-SNEDDS-L-14) than the free LPV (LPV-suspension).
CONCLUSION: The LPV-SNEDDS could be a potential carrier for LPV oral delivery.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
Microencapsulation of Citrus Grandis Peel Oil Using Interfacial Precipitation Chemistry Technique for Repellent Application

Misni N, Mohamed Nor Z, Ahmad R

Iran J Pharm Res, 2019;18(1):198-209.
PMID: 31089355

Essential oil of Citrus family plant is known to have repellent effect against mosquito. Unfortunately, due to its high volatility effect, its repellency effect was compromised. The incorporation of essential oil in a microencapsulation formulation has been shown to help improve the stability and potency of the repellent. In this study, Citrus grandis peel oil (CGPO) was encapsulated by using the interfacial precipitation chemistry technique. The microencapsulated CGPO was then formulated into lotion form to produce topical repellent formulation. This study includes the characterization of microcapsules with regards to the morphology, size distribution, zeta potential, Fourier Transmission Infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), and Thermogravity analysis (TGA). The effectiveness of the microencapsulated CGPO-lotion formulation against mosquitoes was evaluated in the laboratory setting. Results indicated that CGPO have been successfully encapsulated with 6.5 µm in diameter and zeta potential values, -47.9 mV. The FTIR analysis spectrum indicated the presence of interaction between the wall materials in microcapsules. The TGA analysis demonstrated that microencapsulation improved the thermal stability of CGPO. Repellency assay revealed that microencapsulated CGPO- based formulation possessed excellent effect compared with pure CGPO. In conclusion, CGPO was successfully encapsulated and the microencapsulation aid to improve the repellency effect of CGPO against mosquito bites.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
Fulltext Study on the potential toxicity of a thymoquinone-rich fraction nanoemulsion in Sprague Dawley rats

Tubesha Z, Imam MU, Mahmud R, Ismail M

Molecules, 2013 Jun 26;18(7):7460-72.
PMID: 23803717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077460

Toxicological studies constitute an essential part of the effort in developing an herbal medicine into a drug product. A newly developed thymoquinone-rich fraction nanoemulsion (TQRFNE) has been prepared using a high pressure homogenizer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential acute toxicity of this nanoemulsion in Sprague Dawley rats. The acute toxicity studies were conducted as per the OECD guidelines 425, allowing for the use of test dose limit of 20 mL TQRFNE (containing 44.5 mg TQ)/kg. TQRFNE and distilled water (DW) as a control were administered orally to both sexes of rats on Day 0 and observed for 14 days. All the animals appeared normal, and healthy throughout the study. There was no observed mortality or any signs of toxicity during the experimental period. The effects of the TQRFNE and DW groups on general behavior, body weight, food and water consumption, relative organ weight, hematology, histopathology, and clinical biochemistry were measured. All the parameters measured were unaffected as compared to the control (DW) group. The administration of 20 mL TQRFNE /kg was not toxic after an acute exposure.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/adverse effects; Emulsions/pharmacology; Emulsions/chemistry
Microbubbles: Revolutionizing Biomedical Applications with Tailored Therapeutic Precision

Kumar M, Kumar D, Chopra S, Mahmood S, Bhatia A

Curr Pharm Des, 2023;29(44):3532-3545.
PMID: 38151837 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128282478231219044000

BACKGROUND: Over the past ten years, tremendous progress has been made in microbubble-based research for a variety of biological applications. Microbubbles emerged as a compelling and dynamic tool in modern drug delivery systems. They are employed to deliver drugs or genes to targeted regions of interest, and then ultrasound is used to burst the microbubbles, causing site-specific delivery of the bioactive materials.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to review the microbubble compositions and physiochemical characteristics in relation to the development of innovative biomedical applications, with a focus on molecular imaging and targeted drug/gene delivery.
METHODS: The microbubbles are prepared by using various methods, which include cross-linking polymerization, emulsion solvent evaporation, atomization, and reconstitution. In cross-linking polymerization, a fine foam of the polymer is formed, which serves as a bubble coating agent and colloidal stabilizer, resulting from the vigorous stirring of a polymeric solution. In the case of emulsion solvent evaporation, there are two solutions utilized in the production of microbubbles. In atomization and reconstitution, porous spheres are created by atomising a surfactant solution into a hot gas. They are encapsulated in primary modifier gas. After the addition of the second gas or gas osmotic agent, the package is placed into a vial and sealed after reconstituting with sterile saline solution.
RESULTS: Microbubble-based drug delivery is an innovative approach in the field of drug delivery that utilizes microbubbles, which are tiny gas-filled bubbles, act as carriers for therapeutic agents. These microbubbles can be loaded with drugs, imaging agents, or genes and then guided to specific target sites.
CONCLUSION: The potential utility of microbubbles in biomedical applications is continually growing as novel formulations and methods. The versatility of microbubbles allows for customization, tailoring the delivery system to various medical applications, including cancer therapy, cardiovascular treatments, and gene therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
Fulltext Physicochemical characterization and thermodynamic studies of nanoemulsion-based transdermal delivery system for fullerene

