Displaying publications 1601 - 1620 of 10538 in total

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  1. Cardiovascular Protective Effects of Centella asiatica and Its Triterpenes: A Review
    Razali NNM, Ng CT, Fong LY
    Planta Med, 2019 Nov;85(16):1203-1215.
    PMID: 31539918 DOI: 10.1055/a-1008-6138
    Centella asiatica, a triterpene-rich medicinal herb, is traditionally used to treat various types of diseases including neurological, dermatological, and metabolic diseases. A few articles have previously reviewed a broad range of pharmacological activities of C. asiatica, but none of these reviews focuses on the use of C. asiatica in cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to summarize recent findings on protective effects of C. asiatica and its active constituents (asiatic acid, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, and madecassoside) in cardiovascular diseases. In addition, their beneficial effects on conditions associated with cardiovascular diseases were also reviewed. Articles were retrieved from electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords "Centella asiatica," "asiatic acid," "asiaticoside," "madecassic acid," and "madecassoside." The articles published between 2004 and 2018 that are related to the aforementioned topics were selected. A few clinical studies published beyond this period were also included. The results showed that C. asiatica and its active compounds possess potential therapeutic effects in cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular disease-related conditions, as evidenced by numerous in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. C. asiatica and its triterpenes have been reported to exhibit cardioprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In conclusion, more clinical and pharmacokinetic studies are needed to support the use of C. asiatica and its triterpenes as therapeutic agents for cardiovascular diseases. Besides, elucidation of the molecular pathways modulated by C. asiatica and its active constituents will help to understand the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective action of C. asiatica.
    Matched MeSH terms: Triterpenes/chemistry; Centella/chemistry*; Pentacyclic Triterpenes/chemistry
  2. [Ionic liquid based ultrasonication-assisted extraction of essential oil from the leaves of Persicaria minor and conductor-like screening model for realistic solvents study]
    Habib U, Cecilia DW, Maizatul SS
    Se Pu, 2017 Jun 08;35(6):656-664.
    PMID: 29048794 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2017.02002
    Ionic liquids (ILs) based ultrasonic-assisted extract has been applied for the extraction of essential oil from Persicaria minor leaves. The effects of temperature, sonication time, and particle size of the plant material on the yield of essential oil were investigated. Among the different ILs employed, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate was the most effective, providing a 9.55% yield of the essential oil under optimum conditions (70 ℃, 25 min, IL:hexane ratio of 7:10 (v/v), particle size 60-80 mesh). The performance of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate in the extraction was attributed to its low viscosity and ability to disintegrate the structural matrix of the plant material. The ability of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate was also confirmed using the conductor like-screening model for realistic solvents. This research proves that ILs can be used to extract essential oils from lignocellulosic biomass.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/chemistry*; Plant Leaves/chemistry; Tracheobionta/chemistry*
  3. Phytosterols-induced viscoelasticity of oleogels prepared by using monoglycerides
    Bin Sintang MD, Danthine S, Brown A, Van de Walle D, Patel AR, Tavernier I, et al.
    Food Res Int, 2017 10;100(Pt 1):832-840.
    PMID: 28873756 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.079
    Monoglycerides (MGs) and phytosterols (PS) are known to form firm oleogels with liquid oil. However, the oleogels are prone to undergo polymorphic transition over time that lead to crystals' aggregation thus, compromises physical properties. Thus, we combined MGs with PS to control the crystallization and modify the morphology of the combination oleogels, as both components are reported to interact together. The oleogels were prepared at different ratio combinations and characterized in their rheological, thermal, morphology, and diffraction properties. The results showed that the 8:2 MGP:PS exhibited higher storage modulus (G') than the MGP mono-component. The combination oleogels exhibited effects on the crystallization and polymorphic transition. Consequently, the effects led to change in the morphology of the combination oleogels which was visualized using optical and electron microscope. The resultant effect on the morphology is associated with crystal defect. Due to observable crystals of MGP and PS, it is speculated that the combination oleogels formed a mixed crystal system. This was confirmed with diffraction analysis in which the corresponding peaks from MGP and PS were observed in the combination oleogels. However, the 8:2 oleogel exhibited additional peak at 35.41Å. Ultimately, the 8:2 was the optimum combination observed in our study. Interestingly, this combination is inspired by nature as sterols (phytosterols) are natural component of lipid membrane whilst MGP has properties similar to phospholipids. Hence, the results of our study not only beneficial for oil structuring, but also for the fields of biophysical and pharmaceutical.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organic Chemicals/chemistry; Phytosterols/chemistry*; Monoglycerides/chemistry*
  4. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Features of Nanoemulsion Following Oral, Intravenous, Topical and Nasal Route
    Choudhury H, Gorain B, Chatterjee B, Mandal UK, Sengupta P, Tekade RK
    Curr Pharm Des, 2017;23(17):2504-2531.
