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Elucidating endotoxin-biomolecule interactions with FRET: extending the frontiers of their supramolecular complexation

Obeng EM, Dullah EC, Razak NSA, Danquah MK, Budiman C, Ongkudon CM

J Biol Methods, 2017;4(2):e71.
PMID: 31453229 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2017.172

Endotoxin has been one of the topical chemical contaminants of major concern to researchers, especially in the field of bioprocessing. This major concern of researchers stems from the fact that the presence of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin in intracellular products is unavoidable and requires complex downstream purification steps. For instance, endotoxin interacts with recombinant proteins, peptides, antibodies and aptamers and these interactions have formed the foundation for most biosensors for endotoxin detection. It has become imperative for researchers to engineer reliable means/techniques to detect, separate and remove endotoxin, without compromising the quality and quantity of the end-product. However, the underlying mechanism involved during endotoxin-biomolecule interaction is still a gray area. The use of quantitative molecular microscopy that provides high resolution of biomolecules is highly promising, hence, may lead to the development of improved endotoxin detection strategies in biomolecule preparation. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy is one of the emerging most powerful tools compatible with most super-resolution techniques for the analysis of molecular interactions. However, the scope of FRET has not been well-exploited in the analysis of endotoxin-biomolecule interaction. This article reviews endotoxin, its pathophysiological consequences and the interaction with biomolecules. Herein, we outline the common potential ways of using FRET to extend the current understanding of endotoxin-biomolecule interaction with the inference that a detailed understanding of the interaction is a prerequisite for the design of strategies for endotoxin identification and removal from protein milieus.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides
Fulltext Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from chicken skin gelatin hydrolysate and its antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Sarbon, N.M., Howell, N.K., Wan Ahmad, W.A.N.

International Food Research Journal, 2019;26(3):903-911.
MyJurnal

Chicken skin gelatin hydrolysates and peptides with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEI) activity were produced enzymatically using alcalase, pronase E, and collagenase before fractionation into

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides
Fulltext Detection of secreted antimicrobial peptides isolated from cell-free culture supernatant of Paenibacillus alvei AN5

Alkotaini B, Anuar N, Kadhum AA, Sani AA

J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 2013 Jun;40(6):571-9.
PMID: 23508455 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1259-5

An antimicrobial substance produced by the Paenibacillus alvei strain AN5 was detected in fermentation broth. Subsequently, cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) was obtained by medium centrifugation and filtration, and its antimicrobial activity was tested. This showed a broad inhibitory spectrum against both Gram-positive and -negative bacterial strains. The CFCS was then purified and subjected to SDS-PAGE and infrared spectroscopy, which indicated the proteinaceous nature of the antimicrobial compound. Some de novo sequencing using an automatic Q-TOF premier system determined the amino acid sequence of the purified antimicrobial peptide as Y-S-K-S-L-P-L-S-V-L-N-P (1,316 Da). The novel peptide was designated as peptide AN5-1. Its mode of action was bactericidal, inducing cell lysis in E. coli ATCC 29522 and S. aureus, and non-cell lysis in both S. marcescens and B. cereus ATCC 14579. Peptide AN5-1 displayed stability at a wide range of pH values (2-12) and remained active after exposure to high temperatures (100 °C). It also maintained its antimicrobial activity after incubation with chemicals such as SDS, urea and EDTA.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides/isolation & purification*; Peptides/pharmacology; Peptides/chemistry
Fulltext Potential of Naturally Derived Alkaloids as Multi-Targeted Therapeutic Agents for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Kong YR, Tay KC, Su YX, Wong CK, Tan WN, Khaw KY

Molecules, 2021 Jan 30;26(3).
PMID: 33573300 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030728

Alkaloids are a class of secondary metabolites that can be derived from plants, fungi and marine sponges. They are widely known as a continuous source of medicine for the management of chronic disease including cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. For example, galanthamine and huperzine A are alkaloid derivatives currently being used for the symptomatic management of neurodegenerative disease. The etiology of neurodegenerative diseases is polygenic and multifactorial including but not limited to inflammation, oxidative stress and protein aggregation. Therefore, natural-product-based alkaloids with polypharmacology modulation properties are potentially useful for further drug development or, to a lesser extent, as nutraceuticals to manage neurodegeneration. This review aims to discuss and summarise recent developments in relation to naturally derived alkaloids for neurodegenerative diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Amyloid beta-Peptides/antagonists & inhibitors; Amyloid beta-Peptides/therapeutic use*; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry
Screening and identification of five peptides from pinto bean with inhibitory activities against α-amylase using phage display technique

