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  1. Fulltext Availability of instrument and material in the orthodontic clinic, faculty of dentistry university of malaya- an audit
    Ab Rahman N, Wan Hassan WN
    Ann Dent, 2014;21(1):24-28.
    MyJurnal
    The audit aimed to investigate the availability of
    orthodontic instruments and materials at Faculty of
    Dentistry, University of Malaya. The standard was set as
    100% of instruments and materials should be available
    when required for orthodontic treatment. The form
    comprised of six sections, which listed the commonly
    used instruments and materials involved in the procedures
    of impression taking, fitting and removal of molar bands,
    bonding and debonding of orthodontic brackets and
    activation of orthodontic appliances. The fifth section listed
    the less commonly used instruments and materials and a
    part for the clinician to list down instruments that were
    used but not listed in the form. Whilst the last section is for
    the clinician to list down the instruments or materials that
    were not available when requested. A total of 567 forms
    were completed and it was found that 97.6% instruments
    and 98.6% materials were available. Overall, 22 types of
    instruments were temporary not available with frequency
    mean of 2.1 (Minimum: 1; Maximum: 7) whilst 6 types of
    materials were temporary not available with a frequency
    mean of 2.3 (Minimum: 1; Maximum: 8). In conclusion,
    majority of the instruments and materials required during
    orthodontic clinical sessions were available. The check list
    of frequently used orthodontic instruments and materials
    from this audit could aid inventory and help future
    management of the material and instruments.
  2. Fulltext Non-syndromic familial supernumerary teeth: case report and review of their phenotypic characteristic
    Wan Hassan, W. N., Ab. Rahman, N.
    Ann Dent, 2012;19(1):28-35.
    MyJurnal
    Supernumerary teeth have a genetic predisposition
    with a predilection for males. This article reports an
    uncommon radiological finding in a non-syndromic
    sibling pair who presented with supernumerary teeth
    of different morphologies on opposite and different
    regions of the dental arches. A 14-year-old Chinese
    male presented with a conical supernumerary palatally
    placed between the upper right central and lateral
    incisors. His older brother had unerupted bilateral
    supplemental supernumerary teeth between the roots
    of the lower second premolars and first permanent
    molars. Trends of the phenotypic presentation of
    familial non-syndromic supernumerary cases are
    discussed. Familial supernumerary teeth have been
    suggested to be due to autosomal dominance or
    recessive traits. Variation in the numeral, spatial and
    morphological phenotypic expressions suggests a
    multifactorial model of multiple genetic, epigenetic
    and environmental influences. Clinicians need to be
    mindful of the possible phenotypic variations that may
    present when treating cases with family history of
    dental anomalies.
  3. Cytology of Ki-1-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. A report of two cases
    Jayaram G, Abdul Rahman N
    Acta Cytol., 1997 Jul-Aug;41(4 Suppl):1253-60.
    PMID: 9990253
    Ki-1-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (Ki-1 ALCL), one of the more recently described pleomorphic types of lymphoma, affects mostly children and adolescents and is sometimes mistaken for carcinoma or sarcoma.
  4. Fulltext Effect of mixing period, water and sugar on the sesame cracker dough stickiness
    Tan, S.B., Shamsudin, R., Mohammed, M. A., Rahman, N. A.
    International Food Research Journal, 2016;23(101):249-254.
    MyJurnal
    Sesame Cracker or Kuih Bijan is a popular traditional Malays snack in Malaysia. The simplest
    formulation of Sesame Cracker dough includes glutinous rice flour, sugar, and water. In order
    to reduce the negative effect caused by dough stickiness, the effect of mixing period (3 to 7
    minutes), water (41.6 to 45.6%) and sugar (1 to 9%) on dough stickiness of sesame cracker
    dough were studied using Texture Analyzer and Chen-Hoseney methodologies (i.e. Chen-
    Hoseney Dough Stickiness Cell). The result obtained showing that the increment of mixing
    time, water and sugar addition, increased the dough stickiness, work of adhesion/adhesiveness
    and dough strength/cohesiveness. However, overmixing of dough had led to the decrease of
    these parameters.