    PMID: 27908273 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161201143600
    BACKGROUND: Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients discovered recently in pharmaceutical field exhibits poor aqueous solubility that pose major problem in their oral administration. The oral administration of these drugs gets further complicated due to their short bioavailability, inconsistent absorption and inter/intra subject variability.

    METHODS: Pharmaceutical emulsion holds a significant place as a primary choice of oral drug delivery system for lipophilic drugs used in pediatric and geriatric patients. Pharmacokinetic studies on nanoemulsion mediated drugs delivery approach indicates practical feasibility in regards to their clinical translation and commercialization.

    RESULTS: This review article is to provide an updated understanding on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of nanoemulsion delivered via oral, intravenous, topical and nasal route.

    CONCLUSION: The article is of huge interest to formulation scientists working on range of lipophilic drug molecules intended to be administered through oral, intravenous, topical and nasal routes for vivid medical benefits.

    Matched MeSH terms: Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry*; Emulsions/chemistry*; Nanostructures/chemistry*
  5. In situ forming phase-inversion implants for sustained ocular delivery of triamcinolone acetonide
    Sheshala R, Hong GC, Yee WP, Meka VS, Thakur RRS
    Drug Deliv Transl Res, 2019 04;9(2):534-542.
    PMID: 29484530 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0491-y
    The objectives of this study were to develop biodegradable poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) based injectable phase inversion in situ forming system for sustained delivery of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and to conduct physicochemical characterisation including in vitro drug release of the prepared formulations. TA (at 0.5%, 1% and 2.5% w/w loading) was dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent and then incorporated 30% w/w PLGA (50/50 and 75/25) polymer to prepare homogenous injectable solution. The formulations were evaluated for rheological behaviour using rheometer, syringeability by texture analyser, water uptake and rate of implant formation by optical coherence tomography (OCT) microscope. Phase inversion in situ forming formulations were injected into PBS pH 7.3 to form an implant and release samples were collected and analysed for drug content using a HPLC method. All formulations exhibited good syringeability and rheological properties (viscosity: 0.19-3.06 Pa.s) by showing shear thinning behaviour which enable them to remain as free-flowing solution for ease administration. The results from OCT microscope demonstrated that thickness of the implants were increased with the increase in time and the rate of implant formation indicated the fast phase inversion. The drug release from implants was sustained over a period of 42 days. The research findings demonstrated that PLGA/NMP-based phase inversion in situ forming implants can improve compliance in patient's suffering from ocular diseases by sustaining the drug release for a prolonged period of time and thereby reducing the frequency of ocular injections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glucocorticoids/chemistry*; Pyrrolidinones/chemistry*; Triamcinolone Acetonide/chemistry*
  6. Engineered Hydrogels in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis
    Sepantafar M, Maheronnaghsh R, Mohammadi H, Radmanesh F, Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Ebrahimi M, et al.
    Trends Biotechnol, 2017 11;35(11):1074-1087.
