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Fulltext Exit-Site Dressing and Infection in Peritoneal Dialysis: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

Mushahar L, Mei LW, Yusuf WS, Sivathasan S, Kamaruddin N, Idzham NJ

Perit Dial Int, 2015 09 15;36(2):135-9.
PMID: 26374836 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2014.00195

♦
OBJECTIVE: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related infection is a common cause of catheter loss and the main reason for PD drop-out. Exit-site infection (ESI) is a pathway to developing tunnel infection and peritonitis, hence rigorous exit-site care has always been emphasized in PD therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exit-site dressing vs non-dressing on the rate of PD-related infection. ♦
METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in prevalent PD patients at the Hospital Tuanku Jaafar Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, from April 2011 until April 2013. All patients were required to perform daily washing of the exit site with antibacterial soap during a shower. In the dressing group (n = 54), patients were required to clean their exit site using povidone-iodine after drying, followed by topical mupirocin antibiotic application to the exit site. The exit site was then covered with a sterile gauze dressing and the catheter immobilized with tape. In the non-dressing group (n = 54), patients were not required to do any further dressing after drying. They were only required to apply mupirocin cream to the exit site and then left the exit site uncovered. The catheter was immobilized with tape. The primary outcome was ESI. The secondary outcomes were evidence of tunnel infection or peritonitis. ♦
RESULTS: A total of 97 patients completed the study. There were a total of 12 ESI episodes: 4 episodes in 4 patients in the dressing group vs 8 episodes in 4 patients in the non-dressing group. This corresponds to 1 episode per 241.3 patient-months vs 1 episode per 111.1 patient-months in the dressing and non-dressing groups respectively. Median time to first ESI episode was shorter in the non-dressing than in the dressing group, but not significant (p = 0.25). The incidence of gram-positive ESI in both groups was similar. There were no gram-negative ESI in the non-dressing group compared with 2 in the dressing group. The peritonitis rate was 1 per 37.1 patient-month in the dressing group and 1 per 44.4 patient-months in the non-dressing group. Median time to first peritonitis episode was significantly shorter in the dressing group compared to non-dressing (p = 0.03). There was no impact of dressing disruptions in the occurrence of major PD catheter-related infection. ♦
CONCLUSION: Use of a non-dressing technique with only prophylactic topical mupirocin cream application is effective in preventing PD-related infection. The non-dressing technique is more cost-effective and convenient for PD patients, with fewer disposables.

Matched MeSH terms: Povidone-Iodine/administration & dosage
Fulltext Radionuclide therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma

Sundram F

Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2006 Jul;2(3):e40.
PMID: 21614248 MyJurnal DOI: 10.2349/biij.2.3.e40

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumour of the hepatocyte. It is a common malignancy worldwide and causes almost half a million deaths annually. Asia is a high risk area. Although surgery (hepatectomy or liver transplantation) is the main form of curative treatment, the majority of patients are not eligible for surgery due to extent of tumour and dysfunction of liver. Radiopharmaceuticals used for transarterial treatment of HCC were Yttrium-90 microspheres, Iodine-131 lipiodol, Rhenium-188 lipiodol, and Holmium-166 Chitosan complex. Yittrium-90 microspheres are glass or resin microspheres of mean sphere diameter of 20 to 30 micrometre. The activity administered was about 4 GBq. Reported response rate was about 20%, and median survival was 54 weeks. On inoperable tumours, reported objective response of I-131 lipiodol was 40 to 70%, and median survival was six to nine months. It showed efficacy similar to TACE. In adjuvant treatment following curative resection of HCC, reported three year survival was 86% compared with 46% for the control group. The administered activity in both adjuvant and inoperable HCC was about 2 GBq (55 mCi). Rhenium-188 lipiodol is a new radioconjugate, and using it we treated 70 patients with inoperable HCC. This treatment was a part of a multi-centre trial sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Partial response was obtained in 17% of cases, while 49% had stable disease at three months, and 34% showed disease progression. In terms of survival, 19% survived one year, 60% for six months, and 90% for three months. The mean activity was about 4.6 GBq (124 mCi). This method was safe and free from adverse effects.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine Radioisotopes
Fulltext Quality of Dabai Pulp Oil Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Supplementation in Hypercholesterolemic Rat-A New Alternative Fat

Kadir NAAA, Azlan A, Abas F, Ismail IS

Foods, 2021 Jan 27;10(2).
PMID: 33513823 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020262