Ngan CL, Basri M, Tripathy M, Abedi Karjiban R, Abdul-Malek E

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:219035.
PMID: 25165736 DOI: 10.1155/2014/219035

Fullerene nanoemulsions were formulated in palm kernel oil esters stabilized by low amount of mixed nonionic surfactants. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were established in the colloidal system of PKOEs/Tween 80 : Span 80/water incorporated with fullerene as antioxidant. Preformulation was subjected to combination of high and low energy emulsification methods and the physicochemical characteristics of fullerene nanoemulsions were analyzed using electroacoustic spectrometer. Oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions with particle sizes in the range of 70-160 nm were formed. The rheological characteristics of colloidal systems exhibited shear thinning behavior which fitted well into the power law model. The effect of xanthan gum (0.2-1.0%, w/w) and beeswax (1-3%, w/w) in the estimation of thermodynamics was further studied. From the energetic parameters calculated for the viscous flow, a moderate energy barrier for transport process was observed. Thermodynamic study showed that the enthalpy was positive in all xanthan gum and beeswax concentrations indicating that the formation of nanoemulsions could be endothermic in nature. Fullerene nanoemulsions with 0.6% or higher xanthan gum content were found to be stable against creaming and flocculation when exposed to extreme environmental conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry
Fulltext Effects of propylene glycol alginate and sucrose esters on the physicochemical properties of modified starch-stabilized beverage emulsions

Cheong KW, Mirhosseini H, Hamid NS, Osman A, Basri M, Tan CP

Molecules, 2014 Jun 24;19(6):8691-706.
PMID: 24962400 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19068691

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of main emulsion components namely, modified starch, propylene glycol alginate (PGA), sucrose laurate and sucrose stearate on creaming index, cloudiness, average droplet size and conductivity of soursop beverage emulsions. Generally, the use of different emulsifiers or a mixture of emulsifiers has a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the response variables studied. The addition of PGA had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the creaming index at 55 °C, while PGA-stabilized (PGA1) emulsions showed low creaming stability at both 25 °C and 55 °C. Conversely, the utilization of PGA either as a mixture or sole emulsifier, showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher cloudiness, as larger average droplet size will affect the refractive index of the oil and aqueous phases. Additionally, the cloudiness was directly proportional to the mean droplet size of the dispersed phase. The inclusion of PGA into the formulation could have disrupted the properties of the interfacial film, thus resulting in larger droplet size. While unadsorbed ionized PGA could have contributed to higher conductivity of emulsions prepared at low pH. Generally, emulsions prepared using sucrose monoesters or as a mixture with modified starch emulsions have significantly (p < 0.05) lower creaming index and conductivity values, but higher cloudiness and average droplet size.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry
Fulltext Characterization of rice bran wax policosanol and its nanoemulsion formulation

Ishaka A, Umar Imam M, Mahamud R, Zuki AB, Maznah I

Int J Nanomedicine, 2014;9:2261-9.
PMID: 24872689 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S56999

Policosanol, a mixture of long-chain alcohols found in animal and plant waxes, has several biological effects; however, it has a bioavailability of less than 10%. Therefore, there is a need to improve its bioavailability, and one of the ways of doing this is by nanoemulsion formulation. Different droplet size distributions are usually achieved when emulsions are formed, which solely depends on the preparation method used. Mostly, emulsions are intended for better delivery with maintenance of the characteristics and properties of the leading components. In this study, policosanol was extracted from rice bran wax, its composition was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry, nanoemulsion was made, and the physical stability characteristics were determined. The results showed that policosanol nanoemulsion has a nanosize particle distribution below 100 nm (92.56-94.52 nm), with optimum charge distribution (-55.8 to -45.12 mV), pH (6.79-6.92) and refractive index (1.50); these were monitored and found to be stable for 8 weeks. The stability of policosanol nanoemulsion confers the potential to withstand long storage times.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemical synthesis*
Influence of nonionic branched-chain alkyl glycosides on a model nano-emulsion for drug delivery systems