    PMID: 28734545 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.06.015
    Over the last decade, numerous investigations have attempted to clarify the intricacies of tumor development to propose effective approaches for cancer treatment. Thanks to the unique properties of hydrogels, researchers have made significant progress in tumor model reconstruction, tumor diagnosis, and associated therapies. Notably, hydrogel-based systems can be adjusted to respond to cancer-specific hallmarks and/or external stimuli. These well-known drug reservoirs can be used as smart carriers for multiple cargos, including both naked and nanoparticle-encapsulated chemotherapeutics, genes, and radioisotopes. Recent works have attempted to specialize hydrogels for cancer research; we comprehensively review this topic for the first time, synthesizing past results and defining paths for future work.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Carriers/chemistry; Hydrogels/chemistry; Nanoparticles/chemistry
  7. Synthesis, Characterization and DNA-Binding Studies of Hydroxyl Functionalized Platinum(II) Salphen Complexes
    Mohd Sukri SA, Heng LY, Abd Karim NH
    J Fluoresc, 2017 May;27(3):1009-1023.
    PMID: 28224358 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2035-0
    The platinum(II) salphen complex N,N'-Bis-4-(hydroxysalicylidene)-phenylenediamine-platinum(II); (1) and its two derivatives containing hydroxyl functionalized side chains N,N'-bis-[4-[[1-(2-hydroxyethoxy)] salicylidene] phenylenediamine-platinum(II); (2) and N,N'-bis-[4-[[1-(3-hydroxypropoxy)] salicylidene] phenylenediamine-platinum(II); (3) were synthesized and characterized. The structures of the complexes were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, FTIR, ESI-MS and CHN elemental analyses. The effects of the hydroxyl substituent on the spectral properties and the DNA binding behaviors of the Pt(II) complexes were explored. The binding mode and interactions of these complexes with duplex DNA (calf thymus DNA and porcine DNA) and also single-stranded DNA were studied by UV-Vis and emission DNA titration. The complexes interact with DNA by intercalation binding mode with the binding constants in the order of magnitude (Kb = 104 M-1, CT-DNA) and (Kb = 105 M-1, porcine DNA). The intercalation of the complex in the DNA structure was proposed to happen by π-π stacking due to its square-planar geometry and aromatic rings structure. The phosphorescence emission spectral characteristics of Pt(II) complexes when interacted with DNA have been studied. Also, the application of the chosen hydroxypropoxy side chains complex (3) as an optical DNA biosensor, specifically for porcine DNA was investigated. These findings will be valuable for the potential use of the platinum(II) salphen complex as an optical DNA biosensor for the detection of porcine DNA in food products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Phenylenediamines/chemistry*; Platinum/chemistry*; Coordination Complexes/chemistry*
  8. Recent Advances in Non-Invasive Delivery of Macromolecules using Nanoparticulate Carriers System
    Shadab M, Haque S, Sheshala R, Meng LW, Meka VS, Ali J
    Curr Pharm Des, 2017;23(3):440-453.
    PMID: 27784250 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161026163201
    BACKGROUND: The drug delivery of macromolecules such as proteins and peptides has become an important area of research and represents the fastest expanding share of the market for human medicines. The most common method for delivering macromolecules is parenterally. However parenteral administration of some therapeutic macromolecules has not been effective because of their rapid clearance from the body. As a result, most macromolecules are only therapeutically useful after multiple injections, which causes poor compliance and systemic side effects.

    METHOD: Therefore, there is a need to improve delivery of therapeutic macromolecules to enable non-invasive delivery routes, less frequent dosing through controlled-release drug delivery, and improved drug targeting to increase efficacy and reduce side effects.

    RESULT: Non-invasive administration routes such as intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal, ocular and oral delivery have been attempted intensively by formulating macromolecules into nanoparticulate carriers system such as polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles.

    CONCLUSION: This review discusses barriers to drug delivery and current formulation technologies to overcome the unfavorable properties of macromolecules via non-invasive delivery (mainly intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal oral and ocular) with a focus on nanoparticulate carrier systems. This review also provided a summary and discussion of recent data on non-invasive delivery of macromolecules using nanoparticulate formulations.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Carriers/chemistry; Macromolecular Substances/chemistry; Nanoparticles/chemistry*
  9. Fulltext Effects of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction in Conjugation with Aid of Actinidin on the Molecular and Physicochemical Properties of Bovine Hide Gelatin
    Ahmad T, Ismail A, Ahmad SA, Khalil KA, Leo TK, Awad EA, et al.
    Molecules, 2018 Mar 22;23(4).
