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  1. Fulltext Perceived effects of the Malaysian National Tobacco Control Programme on adolescent smoking cessation: a qualitative study
    Tohid H, Ishak N, Muhammad NA, Ahmad FN, Aziz AA, Omar K
    Malays J Med Sci, 2012 Apr;19(2):35-47.
    PMID: 22973136 MyJurnal
    BACKGROUND: The prevalence of teenage smoking has decreased over the past decade following the implementation of the national tobacco control programme. However, the effect of the programme on smoking cessation in teenagers has not been determined.
    METHODS: Twenty-eight participants (12 teenagers, 8 teachers, and 8 doctors) were interviewed using 5 in-depth interviews and 3 group discussions. Social cognitive theory (SCT) was applied as the theoretical framework. Semi-structured interview protocols were used, and thematic analysis and analytic generalisation utilising SCT were performed.
    RESULTS: The current national tobacco control programme was found to be ineffective in promoting smoking cessation among teenagers. The participants attributed the ineffective campaign to the followings: inadequacy of message content, lack of exposure to the programme, and poor presentation and execution. In addition, the participants perceived the developed tobacco control policies to be a failure based on poor law enforcement, failure of retailers to comply with the law, social availability of cigarettes to teenagers, and easy availability of cheap, smuggled cigarettes. This study highlighted that the programme-related problems (environmental factors) were not the only factors contributing to its perceived ineffectiveness. The cunning behaviour of the teenagers (personal factor) and poor self-efficacy to overcome nicotine addiction (behavioural factor) were also found to hinder cessation.
    CONCLUSION: Tobacco control programmes should include strategies beyond educating teenagers about smoking and restricting their access to cigarettes. Strategies to manage the cunning behaviour of teenagers and strategies to improve their self-efficacy should also be implemented. These comprehensive programmes should have a foundation in SCT, as this theory demonstrates the complex interactions among the environmental, personal, and behavioural factors that influence teenage smoking.
    KEYWORDS: adolescent; health campaigns; qualitative research; tobacco cessation; tobacco smoking
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent
  2. Fulltext Dietary intake, physical activity and energy expenditure of Malaysian adolescents
    Zalilah MS, Khor GL, Mirnalini K, Norimah AK, Ang M
    Singapore Med J, 2006 Jun;47(6):491-8.
    PMID: 16752017
    INTRODUCTION: Paediatric obesity is a public health concern worldwide as it can track into adulthood and increase the risk of adult morbidity and mortality. While the aetiology of obesity is multi-factorial, the roles of diet and physical activity are controversial. Thus, the purpose of this study was to report on the differences in energy intake, diet composition, time spent doing physical activity and energy expenditure among underweight (UW), normal weight (NW) and at-risk of overweight (OW) Malaysian adolescents (317 females and 301 males) aged 11-15 years.
    METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with 6,555 adolescents measured for weights and heights for body mass index (BMI) categorisation. A total of 618 subjects were randomly selected from each BMI category according to gender. The subjects' dietary intake and physical activity were assessed using self-reported three-day food and activity records, respectively. Dietary intake components included total energy and macronutrient intakes. Energy expenditure was calculated as a sum of energy expended for basal metabolic rate and physical activity. Time spent (in minutes) in low, medium and high intensity activities was also calculated.
    RESULTS: The OW adolescents had the highest crude energy intake and energy expenditure. However, after adjusting for body weight, the OW subjects had the lowest energy intake and energy expenditure (p-value is less than 0.001). The study groups did not differ significantly in time spent for low, medium and high intensity activities. Macronutrient intakes differed significantly only among the girls where the OW group had the highest intakes compared to UW and NW groups (p-value is less than 0.05). All study groups had greater than 30 percent and less than 55 percent of energy intake from fat and carbohydrate, respectively.