Ahmad N, Ramsch R, Llinàs M, Solans C, Hashim R, Tajuddin HA

Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2014 Mar 1;115:267-74.
PMID: 24384142 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.013

The effect of incorporating new nonionic glycolipid surfactants on the properties of a model water/nonionic surfactant/oil nano-emulsion system was investigated using branched-chain alkyl glycosides: 2-hexyldecyl-β(/α)-D-glucoside (2-HDG) and 2-hexyldecyl-β(/α)-D-maltoside (2-HDM), whose structures are closely related to glycero-glycolipids. Both 2-HDG and 2-HDM have an identical hydrophobic chain (C16), but the former consists a monosaccharide glucose head group, in contrast to the latter which has a disaccharide maltose unit. Consequently, their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) is different. The results obtained have shown that these branched-chain alkyl glycosides affect differently the stability of the nano-emulsions. Compared to the model nano-emulsion, the presence of 2-HDG reduces the oil droplet size, whereas 2-HDM modify the properties of the model nano-emulsion system in terms of its droplet size and storage time stability at high temperature. These nano-emulsions have been proven capable of encapsulating ketoprofen, showing a fast release of almost 100% in 24h. Thus, both synthetically prepared branched-chain alkyl glycosides with mono- and disaccharide sugar head groups are suitable as nano-emulsion stabilizing agents and as drug delivery systems in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry
Synthesis, characterization, and morphology study of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)-grafted-poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) "raspberry"-shape like structure microgels by pre-emulsified semi-batch emulsion polymerization

Ramli RA, Hashim S, Laftah WA

J Colloid Interface Sci, 2013 Feb 1;391:86-94.
PMID: 23123033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.09.047

A novel microgels were polymerized using styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA), acrylamide (AAm), and acrylic acid (AAc) monomers in the presence of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) cross-linker. Pre-emulsified monomer was first prepared followed by polymerizing monomers using semi-batch emulsion polymerization. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and (1)H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were used to determine the chemical structure and to indentify the related functional group. Grafting and cross-linking of poly(acrylamide-co-acrilic acid)-grafted-poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) [poly(AAm-co-AAc)-g-poly(St-co-MMA)] microgels are approved by the disappearance of band at 1300 cm(-1), 1200 cm(-1) and 1163 cm(-1) of FTIR spectrum and the appearance of CH peaks at 5.5-5.7 ppm in (1)H NMR spectrum. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images indicated that poly(St-co-MMA) particle was lobed morphology coated by cross-linked poly(AAm-co-AAc) shell. Furthermore, SEM results revealed that poly(AAm-co-AAc)-g-poly(St-co-MMA) is composite particle that consist of "raspberry"-shape like structure core. Internal structures of the microgels showed homogeneous network of pores, an extensive interconnection among pores, thicker pore walls, and open network structures. Water absorbency test indicated that the sample with particle size 0.43 μm had lower equilibrium water content, % than the sample with particle size 7.39 μm.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
Discrimination of orange beverage emulsions with different formulations using multivariate analysis

Mirhosseini H, Tan CP

J Sci Food Agric, 2010 Jun;90(8):1308-16.
PMID: 20474048 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3928

The constituents in a food emulsion interact with each other, either physically or chemically, determining the overall physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of the final product. Thus, the main objective of present study was to investigate the effect of emulsion components on beverage emulsion properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
Fulltext Stability assessment of injectable castor oil-based nano-sized emulsion containing cationic droplets stabilized by poloxamer-chitosan emulsifier films

Tamilvanan S, Kumar BA, Senthilkumar SR, Baskar R, Sekharan TR

AAPS PharmSciTech, 2010 Jun;11(2):904-9.
PMID: 20496017 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9455-3