    PMID: 29565325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040730
    Actinidin was used to pretreat the bovine hide and ultrasonic wave (53 kHz and 500 W) was used for the time durations of 2, 4 and 6 h at 60 °C to extract gelatin samples (UA2, UA4 and UA6, respectively). Control (UAC) gelatin was extracted using ultrasound for 6 h at 60 °C without enzyme pretreatment. There was significant (p < 0.05) increase in gelatin yield as the time duration of ultrasound treatment increased with UA6 giving the highest yield of 19.65%. Gel strength and viscosity of UAC and UA6 extracted gelatin samples were 627.53 and 502.16 g and 16.33 and 15.60 mPa.s, respectively. Longer duration of ultrasound treatment increased amino acids content of the extracted gelatin and UAC exhibited the highest content of amino acids. Progressive degradation of polypeptide chains was observed in the protein pattern of the extracted gelatin as the time duration of ultrasound extraction increased. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy depicted loss of molecular order and degradation in UA6. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed protein aggregation and network formation in the gelatin samples with increasing time of ultrasound treatment. The study indicated that ultrasound assisted gelatin extraction using actinidin exhibited high yield with good quality gelatin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cysteine Endopeptidases/chemistry*; Gelatin/chemistry; Peptides/chemistry
  10. Cellulose hydrogel development from unbleached oil palm biomass pulps for dermal drug delivery
    Wong LC, Poh JH, Tan WT, Khor BK, Murugaiyah V, Leh CP, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Jan 01;224:483-495.
    PMID: 36273545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.138
    Hydrogels are an attractive platform for drug delivery to the skin. Current cellulose hydrogel developments commonly focus on readily available bleached woody cellulose. Considering the detrimental environmental impacts of bleaching reagents, unbleached non-woody biomass was proposed as an alternative. Herein, this study aims to develop hydrogel from native cellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches for dermal drug delivery with an emphasis on evaluating the effect of alkali solvent compositions on hydrogel formation. Unbleached dissolving pulps were solubilized in alkali solvents containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (6-8%w/v) and urea (4-6%w/v) before crosslinking. Hydrogels were loaded with ibuprofen for skin permeation studies. Light brownish hydrogels formed are aesthetically acceptable and biodegradable with low cytotoxicity. NaOH content has a dominant role over urea where thinner and deformable crosslinked network walls in a porous hydrogel structure are associated with high NaOH content. Synergistic effects (cellulose solubility: 94 %; swelling ratio: ~2800 %) were observed at 7%w/v NaOH and 4%w/v urea with low toxicity. Most hydrogels showed >80 % of ibuprofen permeated into the skin and this increased with the swelling ratio of hydrogels. Unbleached cellulose pulps have excellent potential for hydrogel fabrication with outstanding physicomechanical properties for dermal drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cellulose/chemistry; Sodium Hydroxide/chemistry; Urea/chemistry
  11. Morphinan Alkaloids from the Leaves of Alphonsea cylindrica and Their Antibacterial Properties
    Cho KH, Tan SP, Tan HY, Liew SY, Nafiah MA
    Planta Med, 2023 Jan;89(1):79-85.
    PMID: 35288885 DOI: 10.1055/a-1797-0548
    A phytochemical study has been carried out on CH2Cl2 extract of Alphonsea cylindrica leaves, resulting in the isolation of three new morphinan alkaloids. They are kinomenine (1: ), N-methylkinomenine (2: ), and hydroxymethylkinomenine (3: ). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV, HRESIMS) and comparison with the data reported in literature for similar alkaloids. Kinomenine (1: ) and N-methylkinomenine (2: ) showed weak inhibition against S. aureus (MIC values of 1: and 2:  = 500 µg/mL; pIC50 values in 95% C. I. of: 1:  = 2.9 to 3.0; 2:  = 2.9 to 3.1), while kinomenine (1: ) also showed weak inhibition against E. coli (MIC values of 1:  = 500 µg/mL; pIC50 value in 95% C. I. of: 1:  = 2.9) by broth microdilution method. The results obtained can be used as future referencefor the discovery of morphinans and the potential of A. cylindrica as an antibacterial source.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry; Plant Extracts/chemistry; Plant Leaves/chemistry
  12. Anticariogenic and Mechanical Characteristics of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Lignin-Decorated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
    Malik Z, Muhammad N, Kaleem M, Nayyar M, Qazi AS, Butt DQ, et al.