Dabai pulp oil (DPO) is new oil extracted from the pulp of Canarium odontophyllum. The quality and efficacy of DPO are needed to promote its potential as a new alternative fat. Therefore, we investigate the quality of DPO, which includes moisture and volatile content (MVC), free fatty acid content (FFA), iodine value (IV), and peroxide value (PV). Furthermore, we evaluate the efficacy of DPO against hypercholesterolemia elicited by a high-cholesterol diet in rats. The MVC of DPO was <0.001 ± 0.00%. Next, the FFA in DPO was 2.57 ± 0.03%, and the IV of DPO was 53.74 ± 0.08 g iodine/100 g oil. Meanwhile, the PV of DPO was 4.97 ± 0.00 mEq/kg. Supplementation of DPO in hypercholesterolemic rats for 30 days revealed the hypocholesterolemic effect (significant reduction of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase) accompanied by a significant reduction of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α), and lipid peroxidation (MDA). We also observed a significant improvement of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and antioxidant capacities (total antioxidant status, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) of the rats. The results on the quality and efficacy of locally made DPO suggest its potential use as a healthy alternative fat in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Effectiveness of Zinc Supplementation on Lithium-Induced Alterations in Thyroid Functions

Pathak R, Pathak A

Biol Trace Elem Res, 2020 Aug 26.
PMID: 32851540 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02356-9

Lithium is an integral drug used in the management of acute mania, unipolar and bipolar depression, and prophylaxis of bipolar disorders. Thyroid abnormalities have been associated with treatment with lithium. Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a role in several biological activities. Therefore, the present study was aimed at investigating the potential role of zinc in the thyroid gland following lithium administration to explore the role of zinc under such conditions. To achieve this goal, male Wistar rats (150-195 g) were divided into four groups: Group 1 animals were fed standard pellet feed and tap water ad lib; Group 2 rats were fed lithium in the form of lithium carbonate through diet at a concentration of 1.1 g/kg body weight; Group 3 animals received zinc treatment in the form of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4·7H2O) at a dose level of 227 mg/L mixed with drinking water of the animals; and Group 4 animals were given lithium and zinc in a similar manner as was given to the animals belonging to groups 2 and 4 respectively. The role of zinc on thyroid functions in lithium-treated rats was studied after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of different treatments. Zinc has been observed to have the capability to nearly normalize the altered 2-h uptake of 131I, biological and effective half-lives of 131I, and circulating T4 levels that were altered after lithium treatment. The present study concludes that zinc may be an effective agent in normalizing the adverse effects caused by lithium on thyroid functions.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine Radioisotopes
Fulltext Reduction of the acidity and peroxide numbers of tengkawang butter (Shorea stenoptera) using thermal and acid activated bentonites

Darmawan MA, Muhammad BZ, Harahap AFP, Ramadhan MYA, Sahlan M, Haryuni, et al.

Heliyon, 2020 Dec;6(12):e05742.
PMID: 33364505 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05742

Tengkawang fat (Shorea stenoptera), from an indigenous plant of the Kalimantan forest, has excellent potential as an alternative source of vegetable fat because it has a high level of fatty acids composition. Activated natural bentonite can be used as a bleaching agent to improve the quality of tengkawang fat. This research aims to reduce the acidity, peroxide number values and identify the physicochemical properties (fatty acid composition, nutrients, and thermal) of tengkawang butter. Initially, tengkawang samples from Nanga Yen and Sintang were pre-treated using the degumming process with 1% phosphoric acid and the neutralization process with a 1 M NaOH 10% w/w solution. The results show that the acidity (mg NaOH/g) of the tengkawang fat samples was reduced from 11.00 to 3.36 when using bentonite activated at 200 °C. The bentonite activated with 0.5 M HCl reduced the acidity to 3.61. The peroxide number (meq O2/kg) of the tengkawang fat samples was reduced from 9.45 to 4.84 and 3.47 by bleaching with thermal-activated and acid-activated bentonites, respectively. Peroxide value correlates with β-carotene content. The smaller of the β-carotene content, the smaller the peroxide value. The acidity, peroxide number, and iodine number values from tengkawang fat after treatment adhere to the SNI 2903: 2016 standard. The main content of fatty acids in tengkawang fat is palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. These results show that both products are suitable for the food industry in terms of the acid and peroxide numbers. The application of this research results will assist local people in increasing the economic value of the product from tengkawang plant, which is an indigenous plant from Kalimantan.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Green Synthesis, Antioxidant, and Plant Growth Regulatory Activities of Novel α-Furfuryl-2-alkylaminophosphonates

Nadiveedhi MR, Nuthalapati P, Gundluru M, Yanamula MR, Kallimakula SV, Pasupuleti VR, et al.