  5. Fulltext Melioidosis: a localised osteomyelitis in a cat
    Lim, M.L., Ismail, S.S., Rahman, N., Watanabe, M.
    Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2015;27(1):24-26.
    MyJurnal
    Melioidosis is a zoonotic disease as a result of infection by Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is of significant public health
    concern due to its ubiquitous nature with high morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. In cats, the disease is usually reported
    with abscess formation in lung, liver and spleen, however, isolated articular melioidosis is rare. A 1-year-old, a female Domestic
    Shorthair cat was presented to University Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UVH-UPM) with swollen right elbow and
    non weight bearing lameness of the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed pyrexia, soft tissue swelling and pain upon
    palpation of the right elbow joint. Radiographs of the right forelimb revealed osteolysis at the distal third of the humerus and
    proximal radius and ulna, cortical thinning at the olecranon and soft tissue swelling around the elbow joint. Bacterial culture of the
    joint fluid revealed positive growth for Burkholderia pseudomallei. Unfortunately, the owner opted to euthanise the cat citing
    personal reasons. Upon necropsy, there was presence of multiple caseous nodules within the right elbow joint cavity only and none
    of the other limbs, lung, spleen and liver was affected. It is important for veterinarian to be aware of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis
    form of melioidosis.
  6. Fulltext Preparation and thermal properties of Cellulose Acetate/ Polystyrene blend nanofibers via electrospinning technique
    Rosdi, N.H., Mohd Kanafi, N., Abdul Rahman, N.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2018;26(3):979-990.
    MyJurnal
    Cellulose acetate (CA) is an interesting material due to its wide spectrum of utilities across different domains ranging from absorbent to membrane filters. In this study, polystyrene (PS) nanofibres, and cellulose acetate/polystyrene (CA/PS) blend nanofibres with various ratios of CA: PS from 20: 80 to 80: 20 were fabricated by using electrospinning technique. The SEM images show that the nanofibres exhibited non-uniform and random orientation with the average fibre diameter in the range of 100 to 800 nm. It was found that the incorporation of PS had a great effect on the morphology of nanofibre. At high proportion of PS, no or less beaded CA/PS nanofibres were formed. Thermal properties of the composite nanofibres were investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The TGA results showed thermal stability of CA/PS nanofibres were higher than pristine CA.
  7. Fulltext Evaluation of the sensitivity in vitro of Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo of Plasmodium chabaudi Malaria to various drugs and their combinations
    Rahman NNNA
    Med J Malaysia, 1997 Dec;52(4):390-8.
    PMID: 10968116
    K1 strain of Plasmdoium falciparum is resistant in vitro to chloroquine, pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine. Response of this strain to combinations of antimalarial drugs in the in vitro hypoxanthine incorporation test was coupled with that of a line of strain NF54 relatively sensitive to chloroquine and fully sensitive to other antimalarials. Pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine showed potentiative synergism against NF54 and less marked against K1. Erythromycin and chloroquine showed potentiation, but less marked against NF54. Quinine and clindamycin had an additive effect against NF54 but potentiated against K1. Combinations of chloroquine with quinine or amodiaquine or of amodiaquine with clindamycin or erythromycin showed mild antagonistic or additive effects. In vivo studies in mice, using the 4-day suppressive test, the AS(3CQ) clone of Plasmodium chabaudi was resistant to pyrimethamine and chloroquine but sensitive to sulfadoxine. Similar combinations as above were carried out and their responses were compared between the resistant and sensitive strains. For both strains, the combinations of chloroquine-erythromycin, pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine, quinine-clindamycin showed potentiation; antagonistic effects were observed in chloroquine-amodiaquine combinations whereas when amodiaquine combined with erythromycin the effect was additive. Amodiaquine-clindamycin and chloroquine-quinine combinations have an antagonistic effect against the sensitive strain but additive against the resistant strain.
  8. Fulltext Congenital biliary anomaly with secondary cholangiohepatitis in a Siamese cross kitten
    Yiew, X.T., Leong, Z.P., Rahman, N., Watanabe, M., Noordin, M.M., Khor, K.H.
    Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2016;28(1):7-11.