    ACS Appl Bio Mater, 2023 Feb 20;6(2):425-435.
    PMID: 36700919 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00644
    This study aims to synthesize and characterize lignin-decorated zinc oxide nanoparticles before incorporating them into resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) to improve their anticariogenic potential and mechanical properties (shear bond strength and microhardness). Probe sonication was used to synthesize lignin-decorated zinc oxide nanoparticles which were then characterized via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Following characterization, these were incorporated in RMGIC (Gold label, Fuji II LC). Three major groups, experimental group A (EGA), experimental group B (EGB), and control group (CG), were outlined. EGA and EGB were divided into numbered subgroups based on the ascending concentrations of nanoparticles (5, 10, and 15%) of lignin-coated zinc oxide and zinc-oxide, respectively. CG served as a control and comprised cured RMGIC samples without any incorporation. Anticariogenic analysis was conducted on experimental RMGIC samples via disk-diffusion (n = 3) and direct contact test (n = 3) against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Optical density values for days 1, 3, and 5 were recorded via a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. A shear bond strength test was performed using 35 premolars. The adhesive remnant index was used to estimate the site of bond failure. For the Vickers microhardness test (n = 3), 100 g of load at 10 s dwell time was set. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was performed over 28 days to determine the release of zinc from the samples. All tests were analyzed statistically. The anticariogenic potential of EGA and EGB was significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) than that of the control. The shear bond strength test reported the highest value for EGA15 with all groups exhibiting failure at the bracket/RMGIC interface. The microhardness of EGA15 yielded the highest value (p ≤ 0.05). Release kinetics displayed a steady release with EGB15 exhibiting the highest value. The EGA and EGB samples displayed good anticariogenic potential, which was sustained for 28 days without any deleterious effect on the shear bond strength and microhardness.
    Matched MeSH terms: Composite Resins/chemistry; Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry; Resin Cements/chemistry
  13. Fulltext Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral activities of the leaf extracts of Syzygium myrtifolium
    Ahmad MA, Lim YH, Chan YS, Hsu CY, Wu TY, Sit NW
    Acta Pharm, 2022 Jun 01;72(2):317-328.
    PMID: 36651512 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2022-0013
    This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and biological activities of the leaf extracts of Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. (Myrtaceae). The results indicate that the leaf extracts of S. myrtifolium contain various classes of phytochemicals (alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids) and possess antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. Ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and water extracts exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) oxygen radical absorbance capacity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power than the hexane and chloroform extracts. However, all extracts exhibited stronger inhibitory activity against four tested species of yeasts (minimal inhibitory concentration: 0.02-0.31 mg mL-1) than against six tested species of bacteria (minimal inhibitory concentration: 0.16-1.25 mg mL-1). The ethanolic extract offered the highest protection of Vero cells (viability > 70 %) from the cytopathic effect caused by the Chikungunya virus while the ethyl acetate extract showed significant replication inhibitory activity against the virus (p < 0.001) using the replicon-enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethanol/chemistry; Antioxidants/chemistry; Plant Extracts/chemistry
  14. Monitoring OH-PCBs in PCB transport worker's urine as a non-invasive exposure assessment tool
    Haga Y, Suzuki M, Matsumura C, Okuno T, Tsurukawa M, Fujimori K, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018 Jun;25(17):16446-16454.
    PMID: 29656357 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1927-0
    In this study, we analyzed hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in urine of both PCB transport workers and PCB researchers. A method to monitor OH-PCB in urine was developed. Urine was solid-phase extracted with 0.1% ammonia/ methanol (v/v) and glucuronic acid/sulfate conjugates and then decomposed using β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. After alkaline digestion/derivatization, the concentration of OH-PCBs was determined by HRGC/HRMS-SIM. In the first sampling campaign, the worker's OH-PCB levels increased several fold after the PCB waste transportation work, indicating exposure to PCBs. The concentration of OH-PCBs in PCB transport workers' urine (0.55~11 μg/g creatinine (Cre)) was higher than in PCB researchers' urine (
    Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants/chemistry; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/chemistry; Urine/chemistry*
  15. Distribution and sources of lipid compound series in sediment cores of the southern South China Sea
    Tahir NM, Pang SY, Simoneit BR
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015 May;22(10):7557-68.