    CONCLUSION: The data suggested that a combination of low energy expenditure adjusted for body weight and high dietary fat intake may be associated with overweight and obesity among adolescents. To prevent overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, strategies that address eating behaviours and physical activity are required. Various segments of the society must be involved in efforts to promote healthful dietary intakes and active lifestyle in children and adolescents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior/physiology*; Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology*
  3. Fulltext Antibiotic and shared decision-making preferences among adolescents in Malaysia
    Ngadimon IW, Islahudin F, Hatah E, Mohamed Shah N, Makmor-Bakry M
    Patient Prefer Adherence, 2015;9:665-73.
    PMID: 25999702 DOI: 10.2147/PPA.S82844
    BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to establish baseline information on the current level of knowledge about, attitude toward, and experience with antibiotic usage, and preferences for shared decision making among adolescents in Malaysia.
    METHODS: A cross-sectional survey, involving 1,105 respondents who were aged between 13 and 17 years and who lived in Malaysia, was conducted using a validated questionnaire. The survey assessed knowledge, attitude, and experience with regard to antibiotic usage, and adolescents' preferences for the style of shared decision-making process.
    RESULTS: The majority (n=786 [71.13%]) of the respondents had a low level of knowledge, 296 (26.79%) had a moderate level of knowledge, and 23 (2.08%) had a high level of knowledge. Further, they demonstrated a slightly negative attitude mean score of 3.30±0.05 (range: 0-8 points) but a positive experience mean score of 2.90±0.029 (range: 0-4 points). There was a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores, with a higher knowledge level associated with a more positive attitude toward antibiotic usage (r=0.257, P<0.001). Higher knowledge scores were associated with a more negative experience with antibiotic usage (r=-0.83, P=0.006). When assessing preference in shared decision making, more adolescents preferred an active role (n=408 [37%]) compared with collaborative (n=360 [32.6%]) or passive (n=337 [30.5%]) (P=0.028) roles.
    CONCLUSION: Current health care settings should involve adolescents in the decision-making process. Education packages can be introduced to improve adolescents' knowledge of and practice of taking antibiotics, as well as to encourage their participation in decision making, in an attempt to reduce misuse of antibiotics.
    Study site: 14 secondary schools, Malaysia
    KEYWORDS: antibiotic usage; attitude; experience; knowledge
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent*
  4. A look at Asia's changing youth population
    Xenos P, Kabamalan M, Westley SB
    Asia Pac Pop Policy, 1999 Jan.
    PMID: 12349008
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent*
  5. Fulltext Prevalence of cigarette smoking and its associated factors among male adolescents in Malaysia [Abstract]
    Ling JMY, Hasani WSR, Mohd Yusoff MF, Abd Hamid HA, Lim KH, Tee GH, et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):34-34.
    MyJurnal
    ABSTRACTS FOR THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL BORNEO HEALTHCARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH CONFERENCE AND 4TH BORNEO TROPICAL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONGRESS. New Frontiers in Health: Expecting the Unexpected
    Held at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. 3rd-5th September 2019
    Introduction: Smoking kills 5 million people a year and it is known to cause several types of cancer and chronic diseases. Majority of smokers started smoking during adolescence and therefore preventing tobacco use among adolescents is critical to prevent them from future smoking. Our study aims to investigate the prevalence of current cigarette smoking and its associated factors among male adolescents in Malaysia.
    Methods: Data was obtained from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS): Adolescent Health Survey (AHS) 2017 which was a cross-sectional study. A two-stage stratified cluster sampling design was used to select a nationally representative sample of school-going adolescents in Malaysia. Data collection was conducted using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the associated factors of current cigarette smoking among male adolescents in Malaysia.
    Results: Approximately one-fifth (22.4%) of male adolescents were current cigarette smokers. Male adolescents who aged 16-17 years, from rural schools, those whose parents were widowed/ divorced/ separated, those who had either one or both parents/guardians who used tobacco product, those who were current illicit drug users and current alcohol users were more likely to be current cigarette smokers.
    Conclusion: A substantial percentage of Malaysian male adolescents were current cigarette smokers. Anti-smoking campaigns and tobacco prevention initiatives should be targeted at adolescents at risk to prevent them from becoming cigarette smokers.
    Study name: National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS-2017)
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent Health; Adolescent
  6. Paediatric pain management in low-income and middle-income countries
    Tang SP, Yeo ASH, Cardosa MS
    Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2021 01;5(1):5-7.