    MyJurnal
    A 5-month-old Siamese cross kitten was presented with jaundice and a palpable abdominal mass at the right cranial quadrant. The extra-hepatic biliary system was markedly distended upon abdominal ultrasonography. Complete bile duct obstruction was ruled out due to the presence of urobilinogen, light brown stool, and consistentlynormal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. Head tremors developed on the second day of hospitalization. Tentative diagnoses of congenital biliary anomaly and hepatic encephalopathy werederived and exploratory laparotomy revealed a severely distended and tortuous bile duct indistinguishable from the gallbladder with negative duodenal filling. Modified cholechoduodenostomy was performed however the kitten did not recover from general anaesthesia. Secondary cholangiohepatitis and hepatic encephalopathy were confirmed upon histopathologic examination.Primary congenital biliary atresia or choledochal cyst with secondary cholangiohepatitis was suspected. Biliary anomalies are rare in cats with only two cases reported in the literature. These conditions are often challenging to diagnose and due to the limited treatment options, have a poor prognosis.
  9. Enzymatic synthesis of farnesyl laurate in organic solvent: initial water activity, kinetics mechanism, optimization of continuous operation using packed bed reactor and mass transfer studies
    Rahman NK, Kamaruddin AH, Uzir MH
    Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2011 Aug;34(6):687-99.
    PMID: 21327986 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0518-y
    The influence of water activity and water content was investigated with farnesyl laurate synthesis catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM. Lipozyme RM IM activity depended strongly on initial water activity value. The best results were achieved for a reaction medium with an initial water activity of 0.11 since it gives the best conversion value of 96.80%. The rate constants obtained in the kinetics study using Ping-Pong-Bi-Bi and Ordered-Bi-Bi mechanisms with dead-end complex inhibition of lauric acid were compared. The corresponding parameters were found to obey the Ordered-Bi-Bi mechanism with dead-end complex inhibition of lauric acid. Kinetic parameters were calculated based on this model as follows: V (max) = 5.80 mmol l(-1) min(-1) g enzyme(-1), K (m,A) = 0.70 mmol l(-1) g enzyme(-1), K (m,B) = 115.48 mmol l(-1) g enzyme(-1), K (i) = 11.25 mmol l(-1) g enzyme(-1). The optimum conditions for the esterification of farnesol with lauric acid in a continuous packed bed reactor were found as the following: 18.18 cm packed bed height and 0.9 ml/min substrate flow rate. The optimum molar conversion of lauric acid to farnesyl laurate was 98.07 ± 0.82%. The effect of mass transfer in the packed bed reactor has also been studied using two models for cases of reaction limited and mass transfer limited. A very good agreement between the mass transfer limited model and the experimental data obtained indicating that the esterification in a packed bed reactor was mass transfer limited.
  10. Fulltext Antibiotic prescribing in public and private practice: a cross-sectional study in primary care clinics in Malaysia
    Ab Rahman N, Teng CL, Sivasampu S
    BMC Infect Dis, 2016 05 17;16:208.
    PMID: 27188538 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1530-2
    BACKGROUND: Antibiotic overuse is driving the emergence of antibiotic resistance worldwide. Good data on prescribing behaviours of healthcare providers are needed to support antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. This study examined the differences in antibiotic prescribing rates of public and private primary care clinics in Malaysia.

    METHODS: We used data from the National Medical Care Survey (NMCS), a nationwide cluster sample of Malaysian public and private primary care clinics in 2014. NMCS contained demographic, diagnoses and prescribing from 129 public clinics and 416 private clinics. We identified all encounters who were prescribed antibiotic and analyse the prescribing rate, types of antibiotics, and diagnoses that resulted in antibiotic.

    RESULTS: Five thousand eight hundred ten encounters were prescribed antibiotics; antibiotic prescribing rate was 21.1 % (public clinics 6.8 %, private clinics 30.8 %). Antibiotic prescribing was higher in private clinics where they contributed almost 87 % of antibiotics prescribed in primary care. Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was the most frequent diagnosis in patients receiving antibiotic therapy and accounted for 49.2 % of prescriptions. Of the patients diagnosed with URTI, 46.2 % received antibiotic treatment (public 16.8 %, private 57.7 %). Penicillins, cephalosporins and macrolides were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics and accounted for 30.7, 23.6 and 16.0 % of all antibiotics, respectively. More recently available broad-spectrum antibiotics such as azithromycin and quinolones were more frequently prescribed in private clinics.

    CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prescribing rates are high in both public and private primary care settings in Malaysia, especially in the latter. This study provides evidence of excessive and inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for self-limiting conditions. These data highlights the needs for more concerted interventions targeting both prescribers and public. Improvement strategies should focus on reducing inappropriate prescribing.
  11. Fulltext A survey on retention practice among orthodontists in Malaysia
    Ab Rahman N, Low TF, Idris NS
    Korean J Orthod, 2016 Jan;46(1):36-41.
    PMID: 26877981 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2016.46.1.36
    The aim of this study was to evaluate retention practices commonly employed by orthodontists. The objectives were to identify the types of retainer frequently used and to investigate the variations in retention practice.
  12. Antimalarial activity of extracts of Malaysian medicinal plants
    Najib Nik A Rahman N, Furuta T, Kojima S, Takane K, Ali Mohd M
    J Ethnopharmacol, 1999 Mar;64(3):249-54.
    PMID: 10363840
    In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that Malaysian medicinal plants, Piper sarmentosum, Andrographis paniculata and Tinospora crispa produced considerable antimalarial effects. Chloroform extract in vitro did show better effect than the methanol extract. The chloroform extract showed complete parasite growth inhibition as low as 0.05 mg/ml drug dose within 24 h incubation period (Andrographis paniculata) as compared to methanol extract of drug dose of 2.5 mg/ml but under incubation time of 48 h of the same plant spesies. In vivo activity of Andrographis paniculata also demonstrated higher antimalarial effect than other two plant species.
  13. The accumulation and distribution of trace metals in some localized marine species
    Yusof AM, Rahman NA, Wood AK
    Biol Trace Elem Res, 1994;43-45:239-49.
    PMID: 7710833
    Trace elements, such as As, Co, Cr, Hg, Sb, and Zn, were determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA), whereas Cd, Cu, and Pb were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) in clam, crab, prawn, swamp cerith, and mussel samples after digestion by microwave heating under controlled conditions before eluting the solutions through a column of a chelating resin, Chelex-100. The standard used in the determination of percentage volatile elements retained by microwave digestion and also in the activation process was Lobster Hepatopancreas TORT-1, whereas known mixed standards were prepared from nitrate salts to determine the efficiency of the separation procedure at a controlled pH. Mercury and lead detected in crabs exceeded the maximum permissible level. Some species also showed a high affinity toward certain elements, and their levels of accumulation in the tissues of these species corresponded with the concentration of these elements in sediments, especially at sites in the vicinity of an industrial zone.
  14. Fulltext Effective Removal of Pb(II) Ions by Electrospun PAN/Sago Lignin-based Activated Carbon Nanofibers
    Nordin NA, Abdul Rahman N, Abdullah AH
    Molecules, 2020 Jul 06;25(13).
    PMID: 32640766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133081
    Heavy metal pollution, such as lead, can cause contamination of water resources and harm human life. Many techniques have been explored and utilized to overcome this problem, with adsorption technology being the most common strategies for water treatment. In this study, carbon nanofibers, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/sago lignin (SL) carbon nanofibers (PAN/SL CNF) and PAN/SL activated carbon nanofibers (PAN/SL ACNF), with a diameter approximately 300 nm, were produced by electrospinning blends of polyacrylonitrile and sago lignin followed by thermal and acid treatments and used as adsorbents for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The incorporation of biodegradable and renewable SL in PAN/SL blends fibers produces the CNF with a smaller diameter than PAN only but preserves the structure of CNF. The adsorption of Pb(II) ions on PAN/SL ACNF was three times higher than that of PAN/SL CNF. The enhanced removal was due to the nitric acid treatment that resulted in the formation of surface oxygenated functional groups that promoted the Pb(II) ions adsorption. The best-suited adsorption conditions that gave the highest percentage removal of 67%, with an adsorption capacity of 524 mg/g, were 40 mg of adsorbent dosage, 125 ppm of Pb(II) solution, pH 5, and a contact time of 240 min. The adsorption data fitted the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models, indicating that the adsorption is a monolayer, and is governed by the availability of the adsorption sites. With the adsorption capacity of 588 mg/g, determined via the Langmuir isotherm model, the study demonstrated the potential of PAN/SL ACNFs as the adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution.