    PMID: 25752627 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4184-5
    Three short sediment cores from inner continental shelf of the southern South China Sea (5-50 km) off Terengganu were analyzed for lipid contents (i.e., homologous aliphatic compounds and sterols) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concentrations of the total aliphatic hydrocarbons (TAHs) ranged from 0.152 to 6.91 μg/g dry weight. The n-alkane distribution was from nC₁₃ to nC₃₆, with a carbon preference index (CPI₁₃₋₃₅) from 1.08 to 4.28 and a carbon number maximum (Cmax), depending on a sample, at 31 or 18. In addition, a strong odd-to-even carbon number predominance was observed in nC₂₅-nC₃₅ range. The distribution of the n-alkanoic acids and n-alkanols in all samples exhibited an even-to-odd carbon number predominance and ranged from C₁₀ to C₂₆ and from C₁₂ to C₃₄, respectively. The n-alkanols were dominated by the long-chain homologs with Cmax at 22; on the other hand, the n-alkanoic acid distributions showed a predominance of short-chain homologs with a Cmax at 16. The total sterol concentrations ranged from 0.41 to 3.57 μg/g dry weight. Cholesterol was most abundant at the offshore stations, whereas sitosterol was dominant at near-shore station. Pentacyclic triterpenoids such as friedelin and taraxerol α- and β-amyrins, which are known biomarkers for higher plants, were detected at all stations with a dilution trend offshore. In conclusion, the marine sediments off southern Terengganu can still be considered uncontaminated, where the compound sources are biogenic from terrestrial plants superimposed with a marine productivity input.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lipids/chemistry*; Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry*; Geologic Sediments/chemistry*
  16. Biodegradation of chitosan and its effect on metal bioavailability
    Kamari A, Pulford ID, Hargreaves JS
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015 Feb;22(3):1919-30.
    PMID: 25263414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3600-6
    The microbial breakdown of chitosan, a fishery waste-based material, and its derivative cross-linked chitosans, in both non-contaminated and contaminated conditions was investigated in a laboratory incubation study. Biodegradation of chitosan and cross-linked chitosans was affected by the presence of heavy metals. Zn was more pronounced in inhibiting microbial activity than Cu and Pb. It was estimated that a longer period is required to complete the breakdown of the cross-linked chitosans (up to approximately 100 years) than unmodified chitosan (up to approximately 10 years). The influence of biodegradation on the bioavailable fraction of heavy metals was studied concurrently with the biodegradation trial. It was found that the binding behaviour of chitosan for heavy metals was not affected by the biodegradation process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Pollutants/chemistry*; Metals, Heavy/chemistry; Chitosan/chemistry*
  17. The influence of moisture content on the production of odor from food waste using path analysis
    Qamaruz-Zaman N, Abdul-Sukor NS, Ab-Rahman SA, Yaacof N
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2019 May;26(13):13658-13663.
    PMID: 30955198 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04808-9
    Path analysis has been largely used in marketing research but has recently been applied in an environmental management context. This study evaluated the potential of path analysis in identifying the influence of moisture content on odor from decomposing food waste. Food waste with varying moisture content was monitored for odor concentration, microbial population density, oxygen uptake rate, volatile fatty acids, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. These various parameters were later analyzed using SmartPLS 3.0 software to produce the path analysis model using simultaneous equation modeling. Results indicate that odor concentration of food waste was not directly affected by moisture content (not significant, t-statistical 1.46  1.96) and subsequently odor. In order to manage food waste-related odors, it is recommended that the waste be kept at a moisture content lower than 40%. This is especially critical if prolonged storage is unavoidable.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ammonia/chemistry; Fatty Acids, Volatile/chemistry*; Hydrogen Sulfide/chemistry
  18. Impact of stabilizer on the environmental behavior of PVC films reinforced 1,2,4-triazole moiety
    Yousif E, Ahmed DS, Ahmed A, Abdallh M, Yusop RM, Mohammed SA
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2019 Sep;26(25):26381-26388.