Ngoh YY, Lim TS, Gan CY

Enzyme Microb Technol, 2016 Jul;89:76-84.
PMID: 27233130 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.04.001

The objective of this study was to screen and identify α-amylase inhibitor peptides from Pinto bean. Five Pinto bean bioactive peptides were successfully identified: PPHMLP (P1), PLPWGAGF (P3), PPHMGGP (P6), PLPLHMLP (P7) and LSSLEMGSLGALFVCM (P9). Based on ELISA results, their promising optical density values were 1.27; 3.71, 1.67, 3.20 and 1.03, respectively, which indicated the binding interaction between the peptide and α-amylase occurred. The highest inhibitory activity (66.72%) of the chemically synthesized peptide was shown in SyP9 followed by SyP1 (48.86%), SyP3 (31.17%), SyP7 (27.88%) and SyP6 (23.96%). The IC50 values were 1.97, 8.96, 14.63, 18.45 and 20.56mgml(-1), respectively. Structure activity relationship study revealed that α-amylase was inhibited due to its residues of Ala230, Asp229, Asp326, Tyr54, Met195, Leu194 and His233 were bound. On the other hand, the residues of PBBP (i.e. histidine, proline and methionine) were found to have the highest potency in the binding interaction.

Matched MeSH terms: Oligopeptides/genetics; Oligopeptides/pharmacology; Oligopeptides/chemistry; Peptides/genetics; Peptides/pharmacology*; Peptides/chemistry*
New insights into the cholesterol esterase- and lipase-inhibiting potential of bioactive peptides from camel whey hydrolysates: Identification, characterization, and molecular interaction

Baba WN, Mudgil P, Baby B, Vijayan R, Gan CY, Maqsood S

J Dairy Sci, 2021 Jul;104(7):7393-7405.
PMID: 33934858 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19868

Novel antihypercholesterolemic bioactive peptides (BAP) from peptic camel whey protein hydrolysates (CWPH) were generated at different time, temperature, and enzyme concentration (%). Hydrolysates showed higher pancreatic lipase- (PL; except 3 CWPH) and cholesterol esterase (CE)-inhibiting potential, as depicted by lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration values (IC50 values) compared with nonhydrolyzed camel whey proteins (CWP). Peptide sequencing and in silico data depicted that most BAP from CWPH could bind active site of PL, whereas as only 3 peptides could bind the active site of CE. Based on higher number of reactive residues in the BAP and greater number of substrate binding sites, FCCLGPVPP was identified as a potential CE-inhibitory peptide, and PAGNFLPPVAAAPVM, MLPLMLPFTMGY, and LRFPL were identified as PL inhibitors. Molecular docking of selected peptides showed hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions between peptides and target enzymes. Thus, peptides derived from CWPH warrant further investigation as potential candidates for adjunct therapy for hypercholesterolemia.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides
Dysregulation of the orexinergic system: A potential neuropeptide target in depression

Khairuddin S, Aquili L, Heng BC, Hoo TLC, Wong KH, Lim LW

Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2020 11;118:384-396.
PMID: 32768489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.040

Orexins are highly involved in regulating the circadian rhythm, the brain's reward mechanism, and the neuroendocrine response to stress. The disruption of orexin regulation is known to be associated with depression. Preclinical studies in rodents have identified the dorsomedial/perifornical and lateral areas of the hypothalamus as the population of orexinergic neurons that are primarily responsible for mediating depression-induced neuroanatomical changes in the brain. There is still no consensus regarding whether hyperactivity or hypoactivity of orexin signaling is responsible for producing depressive-like behaviour. Likewise, clinical studies indicated a general disruption in orexin signaling in depressive patients, but did not report definitive evidence of either hyperactivity or hypoactivity. Nevertheless, given the various reciprocal connections between orexin neurons and multiple brain regions, it is plausible that this involves a differential signaling network with orexin neurons as the coordination center. Here, an overview of preclinical and clinical evidence is provided as a basis for understanding the consequences of altered orexin signaling on neural circuitries modulating different aspects of the physiopathology of depression.