ACS Omega, 2021 Feb 02;6(4):2934-2948.
PMID: 33553912 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05302

A series of novel α-furfuryl-2-alkylaminophosphonates have been efficiently synthesized from the one-pot three-component classical Kabachnik-Fields reaction in a green chemical approach by addition of an in situ generated dialkylphosphite to Schiff's base of aldehydes and amines by using environmental and eco-friendly silica gel supported iodine as a catalyst by microwave irradiation. The advantage of this protocol is simplicity in experimental procedures and products were resulted in high isolated yields. The synthesized α-furfuryl-2-alkylaminophosphonates were screened to in vitro antioxidant and plant growth regulatory activities and some are found to be potent with antioxidant and plant growth regulatory activities. These in vitro studies have been further supported by ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity), quantitative structure-activity relationship, molecular docking, and bioactivity studies and identified that they were potentially bound to the GLN340 amino acid residue in chain C of 1DNU protein and TYR597 amino acid residue in chain A of 4M7E protein, causing potential exhibition of antioxidant and plant growth regulatory activities. Eventually, title compounds are identified as good blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrable compounds and are considered as proficient central nervous system active and neuroprotective antioxidant agents as the neuroprotective property is determined with BBB penetration thresholds.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Fulltext Impact of chicken nugget presence on the degradation of canola oil during frying

Ali, M.A., Daud, A.S.M., Latip, R.A., Othman, N.H., Islam, M.A.

International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(3):1119-1124.
MyJurnal

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chicken nuggets addition on the degradation of canola oil during frying compared to the changes occurring when the same frying medium was simply heated at frying temperature as control. Heating or frying test was carried out at 185±5oC using electric fryer for 8 h/day for 3 consecutive days and the oil sample was collected every 4 h. The changes in fatty acids composition and physicochemical properties of the oil samples during frying and controlled heating experiments were monitored. In this study, refractive index, free fatty acid content, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, polar compounds and viscosity of the oils all increased, whereas iodine value and C18:2/C16:0 ratio decreased as heating or frying progressed. The percentage of linoleic acid tended to decrease, whereas the percentages of palmitic acid increased. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that adding chicken nuggets to heated canola oil led to higher decrease in the ratio of C18.2/C16:0 compared to what was measured when the fat alone was heated at frying temperature. The presence of chicken nuggets accelerates the formation of polymerization products and polar compounds in canola oil during frying.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Fulltext The health of Malaysia’s “Orang Asli” peoples: a review of the scientific evidence on nutritional outcome, parasite infestations, and discussion on implications for clinical practice

Phua, K.L.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2015;15(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

The Orang Asli of Malaysia continue to experience poor health. There appears to be stagnation of certain aspect of their health status. Underweight (low weight-for-age) and stunting (low height-for-age) are significant amongst Orang Asli children. Worm infestation such as Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm continue to afflict Orang Asli communities in Malaysia. Orang Asli communities can also be afflicted by other kinds of parasites, e.g. malaria parasites, microsporida parasites and Cryptosporidium parasites. Thus, primary care doctors who treat Orang Asli patients should be on the lookout for malnutrition and its effects (including anaemia, iodine deficiency, Vitamin A deficiency) as well as worm and parasite infestations. Such patients may need to undergo de-worming at regular intervals because of the tendency to get re-infected. Primary care doctors also need to be aware of possible interactions between infestations and nutritional deficiencies.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Fulltext Protective effects of citrullus vulgaris on irradiated lymphocyte submembrane

Khairul Osman, Norashikin Md.Saad, Ezlan Elias, Siti Fatimah Ibrahim, Jamaludin Mohamed, Proomwichit, Proom