    PMID: 31290046 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05784-w
    A new Schiff base containing 1,2,4-triazole ring system (L) was synthesized and confirmed by 1HNMR, FTIR spectroscopy. The chemical modification of PVC with a new Schiff base (L) was synthesized to produce a homogenous blend (PVC-L). A homogenous blend (PVC-L) was added to copper chloride to produce PVC-L-Cu (II). The PVC films had been irradiated with ultraviolet light for a long period and confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and weight loss; the surface morphology was inspected by scanning electron microscopy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Copper/chemistry; Polyvinyl Chloride/chemistry*; Triazoles/chemistry*
  19. Catalytic CO2 gasification of rubber seed shell-derived hydrochar: reactivity and kinetic studies
    Lahijani P, Mohammadi M, Mohamed AR
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2019 Apr;26(12):11767-11780.
    PMID: 30815812 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04613-4
    In this study, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of a biomass was used as a means to improve the physicochemical properties of rubber seed shell (RSS) and enhance its reactivity in the char-CO2 gasification reaction, known as the Boudouard reaction (C + CO2 ↔ 2CO). Hydrochar samples were developed by hydrothermal treatment of RSS, without separating the solid residue from the liquid product, at 433, 473, 513, and 553 K under autogenous pressure. The CO2 gasification reactivity of the developed hydrochars was then investigated at different heating rates (5, 10, 20, and 30 K/min) by the non-isothermal thermogravimetric method. The hydrochars revealed higher reactivity and improved gasification characteristics compared to the untreated biomass, while the hydrochar which was filtered from the liquid slurry showed lower reactivity compared to the untreated biomass. This was due to the chemical and structural evolutions of the biomass during hydrothermal treatment as indicated by various analyses. The gasification reactivity of the hydrochar was substantially enhanced by introduction of a catalyst (NaNO3) during HTC. Kinetic analysis of the char-CO2 gasification reaction was carried out by applying Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), and Starink isoconversional methods, and thermodynamic parameters were also determined. The activation energy of the Na-loaded RSS hydrochar in CO2 gasification (120-154 kJ/mol) was considerably lower than that of the untreated biomass (153-172 kJ/mol). Thermodynamic studies also confirmed the promoting effect of hydrothermal treatment and catalyst impregnation on enhancement of reactivity of the virgin biomass and reduction of gasification temperature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbon/chemistry; Carbon Dioxide/chemistry*; Charcoal/chemistry*
  20. Targeted delivery of paclitaxel drug using polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles for fibrosarcoma therapy: in vitro and in vivo studies
    Al-Obaidy R, Haider AJ, Al-Musawi S, Arsad N
    Sci Rep, 2023 Feb 23;13(1):3180.
    PMID: 36823237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30221-x
    Fibrosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that affects cells known as fibroblasts that are malignant, locally recurring, and spreading tumor in fibrous tissue. In this work, an iron plate immersed in an aqueous solution of double added deionized water, supplemented with potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4) was carried out by the pulsed laser ablation in liquid method (PLAIL). Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were synthesized using different laser wavelengths (1064, 532, and 266 nm) at a fluence of 28 J/cm2 with 100 shots of the iron plate to control the concentration, shape and size of the prepared high-stability SPIONs. The drug nanocarrier was synthesized by coating SPION with paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded chitosan (Cs) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). This nanosystem was functionalized by receptors that target folate (FA). The physiochemical characteristics of SPION@Cs-PTX-PEG-FA nanoparticles were evaluated and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods. Cell internalization, cytotoxicity assay (MTT), apoptosis induction, and gene expression of SPION@Cs-PTX-PEG-FA were estimated in fibrosarcoma cell lines, respectively. In vivo studies used BALB/c tumor-bearing mice. The results showed that SPION@Cs-PTX-PEG-FA exhibited suitable physical stability, spherical shape, desirable size, and charge. SPION@Cs-PTX-PEG-FA inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of cancer cells (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Folic Acid/chemistry; Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry; Paclitaxel/chemistry
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