The objectives of the present work were to prepare castor oil-based nano-sized emulsion containing cationic droplets stabilized by poloxamer-chitosan emulgator film and to assess the kinetic stability of the prepared cationic emulsion after subjecting it to thermal processing and freeze-thaw cycling. Presence of cryoprotectants (5%, w/w, sucrose +5%, w/w, sorbitol) improved the stability of emulsions to droplet aggregation during freeze-thaw cycling. After storing the emulsion at 4 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 37 degrees C over a period of up to 6 months, no significant change was noted in mean diameter of the dispersed oil droplets. However, the emulsion stored at the highest temperature did show a progressive decrease in the pH and zeta potential values, whereas the emulsion kept at the lowest temperatures did not. This indicates that at 37 degrees C, free fatty acids were formed from the castor oil, and consequently, the liberated free fatty acids were responsible for the reduction in the emulsion pH and zeta potential values. Thus, the injectable castor oil-based nano-sized emulsion could be useful for incorporating various active pharmaceutical ingredients that are in size from small molecular drugs to large macromolecules such as oligonucleotides.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
Effect of polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters and sodium caseinate on physicochemical properties of palm-based functional lipid nanodispersions

Cheong JN, Mirhosseini H, Tan CP

Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2010 Jun;61(4):417-24.
PMID: 20151850 DOI: 10.3109/09637481003591574

The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters and sodium caseinate on physicochemical properties of palm-based functional lipid nanodispersions prepared by the emulsification-evaporation technique. The results indicated that the average droplet size increased significantly (P < 0.05) by increasing the chain length of fatty acids and also by increasing the hydrophile-lipophile balance value. Among the prepared nanodispersions, the nanoemulsion containing Polysorbate 20 showed the smallest average droplet size (202 nm) and narrowest size distribution for tocopherol-tocotrienol nanodispersions, while sodium caseinate-stabilized nanodispersions containing carotenoids had the largest average droplet size (386 nm), thus indicating a greater emulsifying role for Polysorbate 20 compared with sodium caseinate.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
Modeling the relationship between the main emulsion components and stability, viscosity, fluid behavior, zeta-potential, and electrophoretic mobility of orange beverage emulsion using response surface methodology

Mirhosseini H, Tan CP, Hamid NS, Yusof S

J Agric Food Chem, 2007 Sep 19;55(19):7659-66.
PMID: 17708646

The possible relationships between the main emulsion components (namely, Arabic gum, xanthan gum, and orange oil) and the physicochemical properties of orange beverage emulsion were evaluated by using response surface methodology. The physicochemical emulsion property variables considered as response variables were emulsion stability, viscosity, fluid behavior, zeta-potential, and electrophoretic mobility. The independent variables had the most and least significant ( p < 0.05) effect on viscosity and zeta-potential, respectively. The quadratic effect of orange oil and Arabic gum, the interaction effect of Arabic gum and xanthan gum, and the main effect of Arabic gum were the most significant ( p < 0.05) effects on turbidity loss rate, viscosity, viscosity ratio, and mobility, respectively. The main effect of Arabic gum was found to be significant ( p < 0.05) in all response variables except for turbidity loss rate. The nonlinear regression equations were significantly ( p < 0.05) fitted for all response variables with high R (2) values (>0.86), which had no indication of lack of fit. The results indicated that a combined level of 10.78% (w/w) Arabic gum, 0.56% (w/w) xanthan gum, and 15.27% (w/w) orange oil was predicted to provide the overall optimum region in terms of physicochemical properties studied. No significant ( p > 0.05) difference between the experimental and the predicted values confirmed the adequacy of response surface equations.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
Shear flow behaviour and emulsion-stabilizing effect of natural polysaccharide-protein gum in aqueous system and oil/water (O/W) emulsion

Amid BT, Mirhosseini H

Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2013 Mar 1;103:430-40.
PMID: 23261563 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.11.015

The main objective of the current work was to characterize the shear rheological flow behaviour and emulsifying properties of the natural biopolymer from durian seed. The present study revealed that the extraction condition significantly affected the physical and functional characteristics of the natural biopolymer from durian seed. The dynamic oscillatory test indicated that the biopolymer from durian seed showed more gel (or solid) like behaviour than the viscous (or liquid) like behaviour (G'>G″) at a relatively high concentration (20%) in the fixed frequency (0.1 Hz). This might be explained by the fact that the gum coils disentangle at low frequencies during the long period of oscillation, thus resulting in more gel like behaviour than the viscous like behaviour. The average droplet size of oil in water (O/W) emulsions stabilized by durian seed gum significantly varied from 0.42 to 7.48 μm. The results indicated that O/W emulsions showed significant different stability after 4 months storage. This might be interpreted by the considerable effect of the extraction condition on the chemical and molecular structure of the biopolymer, thus affecting its emulsifying capacity. The biopolymer extracted by using low water to seed (W/S) ratio at the low temperature under the alkaline condition showed a relatively high emulsifying activity in O/W emulsion.

Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*

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