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2005;3(1):1-9.
MyJurnal

A study was conducted to determine the radioprotective effects of Citrullus vulgaris on the lymphocyte sub-membrane particularly the actin layer. A total of 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three equal groups of positive control, negative control and treatment. The positive and negative control groups were force fed with 40 ml/kg body weight of normal saline while the treatment group received 40 g/kg body weight of fresh juice of C. vulgaris daily. After a week the positive control and treatment groups were irradiated with 90 rad gamma radiation. Viable lymphocytes were determined using propidium iodine and acridine orange stain and observed under a fluorescent microscope. The percentage of viable lymphocytes of the treatment group (71.0%; p = 0.03) was significantly higher than the positive control group. The results showed that C. vulgaris possessed radioprotective effects because the lymphocyte actin was not damaged. The radioprotection effects could be due to the presence of antioxidants in C. vulgaris.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Fulltext Prevalence and risk factors of iodine deficiency among rural antenatal mothers in Bachok, Kelantan

Noran, H., Zulkifli, A., Naing, L., Mafauzy, M.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2005;5(1):5-9.
MyJurnal

Iodine is an essential micronutrient for normal physical and mental development. Iodine deficiency is endemic in 130 countries worldwide, including Malaysia. This is a cross-sectional study done to determine the prevalence and risk factors of iodine dejiciency among 342 rural mothers attending antenatal clinics in Bachok, Kelantan. A self-adrninistered questionnaire on the knowledge, attitudes, practices and other risk factors relating to iodine deficiency was done. Physical examination for thyroid enlargement was carried out and urine samples were taken for urine iodine determination. The prevalence of iodine deficiency based on urine iodine Q level of less than 100 mcg/l was 63.0 % (95% CI: 57.8, 68.2). The mean urinary iodine level was 87.3 mcg/l with a median of 78.0 mcg/l. However, the goiter prevalence was only 9.4%. The total mean scores of knowledge, attitudes and practices were generally low at 58.6 (SD 7.9), 52.9 (SD 7.9) and 42.9 (SD 10.9) respectively. Logistic regression analysis found that a smoking husband is a risk for iodine deficiency (OR=2.0). In conclusion, iodine deficiency disorders among rural antenatal mothers were still prevalent in Bachok. Their level of knowledge on the causes, effects, prevention and clinical presentations of Q iodine deficiency disorders were poor. In addition, having a husband who is a smoker increases the risk of the antenatal mothers developing iodine denciency.
Study site: Antenatal clinic (klinik kesihatan), Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Fulltext Short note protective effect of citrullus vulgaris on irradiated lymphocyte membrane ultrastructure

Khairul Osman, Norashikin, M.S., Hing, Hiang Lian, Siti Fatimah Ibrahim, Seetha Khartini Abdul Wahab, Jamaludin Mohamed, et al.

Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2004;2004(2):75-79.
MyJurnal

Radiotherapy causes various complications including low immunity. Past research has shown that the low immunity is due to the low amount of lymphocytes and consumption of citrullus vulgaris will alleviate this problem. Based on this a study was conducted to identify how citrullus vulgaris was able to produce radioprotection on the lymphocyte membrane. A total of 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided into three equals groups of positive control, negative control and treatment. For seven days, positive control and negative control were force fed with normal saline of 40 ml/kg animal weight while the treatment group received 40 g/kg animal weight fresh juice of citrullus vulgaris daily. After a week positive control and treatment group were irradiated with 0.9 Gy gamma ray. Viable lymphocyte were determined using propidium iodine and acridine orange stain. Results clearly shows that positive control, negative and treatment group were significantly different at 34  3% , 80  2% and 71  2% respectively. SEM results shows that pores were present on the membrane of the positive control while the negative control had none. Similar results were also found on the treatment group. Based on the result it had shown that citrullus vulgaris had radioprotection properties and lymphocytes were destroyed by the formation of pores on their membrane. It is very likely that the radioprotection properties could be due to the presence of antioxidants particularly vitamin A, C and lycopene. In conclusion, citrullus vulgaris could be used as a safe radioprotection agent.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Fulltext Prevalence of goiter in rural area of Belgaum district, Karnataka

Kamath R, Bhat V, Rao R, Das A, Ks G, Kamath A

Indian J Community Med, 2009 Jan;34(1):48-51.
PMID: 19876455 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0218.45373