    PMID: 33064996 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30336-9
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent Health; Adolescent
  7. Fulltext Protective factors related to violence among adolescents: a cross sectional study in Terengganu
    Nordiyanah, H., Khatijah, A.R., Mohd Aris, K., Mohd Jusoh, Anwa, S.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2002;2(1):36-41.
    MyJurnal
    A cross-sectional study was done to determine the prevalence of violence among 15-year-old adolescents and to identify associated protective or risk factors. The study involved 758 adolescents, 384 males and 3 74 females in the District of Kuala Terengganu and Besut, Terengganu. About 39.0% of adolescents under study were ever involved in violence. Percentage of girls were slightly higher 19.8% as compared to boys 19.2%. About 30% of the violent adolescents were from Kuala Terengganu and 9.1% from Besut. There was no significant relationship between violence and ethnic groups. Family total income above poverty line was significant protective towards violent behaviour < 0.01, OR 0.61, CI 0.45 - 0.82). Using univariate analysis, selected parental factors were protective against violence, such as good parental connection (p < 0.01), presence of parental regulation (p < 0.001), religious parents (p < 0.05) and parents who had dinner everyday with adolescents (p < 0.01, OR 0.59, CI 0.43 - 0.80). Adolescent who perceived to have interest in learning (p < 0.001, OR 0.32, CI 0.17 - 0.59) were less likely to involve in violence. Adolescent who felt well connected to their school (p < 0.01), and perceived themselves religious (P < 0.001) were more likely to be non-violent. Those who felt satisfied with day to day life were less likely to be involved in violence (p < 0.001, OR 0.52, CI 0.37 - 0.71). On the contrary, adolescents who ever had the feeling to run away from home (p < 0.001), had 3 times risk of violence, ever smoked cigarette had 2.4 times risk (p < 0.001, CI 1.55 - 3.69) ever been bullied by peers were 2.3 times risk (p < 0.001, CI 1.46 - 3.60) to violence. Same factors remained significant in multivariate analysis. Such factors were total family income below poverty line (p < 0.001, OR 1.82,CI 1.28 - 2.59), parental regulation (p < 0.05, OR 0.34, CI 0.13 - 0.89), had dinner every night and frequently (p < 0.01, OR 0. 62, CI 0.43 - 0.89), and adolescents' religiosity (p < 0.05, OR 0.81, CI 0.66 - 0.98) were protective, whereas ever· smoke cigarettes (12 < 0.01, OR 2.24,Cl 1.38 - 3.62), being bullied by peers (o < 0.01, OR 2. 09, C1 1.26 - 3.45), and frequently felt depressed previous one year (p < 0.001, OR 3.01,CI 1.79 - 5.07) were risk factors. The findings of the study will serve as baseline in planning adolescent health programme specifically to prevent violence behaviour from developing right from young, in the home and in the school environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent Health; Adolescent
  8. Ethnic differences in physiological responses to maximal effort in Malaysian adolescents
    Thinakaran T, Nor M, Duncan MT, Chan OL, Klissouras V
    Med J Malaysia, 1974 Sep;29(1):24-8.
    PMID: 4282626
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent*
  9. Fulltext Determinants of Diet and Physical Activity in Malaysian Adolescents: A Systematic Review
    Mohammadi S, Jalaludin MY, Su TT, Dahlui M, Azmi Mohamed MN, Abdul Majid H
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 02 19;16(4).