Matched MeSH terms: Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Anticancer Properties of Asian Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator), Python (Malayopython reticulatus) and Tortoise (Cuora kamaroma amboinensis)

Jeyamogan S, Khan NA, Sagathevan K, Siddiqui R

Anticancer Agents Med Chem, 2020;20(13):1558-1570.
PMID: 32364082 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200504103056

BACKGROUND: Cancer contributes to significant morbidity and mortality despite advances in treatment and supportive care. There is a need for the identification of effective anticancer agents. Reptiles such as tortoise, python, and water monitor lizards are exposed to heavy metals, tolerate high levels of radiation, feed on rotten/germ-infested feed, thrive in unsanitary habitat and yet have prolonged lifespans. Such species are rarely reported to develop cancer, suggesting the presence of anticancer molecules/mechanisms.
METHODS: Here, we tested effects from sera of Asian water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator), python (Malayopython reticulatus) and tortoise (Cuora kamaroma amboinensis) against cancer cells. Sera were collected and cytotoxicity assays were performed using prostate cancer cells (PC3), Henrietta Lacks cervical adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa) and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF7), as well as human keratinized skin cells (Hacat), by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release as an indicator for cell death. Growth inhibition assays were performed to determine the effects on cancer cell proliferation. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was performed for molecular identification.
RESULTS: The findings revealed that reptilian sera, but not bovine serum, abolished viability of Hela, PC3 and MCF7 cells. Samples were subjected to liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, which detected 57 molecules from V. salvator, 81 molecules from Malayopython reticulatus and 33 molecules from C. kamaroma amboinensis and putatively identified 9 molecules from V. salvator, 20 molecules from Malayopython reticulatus and 9 molecules from C. kamaroma amboinensis when matched against METLIN database. Based on peptide amino acid composition, binary profile, dipeptide composition and pseudo-amino acid composition, 123 potential Anticancer Peptides (ACPs) were identified from 883 peptides from V. salvator, 306 potential ACPs from 1074 peptides from Malayopython reticulatus and 235 potential ACPs from 885 peptides from C. kamaroma amboinensis.
CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, for the first time, we reported comprehensive analyses of selected reptiles' sera using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, leading to the identification of potentially novel anticancer agents. We hope that the discovery of molecules from these animals will pave the way for the rational development of new anticancer agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/blood; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/pharmacology*; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/chemistry
A comparative investigation into novel cholesterol esterase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory peptides from cow and camel casein hydrolysates generated upon enzymatic hydrolysis and in-vitro digestion

Mudgil P, Baba WN, Kamal H, FitzGerald RJ, Hassan HM, Ayoub MA, et al.

Food Chem, 2022 Jan 15;367:130661.
PMID: 34348197 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130661

Cow (CwC) and camel casein (CaC) hydrolysates were generated using Alcalase™ (CwCA and CaCA) and Pronase-E (CwCP and CaCP) each for 3 and 6 h, and investigated for their potential to inhibit key lipid digesting enzymes i.e., pancreatic lipase (PL) and cholesteryl esterase (CE). Results revealed stronger PL and CE inhibition by CaC hydrolysates compared to CwC. Potent hydrolysates (CwCP-3 h and CaCA-6 h) upon simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) showed significant improvement in inhibition of both PL and CE. However, both the SGID hydrolysates showed similar extent of PL and CE inhibition and were further sequenced for peptide identification. Peptides MMML, FDML, HLPGRG from CwC and AAGF, MSNYF, FLWPEYGAL from CaC hydrolysates were predicted to be most active PL inhibitory peptides. Peptide LP found in both CwC and CaC hydrolysates was predicted as active CE inhibitor. Thus, CwC and CaC could be potential source of peptides with promising CE and PL inhibitory properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides
Fulltext Chemical and functional properties of bovine and porcine skin gelatin