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence of goiter and to study the factors influencing goiter among people of the rural community in Karnataka state, a community based study. Setting and Study Design: A cross sectional study was carried out to find out the prevalence of goiter in a rural community of Belgaum district. The study was conducted by house-to-house survey for a period of one month.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two villages (Handiganur and Gundwad) were selected randomly from Belgaum and Raibag taluks of Belgaum district. All the family members in each household were examined for the presence of goiter using WHO criteria. Iodine content of the salt sample obtained from each household was estimated by using spot testing kits. Information regarding the determinants of goiter was collected and recorded in a pre tested proforma. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS statistical packages.
RESULTS: The prevalence of goiter among rural population was found to be 16.6%. Goiter of grade 1 was 15.7% and that of grade 2 was 0.9%. Prevalence among males and females were 7.2% and 21.8%, respectively. The prevalence of goiter was highest among adolescents. Estimation of iodine content in the salt sample revealed that 50% of samples had adequate iodine content (>/=15 ppm). Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis revealed that females of the age group 10-49 years were independently associated with goiter.
CONCLUSION: Prevalence of goiter was relatively high and therefore constituted a public health problem in this region.
KEYWORDS: Determinants; goiter; multiple logistic regression analysis; prevalence

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Fulltext Endemic goiter in the Lemanak and Ai river villages of Sarawak

Foo LC, Zainab T, Letchuman GR, Nafikudin M, Azriman R, Doraisingam P, et al.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1994 Sep;25(3):575-8.
PMID: 7777929

In a survey of 974 villagers (408 males, 566 females; ages = 11-82 years) of the Ai (n = 496; 212 males, 284 females) and Lemanak (n = 478; 196 males, 282 females) rivers in the district of Lubuk Antu in Sarawak's Sri Aman Division during July 1993, goiter was found in 31.8% of the subjects. The goiter prevalence was higher in the more interior Ai river area than in the Lemanak river area (36.9% vs 26.5%). In females aged 15 years and above, the goiter prevalence was 75.4% and 49.1%, respectively, in the Ai and Lemanak river areas. The difference in goiter prevalence between the two areas was related to the degree of iodine deficiency in the two areas. The median urinary iodine excretion in the Ai river villagers was 22.1 micrograms/l compared to 72.9 micrograms/l in the Lemanak river villagers (p < 0.0001). Goitrous subjects tended to have lower urinary iodine concentration than non-goitrous subjects. In the males, smoking of tobacco was associated with a two-fold increase in goiter frequency. Despite on-going distribution of iodized salt by the medical and health services in the State, only 23% of the 135 salt samples obtained from the households in the areas contained detectable iodine.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Fulltext Clinical nutrition in East Asia and the Pacific

Darnton-Hill I, Cavalli-Sforza LT, Volmanen PV

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1992 Mar;1(1):27-36.
PMID: 24323002

Identifying the nutrition problems of Asia and the Pacific is made difficult by the enormous geographic, socioeconomic and cultural diversity that exists in these areas. With increasing longevity and reduced infant mortality, the more chronic diseases are becoming increasingly important. For almost 90% of the countries that keep such data in the Western Pacific Region of WHO, at least three of the five leading causes of death are noncommunicable diseases. Nevertheless undernutrition is still the most important nutritional problem in the Region. Even though there have been some encouraging declines in the proportion of malnourished under 5-year-olds, increasing populations have meant the actual numbers have not declined. Vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency disorders and iron deficiency anaemia remain major public health problems in many countries. There is evidence that vitamin A deficiency is appearing in countries in which it has not previously been a problem. New challenges are occurring, such as childhood obesity, the susceptibility of undernourished populations to the human immunodeficiency virus and the increase in noncommunicable diseases. The three arms of clinical nutrition: therapeutic, research and public health will need to work closely to meet the considerable and continuing threat posed by the nutrition-related diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
The supplementation of levothyroxine among indigenous people in endemic goitre areas: The impact of therapy

Zaleha MI, Osman A, Iskandar ZA, Sazali S, Ali MM, Roslan I, et al.

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 1998 Jun;7(2):138-50.
PMID: 24393641