    PMID: 30791423 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040603
    The increased prevalence of unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyles among Malaysian adolescents has become a public health concern. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize evidence from observational studies related to diet and physical activity (PA) among Malaysian adolescents (13⁻18 years) and to recognize the associations between determinants of diet and PA and diet and PA behaviours. A systematic search for observational studies published from August 1990 through August 2017 was conducted via PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane and Web of Science. A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria; these were independently extracted by two reviewers. Gender and ethnicity were the most commonly studied correlates of diet and PA; males were more physically active and they tended to have poorer diet quality and higher energy and macronutrient intakes in comparison to females; Malay adolescents had a lower diet quality and Chinese adolescents spent less time in PA compared to other ethnicities. However, the significance of these associations was often small or inconsistent. This review highlights the lack of longitudinal observational studies but summarizes the best available evidence for policymakers and public health practitioners to improve the diet and the level of PA in Malaysian adolescents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior
  10. AGE AT MENARCHE AND SEXUAL DEBUT AMONG YOUNG FILIPINO WOMEN
    Tey NP, Lai SL, Ng ST
    J Biosoc Sci, 2019 01;51(1):77-94.
    PMID: 29352813 DOI: 10.1017/S0021932017000682
    There has been a secular decline in age at menarche since the 19th century. Early-maturing women are more likely to have their sexual debut at a younger age, which in turn gives rise to a host of reproductive health and social problems. This study used data from five waves of National Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in the Philippines between 1993 and 2013 to examine the trends and socioeconomic differentials in age at menarche and sexual debut. The changing trend in age at menarche and sexual debut was examined across birth cohorts, and logistic regressions were used to identify the determinants of early sexual debut. In the Philippines, the mean and median ages at menarche declined from 13.2 years and 12.6 years, respectively, among young women born in 1973-1977, to 12.9 years and 12.3 years, respectively, among those born in 1993-1997. The proportion who had their sexual debut by age 20 increased from 41.2% for the 1968-1972 birth cohort to 53.4% for the 1988-1992 birth cohort. Filipino women with low education, from poor families and living in rural areas were more likely to have earlier sexual debut despite attaining menarche at a later age as compared with their higher educated counterparts, and those from wealthier families and urban areas. Logistic regression analysis showed that, besides marital status, women's education and age at menarche were important determinants of early sexual debut. However, ethnicity, place of residence and family wealth had no significant effects on age at menarche. An increasing proportion of young women were found to be having unprotected sexual debut and at a younger age, with health and social ramifications. Hence, apart from increasing the enrolment of girls in schools and discouraging teenage marriage, there is a need for social and health agencies to implement appropriate adolescent sexual and reproductive health programmes such as counselling and educational campaigns, as well as support services, to address sexual problems among the youth.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent Health; Adolescent
  11. Fulltext Parent-adolescent relationships and its association to adolescents' self-esteem
    Yaacob MJ
    Malays J Med Sci, 2006 Jan;13(1):21-4.
    PMID: 22589586
    Psychoanalysts believed that early mother-child relationships form the prototype of all future relationships and the outcome of adolescents development depends on their ego-strength. Object relations theory believed that intrapsychic process mediates interpersonal interaction to develop a sense of secure self and adolescents must relinquish the internalized other in order to develop a more mature sense of self. Social-relation theory believed that mothers and fathers provide different socialization experiences. Self-esteem depends on the functioning of the whole family in which adolescent is intimately related to the dyadic relationship in a family. There is an association between interparental conflict and adolescent's self-esteem and problem behaviour.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adolescent Development
  12. Fulltext Development and validation of the neighborhood environment walkability scale for youth across six continents
    Cerin E, Conway TL, Barnett A, Smith M, Veitch J, Cain KL, et al.
    Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 2019 12 03;16(1):122.
    PMID: 31796075 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0890-6
    BACKGROUND: The IPEN International Physical Activity and Environment Network Adolescent project was conducted using common study protocols to document the strength, shape, and generalizability of associations of perceived neighborhood environment attributes with adolescents' physical activity and overweight/obesity using data from 15 countries. Countries did not use identical versions of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (NEWS-Y) to measure perceived neighborhood environment attributes. Therefore, this study derived a measurement model for NEWS-Y items common to all IPEN Adolescent countries and developed a scoring protocol for the IPEN Adolescent version of the NEWS-Y (NEWS-Y-IPEN) that maximizes between-country comparability of responses. Additionally, this study examined between- and within-country variability, and construct validity of the NEWS-Y-IPEN subscales in relation to neighborhood-level socio-economic status and walkability.