Raja Mohd Hafidz, R.N., Yaakob, C.M., Amin, I., Noorfaizan, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2011;18(2):813-817.
MyJurnal

The ability to compare bovine and porcine skin gelatin based on their amino acid composition, polypeptides pattern, bloom strength, turbidity and foaming properties were investigated. Amino acid composition of both gelatin showed that the content of glycine, proline and arginine in porcine gelatin were higher than bovine gelatin. However, the polypeptides pattern between both gelatin is closely similar. The bloom strength of porcine gelatin was higher than bovine gelatin from pH 3 to pH 10. Both gelatin possessed highest bloom strength at pH 9. The lowest bloom strength of bovine gelatin was at pH 3 while porcine gelatin at pH 5. The highest turbidity of bovine gelatin obtained at pH 7 while porcine gelatin at pH 9. Foam expansion and foam stability of bovine gelatin were higher than porcine gelatin at all concentrations.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides
Fulltext Enzymatic preparation of palm kernel expeller protein hydrolysate (PKEPH)

Ng, K.L., Mohd Khan, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):721-725.
MyJurnal

Utilization of palm kernel expeller (PKE), a palm oil milling by-product, may be diversified through the exploitation of its protein component. The PKE protein could be effectively extracted using an alkaline
solution and followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to produce PKE protein hydrolysates or crude PKE peptide. The extraction of PKE protein was successfully carried out using an alkaline solution at pH11, at ratio of 1:10 (g/ml), PKE powder to alkaline solution with continuous shaking, 150 rpm, in a water bath operating at 50°C for 30 min. The extracted protein powder (PKEP) had 68.50±3.08% crude protein, 0.54±0.03% fat and 0.73±0.02% ash. The freeze-dried PKEP was re-suspend in particular buffer and hydrolyzed with proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase® 2.4L, Flavourzyme® 500MG, pepsin or trypsin) to obtain PKEP hydrolysate (PKEPH). The effect of enzyme concentration (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10%) and time of hydrolysis (0, 6, 12, 24, 48 h) was studied to determine the most efficient hydrolytic conditions. Results showed that all enzymes tested were capable of hydrolyzing the PKEP and producing hydrolysates with different degree of hydrolysis (DH%). At 8.0% concentration, Alcalase®2.4L hydrolyzed PKEP into the highest DH (75.96%) hydrolysate (PKEPH) after 1h hydrolysis. Although only with 2.0% Alcalase 2.4 L concentration, it was sufficient to produce PKEP hydrolysate of 81.35% DH %, but it required 12 h to hydrolyze the protein. Pepsin was relatively the least efficient protease to hydrolyze the PKEP.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides
Factors affecting molecular self-assembly and its mechanism

Tan, Hueyling

Scientific Research Journal, 2012;9(1):43-61.
MyJurnal

Molecular self-assembly is ubiquitous in nature and has emerged as a new approach to produce new materials in chemistry, engineering, nanotechnology, polymer science and materials. Molecular self-assembly has been attracting increasing interest from the scientific community in recent years due to its importance in understanding biology and a variety of diseases at the molecular level. In the last few years, considerable advances have been made in the use of peptides as building blocks to produce biological materials for wide range of applications, including fabricating novel supra-molecular structures and scaffolding for tissue repair. The study of biological self-assembly systems represents a significant advancement in molecular engineering and is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering field that crosses the boundaries of existing disciplines. Many self-assembling systems are range from bi- and tri-block copolymers to DNA structures as well as simple and complex proteins and peptides. The ultimate goal is to harness molecular self-assembly such that design and control of bottom-up processes is achieved thereby enabling exploitation of structures developed at the meso- and macro-scopic scale for the purposes of life and non-life science applications. Such aspirations can be achieved through understanding the fundamental principles behind the selforganisation and self-synthesis processes exhibited by biological systems.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides
Fulltext Adipose-derived stem cells in tissue engineering: laboratory to bedside