In order to study the effect of levothyroxine in the treatment of endemic goitre, a longitudinal study was conducted among the Aborigines in Lanai Post and Sinderut Post, situated in an iodine-deficient area located in the district of Kuala Lipis, Pahang. All subjects in the treatment group (Lanai Post) were given 100 µg of levothyroxine per day and were followed for 1 1/2 years. A total of 311 subjects were examined at baseline, 323 on the first, 256 on the second, 239 on the third and 184 on the fourth visit following levothyroxine supplementation. Goitre prevalence, thyroid hormones, thyroid volume, nutritional status, urinary iodine levels, arterial blood pressure and mental performance were determined. Following the intervention, goitre prevalence was significantly reduced in the treatment group (baseline 42.8% vs final visit 13.0%, p<0.0001); however, no significant difference was noted in the control group. Total T4 levels were increased in the treatment group (p<0.0001), while a significant reduction was noted in the control group (p<0.0001). Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels increased significantly in the treatment group following 1 year of intervention, while no significant changes were observed in the control group. As for the thyroid volume, both groups showed a significant increment following the intervention (p<0.0001). With respect to the nutritional status, the treatment group showed a significant increase in body weight following the intervention (p<0.05). In addition, the mid-arm circumference and body mass index also increased after 1 year of intervention. However, the control group showed a reduction in the waist-hip ratio (p<0.0001). Although there was no statistical difference in the waist-hip ratio in the treatment group, there has been a significant reduction observed after 1 year of intervention. At 1 year, a reduction in skinfold thickness was noted in the treatment group while only the triceps and subscapular were increased in the control group. The body fat was decreased in the treatment group following 1 year of intervention (p<0.0001). No particular trend was noted in the urinary iodine excretion in the treatment group, but surprisingly, the levels were increased in the control group (p<0.0001). A significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures was observed in the treatment group following 1 year of intervention, but the controls showed a reduction in the systolic blood pressure (p<0.0001). Both groups showed a remarkable increase in mental performance, with a more pronounced effect in the treatment group (p<0.05). The correction of iodine deficiency by levothyroxine supplementation has a short-term beneficial effect in reducing the prevalence of goitre and improving the mental ability among the Aborigines in endemic areas; however, proper monitoring and close supervision are needed to maintain compliance.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Effect of iodized oil supplementation on thyroid hormone levels and mental performance among Orang Asli schoolchildren and pregnant mothers in an endemic goitre area in Peninsular Malaysia

Isa ZM, Alias IZ, Kadir KA, Ali O

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2000 Dec;9(4):274-81.
PMID: 24394503

Although endemic goitre is no longer a major public health problem in Malaysia, iodine deficiency still remains a significant problem in a few remote settlements. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of iodized oil intervention in the prevention of endemic goitre among the indigenous people in Malaysia. A pretest and post-test controlled trial was conducted among primary schoolchildren and pregnant mothers in Lasah, Sungai Siput and Perak. Legap Post and Yum Post were selected as the intervention areas, while Perwor Post and Poi Post were taken as controls. The variables studied included thyroid hormone concentrations, thyroid volume, urinary iodine excretions and mental performance. A baseline and two follow-up visits were conducted in both intervention and control areas. Intervention subjects were given iodized oil in the form of capsules which were taken orally (Laboratoire Guerbet, Paris, France). There was a significant increase in serum thyroxine hormone (T4) concentrations (p<0.0001) and a significant decrease in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations (p<0.05) in the schoolchildren following the intervention, however, pregnant mothers did not show any significant changes in T4 and TSH concentrations. Thyroid size was significantly reduced in both groups (p<0.05). Urinary iodine excretions showed a significant increase in both groups following the intervention (p<0.01). However, mental performance in schoolchildren was not affected. In conclusion, iodized oil (oral) is effective in reducing thyroid size, as well as improving the supply of iodine among schoolchildren and pregnant mothers in endemic goitre areas; however, its long-term effects need to be monitored closely. This method can be considered as an alternative while awaiting national coverage for the salt iodization program.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine
Dermacyn irrigation in reducing infection of a median sternotomy wound

Mohd AR, Ghani MK, Awang RR, Su Min JO, Dimon MZ

Heart Surg Forum, 2010 Aug;13(4):E228-32.
PMID: 20719724 DOI: 10.1532/HSF98.20091162

Sternal wound infection is an infrequent yet potentially devastating complication following sternotomy. Among the standard practices used as preventive measures are the use of prophylactic antibiotics and povidone-iodine as an irrigation agent. A new antiseptic agent, Dermacyn super-oxidized water (Oculus Innovative Sciences), has recently been used as a wound-irrigation agent before the closure of sternotomy wounds.