    METHODS: Adolescents and one of their parents (N = 5714 dyads) were recruited from neighborhoods varying in walkability and socio-economic status. To measure perceived neighborhood environment, 14 countries administered the NEWS-Y to parents and one country to adolescents. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to derive comparable country-specific measurement models of the NEWS-Y-IPEN. Country-specific standard deviations quantified within-country variability in the NEWS-Y-IPEN subscales, while linear mixed models determined the percentage of subscale variance due to between-country differences. To examine the construct validity of NEWS-Y-IPEN subscales, we estimated their associations with the categorical measures of area-level walkability and socio-economic status.

    RESULTS: Final country-specific measurement models of the factor-analyzable NEWS-Y-IPEN items provided acceptable levels of fit to the data and shared the same factorial structure with five latent factors (Accessibility and walking facilities; Traffic safety; Pedestrian infrastructure and safety; Safety from crime; and Aesthetics). All subscales showed sufficient levels of within-country variability. Residential density had the highest level of between-country variability. Associations between NEWS-Y-IPEN subscales and area-level walkability and socio-economic status provided strong evidence of construct validity.

    CONCLUSIONS: A robust measurement model and common scoring protocol of NEWS-Y for the IPEN Adolescent project (NEWS-Y-IPEN) were derived. The NEWS-Y-IPEN possesses good factorial and construct validity, and is able to capture between-country variability in perceived neighborhood environments. Future studies employing NEWS-Y-IPEN should use the proposed scoring protocol to facilitate cross-study comparisons and interpretation of findings.

    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior
  13. Fulltext Juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A rare masquerade of asthma
    Boo WH, Rajan P, Ching SM, Lee PY
    Malays Fam Physician, 2015;10(2):45-8.
    PMID: 27099660 MyJurnal
    Juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JRRP) is a rare condition. The varied presentation of this condition predisposes to misdiagnosis and potential life-threatening airway obstruction. In this paper, we have reported a case of JRRP presenting as severe respiratory distress and consequently mistreated as asthmatic attack culminating in a near fatal acute airway obstruction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent
  14. Scrotal lump: do not forget tuberculosis!
    Ho CC, Rusdi AR
    Clin Ter, 2014;165(2):107-9.
    PMID: 24770814 DOI: 10.7471/CT.2014.1686
    Scrotal tuberculosis (TB) is rare. Lack of awareness may lead to a misdiagnosis and/or delayed diagnosis of scrotal TB. Clinicians should have a high suspicion index for scrotal TB when facing a patient with a chronic scrotal lump. Since scrotal TB can be medically cured, biopsy of the scrotal lump for pathology study and/or urine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for M. tuberculosis should be performed first for rapid diagnostic purposes, and therefore unnecessary surgery may thereby be circumvented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent
  15. Does one cigarette make an adolescent smoker, and is it influenced by age and age of smoking initiation? Evidence of association from the U.S. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (2011)
    Reidpath DD, Davey TM, Kadirvelu A, Soyiri IN, Allotey P
    Prev Med, 2014 Feb;59:37-41.
    PMID: 24270054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.11.011
    OBJECTIVES: Evidence that age of smoking initiation represents a risk factor for regular smoking in adolescence is complicated by inconsistencies in the operational definition of smoking initiation and simultaneous inclusion of age as an explanatory variable. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between age, age of smoking initiation and subsequent regular smoking.
    METHODS: A secondary analysis was conducted of the U.S. Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2011. A sex stratified multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model the likelihood of regular smoking with age and age of smoking initiation as explanatory variables and race/ethnicity as a covariate.
    RESULTS: After controlling for race/ethnicity, age and age of smoking initiation were independently associated with regular smoking in males and females. Independent of age, a one year's decrease in the age of smoking initiation was associated with a 1.27 times increase in odds of regular smoking in females (95% CI: 1.192-1.348); and similar associations for males (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.216-1.341).
    CONCLUSION: While the majority of high school students do not become regular smokers after initiating smoking, earlier initiation of smoking is associated with subsequent regular smoking irrespective of sex or race/ethnicity. These findings have potentially important implications for intervention targeting.