Halim, A.S., Mohaini, M., L, Chin Keong

JUMMEC, 2013;16(2):1-10.
MyJurnal

Human adipose tissue has been recognized as an alternative source of adult stem cells. The abundance and ease of harvest of adipose tissue has made it suitable for use in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Adipose-derived stem cells isolated from human adipose tissue are able to differentiate into several mesenchymal lineages and secrete growth factors that exhibit therapeutic potential. Protein profiles have been established using various isolation methods, which has expanded researchers’ understanding of adipose-derived stem cells in clinical applications. This review highlights the properties, isolation methods, immunophenotype and clinical applications of adipose-derived stem cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Fulltext Isolation, Purification, and Characterization of Five Active Diketopiperazine Derivatives from Endophytic Streptomyces SUK 25 with Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities

Alshaibani M, Zin NM, Jalil J, Sidik N, Ahmad SJ, Kamal N, et al.

J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2017 07 28;27(7):1249-1256.
PMID: 28535606 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1608.08032

In our search for new sources of bioactive secondary metabolites from Streptomyces sp., the ethyl acetate extracts from endophytic Streptomyces SUK 25 afforded five active diketopiperazine (DKP) compounds. The aim of this study was to characterize the bioactive compounds isolated from endophytic Streptomyces SUK 25 and evaluate their bioactivity against multiple drug resistance (MDR) bacteria such as Enterococcus raffinosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp., and their cytotoxic activities against the human hepatoma (HepaRG) cell line. The production of secondary metabolites by this strain was optimized through Thornton's medium. Isolation, purification, and identification of the bioactive compounds were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography, high-resolution mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance, and cryopreserved HepaRG cells were selected to test the cytotoxicity. The results showed that endophytic Streptomyces SUK 25 produces four active DKP compounds and an acetamide derivative, which were elucidated as cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro), cyclo-(L-Leu-L-Pro), cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Pro), cyclo-(L-Val-L-Phe), and N-(7-hydroxy-6-methyl-octyl)-acetamide. These active compounds exhibited activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300 and Enterococcus raffinosus, with low toxicity against human hepatoma HepaRG cells. Endophytic Streptomyces SUK 25 has the ability to produce DKP derivatives biologically active against some MDR bacteria with relatively low toxicity against HepaRG cells line.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides, Cyclic/isolation & purification; Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology; Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
Fulltext Peptidomics dataset: Blood plasma and serum samples of healthy donors fractionated on a set of chromatography sorbents

Arapidi G, Osetrova M, Ivanova O, Butenko I, Saveleva T, Pavlovich P, et al.

Data Brief, 2018 Jun;18:1204-1211.
PMID: 29900295 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.018

Blood as connective tissue potentially contains evidence of all processes occurring within the organism, at least in trace amounts (Petricoin et al., 2006) [1]. Because of their small size, peptides penetrate cell membranes and epithelial barriers more freely than proteins. Among the peptides found in blood, there are both fragments of proteins secreted by various tissues and performing their function in plasma and receptor ligands: hormones, cytokines and mediators of cellular response (Anderson et al., 2002) [2]. In addition, in minor amounts, there are peptide disease markers (for example, oncomarkers) and even foreign peptides related to pathogenic organisms and infection agents. To propose an approach for detailed peptidome characterization, we carried out an LC-MS/MS analysis of blood serum and plasma samples taken from 20 healthy donors on a TripleTOF 5600+ mass-spectrometer. We prepared samples based on our previously developed method of peptide desorption from the surface of abundant blood plasma proteins followed by standard chromatographic steps (Ziganshin et al., 2011) [3]. The mass-spectrometry peptidomics data presented in this article have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium (Deutsch et al., 2017) [4] via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD008141 and 10.6019/PXD008141.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides
Fulltext Genome Sequence of Bacillus sp. Strain UMTAT18 Isolated from the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Found in the Straits of Malacca

Danish-Daniel M, Ming GH, Mohd Noor ME, Sung YY, Usup G

Genome Announc, 2016 Oct 6;4(5).
PMID: 27795265 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.01106-16

Bacillus sp. strain UMTAT18 was isolated from the harmful dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Its genome consists of 5,479,367 bp with 5,546 open reading frames, 102 tRNAs, and 29 rRNAs. Gene clusters for biosynthesis of nonribosomal peptides, bacteriocin, and lantipeptide were identified. It also contains siderophore and genes related to stress tolerance.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides
Fulltext The modified Gompertz model demonstrates a variable growth rate between two Centella asiatica phenotypes

Hussein, S., Halmi, M.I.E., Ling, A.P.K.

Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017;5(1):18-20.
MyJurnal

Centella asiatica, a weakly aromatic plant that flourishes in wet tropical and sub-tropical areas as
a medicinal species since ancient times. It contained important terpenoids that impart important
medicinal values. Currently, studies on the terpenoid content of various Centella asiatica
phenotypes have shown not only variable content but variable growth rates of different
phenotypes that can affect future selection of phenotypes. The use of mathematical growth
modelling can reveal important growth constants and discriminate between faster and slower
growth phenotypes. Two Centella asiatica phenotypes from South Africa is modelled using the
modified Gompertz model and the results showed that the C. asiatica Type-1 exhibited a faster
growth rates and a shorter lag period at 0.152 day-1 and 2.313 day than another phenotype; C.
asiatica Type 2 with a growth rate and a lag period of 0.067 day-1 and 3.363 day, respectively.
The data indicates that different phenotypes of C. asiatica can have different growth rates and
lag period and this can be important for selection of phenotypes to be used as the best bioactive
peptides producer.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides
Fulltext Mechanical and physical properties of gellan gum (GG) biofilm: effect of glycerol

Razali, M.H., Ismail, N.A., Osman, U.M., Amin, K.A.M.

ASM Science Journal, 2018;11(101):158-165.
MyJurnal

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of glycerol concentration on mechanical
and physical properties of gellan gum (GG) biofilm. The biofilm was prepared using solvent
casting method and the effective glycerol concentration was found to be within 30-50%
w/w (based on GG weight). At 60 and 70 w/w% of glycerol, the films started to distort
because the films was flexible and brittle. As glycerol concentration was increased the tensile
strength (TS) and Youngs modulus (E) of films decreased. Somehow, elongation at break
(EAB), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and swelling of films was increased. Glycerol
plasticized GG biofilm was thermally stable and flexible, proposed its can be exploited as
film-forming material and with optimized glycerol concentration it has good mechanical and
physical properties for edible biofilm.

Matched MeSH terms: Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Fulltext The epidermal mucus extract of clarias batrachus inhibits gram negative bacteria growth

Ahmad Zorin Sahalan, Engku Sharmila, Nazahiyah Sulaiman

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(101):83-87.
MyJurnal

Recently, epidermal mucus of fish has been identified as a rich biological source of various bioactive substances, particularly antibacterial peptides. This study was conducted to identify the potential of epidermal mucosa of Clarias batrachus as a source of antibacterial material. Mucosal samples were collected from C. batrachus epidermis and extracted using an aqueous extraction method. Antibacterial activity of the crude epidermal mucus extract was determined by using spectrophotometric method. As a result there was antibacterial activity by the mucus extract against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). The results of this study supports the role of mucus as a part of body immune system with antibacterial peptide as a component of innate body immune system. Hence, these findings can be used as one of the first steps towards the development of new class antibiotics.

Matched MeSH terms: Peptides
Tuning the optical band gap of DH6T by Alq3 dopant

Fahmi Fariq Muhammad, Khaulah Sulaiman

Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40.

Dihexyl-sexithiophene (DH6T) was doped with tris (8-hydroxyquinolinate) aluminum (Alq3) to prepare blends of DH6T/ Alq3 by dissolving the mixture in the chloroform/hexane co-solvent. Solid films with different thickness deposited on quartz substrates were obtained from the blends via casting process. Optical absorption spectroscopy has been performed to measure the optical band gap of pure and doped DH6T as well as variations in the band gap with dopant concentration (weight %). This variation in optical band gap with dopant concentration was determined quantitatively with fitted and extrapolated techniques and observed qualitatively from the red shift appeared along the optical absorption spectra. The results showed that within a specific dopant content, the optical energy gap, Eg of DH6T decreases from 2.69 eV to 1.8 eV with increasing dopant concentration to 23.1%.

Matched MeSH terms: Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

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