Matched MeSH terms: Povidone-Iodine/therapeutic use*
Fulltext Antimicrobial dressings for the prevention of catheter-related infections in newborn infants with central venous catheters

Lai NM, Taylor JE, Tan K, Choo YM, Ahmad Kamar A, Muhamad NA

Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016 Mar 23;3:CD011082.
PMID: 27007217 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011082.pub2

BACKGROUND: Central venous catheters (CVCs) provide secured venous access in neonates. Antimicrobial dressings applied over the CVC sites have been proposed to reduce catheter-related blood stream infection (CRBSI) by decreasing colonisation. However, there may be concerns on the local and systemic adverse effects of these dressings in neonates.
OBJECTIVES: We assessed the effectiveness and safety of antimicrobial (antiseptic or antibiotic) dressings in reducing CVC-related infections in newborn infants. Had there been relevant data, we would have evaluated the effects of antimicrobial dressings in different subgroups, including infants who received different types of CVCs, infants who required CVC for different durations, infants with CVCs with and without other antimicrobial modifications, and infants who received an antimicrobial dressing with and without a clearly defined co-intervention.
SEARCH METHODS: We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group (CNRG). We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2015, Issue 9), MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE (EBCHOST), CINAHL and references cited in our short-listed articles using keywords and MeSH headings, up to September 2015.
SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials that compared an antimicrobial CVC dressing against no dressing or another dressing in newborn infants.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data using the standard methods of the CNRG. Two review authors independently assessed the eligibility and risk of bias of the retrieved records. We expressed our results using risk difference (RD) and risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
MAIN RESULTS: Out of 173 articles screened, three studies were included. There were two comparisons: chlorhexidine dressing following alcohol cleansing versus polyurethane dressing following povidone-iodine cleansing (one study); and silver-alginate patch versus control (two studies). A total of 855 infants from level III neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) were evaluated, 705 of whom were from a single study. All studies were at high risk of bias for blinding of care personnel or unclear risk of bias for blinding of outcome assessors. There was moderate-quality evidence for all major outcomes.The single study comparing chlorhexidine dressing/alcohol cleansing against polyurethane dressing/povidone-iodine cleansing showed no significant difference in the risk of CRBSI (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.53 to 2.65; RD 0.01, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.03; 655 infants, moderate-quality evidence) and sepsis without a source (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.52; RD 0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.06; 705 infants, moderate-quality evidence). There was a significant reduction in the risk of catheter colonisation favouring chlorhexidine dressing/alcohol cleansing group (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.86; RD -0.09, 95% CI -0.15 to -0.03; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 11, 95% CI 7 to 33; 655 infants, moderate-quality evidence). However, infants in the chlorhexidine dressing/alcohol cleansing group were significantly more likely to develop contact dermatitis, with 19 infants in the chlorhexidine dressing/alcohol cleansing group having developed contact dermatitis compared to none in the polyurethane dressing/povidone-iodine cleansing group (RR 43.06, 95% CI 2.61 to 710.44; RD 0.06, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.08; number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) 17, 95% CI 13 to 33; 705 infants, moderate-quality evidence). The roles of chlorhexidine dressing in the outcomes reported were unclear, as the two assigned groups received different co-interventions in the form of different skin cleansing agents prior to catheter insertion and during each dressing change.In the other comparison, silver-alginate patch versus control, the data for CRBSI were analysed separately in two subgroups as the two included studies reported the outcome using different denominators: one using infants and another using catheters. There were no significant differences between infants who received silver-alginate patch against infants who received standard line dressing in CRBSI, whether expressed as the number of infants (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.14 to 1.78; RD -0.12, 95% CI -0.33 to 0.09; 1 study, 50 participants, moderate-quality evidence) or as the number of catheters (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.89; RD -0.05, 95% CI -0.20 to 0.10; 1 study, 118 participants, moderate-quality evidence). There was also no significant difference between the two groups in mortality (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.15 to 2.05; RD -0.04, 95% CI -0.13 to 0.05; two studies, 150 infants, I² = 0%, moderate-quality evidence). No adverse skin reaction was recorded in either group.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Based on moderate-quality evidence, chlorhexidine dressing/alcohol skin cleansing reduced catheter colonisation, but made no significant difference in major outcomes like sepsis and CRBSI compared to polyurethane dressing/povidone-iodine cleansing. Chlorhexidine dressing/alcohol cleansing posed a substantial risk of contact dermatitis in preterm infants, although it was unclear whether this was contributed mainly by the dressing material or the cleansing agent. While silver-alginate patch appeared safe, evidence is still insufficient for a recommendation in practice. Future research that evaluates antimicrobial dressing should ensure blinding of caregivers and outcome assessors and ensure that all participants receive the same co-interventions, such as the skin cleansing agent. Major outcomes like sepsis, CRBSI and mortality should be assessed in infants of different gestation and birth weight.

Matched MeSH terms: Povidone-Iodine/therapeutic use

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