    KEYWORDS: Adolescent; Epidemiology; Smoking
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior/ethnology; Adolescent Behavior/psychology*
  16. Fulltext Reconstruction of the Second Metatarsal with Non-vascularised Fibular Graft following En-bloc Resection for Giant Cell Tumour: A Case Report
    Rengsen P, Tiong K, Teo Y, Goh T, Sivapathasundram N
    Malays Orthop J, 2013 Nov;7(3):15-7.
    PMID: 25674301 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1311.001
    Giant cell tumour in the metatarsal of a skeletally immature person is uncommon. Adequate surgical resection in this region can be difficult to achieve as there is little space between the rays of the foot. Furthermore, there is the challenge of restoring the metatarsophalangeal articulation after resection of the tumor. We describe a technique using non-vascularised fibular graft for reconstructing the 2nd metatarsal after en-bloc resection for giant cell tumour in a 14 year old adolescent female.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent
  17. Familial primary hyperhidrosis: a disabling social disease
    Aini IF, Zamrin DM, Joanna OS, Hairulfaizi H, Ramzisham AR
    Clin Ter, 2010;161(5):459-60.
    PMID: 20949244
    The incidence of primary hyperhidrosis ranges between 2-5%. This condition is more common than previously thought of and has been linked to a familial predisposition. It is socially disabling to the affected individuals. In the current era of minimally invasive surgery, the video assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy has become the definitive treatment with minimal complications. We report on a case of two siblings with primary hyperhidrosis that was treated successfully at our institution with the aim to share our experience and attract awareness among medical practitioners of the availability of a cure for this condition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent
  18. Keratin pearl
    Rahmat O, Raman R, Salleh H
    Ear Nose Throat J, 2010 Jan;89(1):14.
    PMID: 20155692
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent
  19. Exfoliative cheilitis: report of a case
    Mani SA, Shareef BT
    J Can Dent Assoc, 2007 Sep;73(7):629-32.
    PMID: 17868515
    Exfoliative cheilitis, one of a spectrum of diseases that affect the vermilion border of the lips, is uncommon and has no known cause. However, factors such as stress and some psychiatric conditions are associated with the onset of the disease. This condition is disabling because esthetics and normal functions such as eating, speaking and smiling are compromised. The lack of specific treatment makes exfoliative cheilitis a chronic disease that radically affects a person"s life. This report attempts to further investigate the clinical course of the disease and provides detailed illustrations of the cyclical nature of the disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent
  20. Fulltext The Islamic Perspectives of Gender-Related Issues in the Management of Patients With Disorders of Sex Development
    Zainuddin AA, Mahdy ZA
    Arch Sex Behav, 2017 Feb;46(2):353-360.
    PMID: 27102604 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0754-y
    In Islam, the person with somatic sex ambiguity due to a disorder of sex development (DSD), such as 46,XX congenital adrenal hyperplasia or 46,XY androgen insensitivity, is recognized as khunsa. Two types of khunsa are distinguished: wadhih (discernible) and musykil (intractable). A recent fatwa (religious edict) in Malaysia decreed that it is permissible for male-assigned patients from these two groups to have gender reassignment surgery to female following diagnosis; however, the religious authority has yet to rule on the reassignment from female to male, if requested. The different schools of law in Islam agree on some aspects of gender-related issues like the position of khunsa in prayer congregations, but differ in their opinions on others such as property inheritance and bathing rituals. For purposes of illustration, this article includes three case reports on Muslim patients with DSD in Malaysia, focusing on issues of gender assignment: (1) a patient with 46,XX CAH, assigned as female, requesting reassignment to male; (2) a patient with 46,XX CAH, assigned female, and gender dysphoric, but undecided on the gender to be; and (3) a patient with 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis, raised female due to her phenotype at birth, diagnosed late, at age 18 years, and content to remain female. Gender-related issues from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence are highlighted and discussed. To ensure holistic care, health-service providers involved in the care of Muslim patients with DSDs need to be aware of the Islamic perspectives on gender-related issues and involve expert religious authorities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Adolescent
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