  15. Application of the linear interaction energy method (LIE) to estimate the binding free energy values of Escherichia coli wild-type and mutant arginine repressor C-terminal domain (ArgRc)-l-arginine and ArgRc-l-citrulline protein-ligand complexes
    Asi AM, Rahman NA, Merican AF
    J Mol Graph Model, 2004 Mar;22(4):249-62.
    PMID: 15177077
    Protein-ligand binding free energy values of wild-type and mutant C-terminal domain of Escherichia coli arginine repressor (ArgRc) protein systems bound to L-arginine or L-citrulline molecules were calculated using the linear interaction energy (LIE) method by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The binding behaviour predicted by the dissociation constant (K(d)) calculations from the binding free energy values showed preferences for binding of L-arginine to the wild-type ArgRc but not to the mutant ArgRc(D128N). On the other hand, L-citrulline do not favour binding to wild-type ArgRc but prefer binding to mutant ArgRc(D128N). The dissociation constant for the wild-type ArgRc-L-arginine complex obtained in this study is in agreement with reported experimental results. Our results also support the experimental data for the binding of L-citrulline to the mutant ArgRc(D128N). These showed that LIE method for protein-ligand binding free energy calculation could be applied to the wild-type and the mutant E. coli ArgRc-L-arginine and ArgRc-L-citrulline protein-ligand complexes and possibly to other transcriptional repressor-co-repressor systems as well.
  16. Combination of hysteroscopic resection of endomyometrium with insertion of Mirena: An alternative treatment for adenomyosis
    Mohd Zahid AZ, Abdul Rahman N, Ahmad ZA
    Med J Malaysia, 2021 07;76(4):585-587.
    PMID: 34305125
    Adenomyosis is a common gynaecological condition encountered in clinical practice. Treatment of adenomyosis can present a great challenge to gynaecologists as women often become resistant to hormonal treatment eventually needing surgical intervention. Hysterectomy has long been the definitive treatment for adenomyosis. However, with women currently being diagnosed at an earlier age and still have not completed their family, there is an increasing demand for effective intervention with uterine conservation. We report here two cases of patients who had undergone a combination of hysteroscopic resection of the endomyometrium combined with Mirena insertion with successful outcome.
  17. Fulltext Dielectrophoresis for Biomedical Sciences Applications: A Review
    Abd Rahman N, Ibrahim F, Yafouz B
    Sensors (Basel), 2017 Feb 24;17(3).
    PMID: 28245552 DOI: 10.3390/s17030449
    Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a label-free, accurate, fast, low-cost diagnostic technique that uses the principles of polarization and the motion of bioparticles in applied electric fields. This technique has been proven to be beneficial in various fields, including environmental research, polymer research, biosensors, microfluidics, medicine and diagnostics. Biomedical science research is one of the major research areas that could potentially benefit from DEP technology for diverse applications. Nevertheless, many medical science research investigations have yet to benefit from the possibilities offered by DEP. This paper critically reviews the fundamentals, recent progress, current challenges, future directions and potential applications of research investigations in the medical sciences utilizing DEP technique. This review will also act as a guide and reference for medical researchers and scientists to explore and utilize the DEP technique in their research fields.
  18. Study on the physical and chemical composition of agro wastes for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
    Shamsul NS, Kamarudin SK, Rahman NA
    Bioresour Technol, 2018 Jan;247:821-828.
    PMID: 30060418 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.140
    Treated sludge, goat manure, sugarcane bagasse, empty fruit bunches of oil palm (EFBP) and dry leaves are agro wastes that have high potential for use as feedstocks for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The focus of this study is to investigate the production of 5-HMF from agro wastes via co-hydrothermal (CHT) treatment and extraction. Present study include examine on agro waste's physical and chemical properties and also their thermal degradation behaviour. The analysis of the bio-oil products is conducted by FTIR and GC-MS. Co-hydrothermal experiments were conducted at a temperature of 300°C with an experimental time of 15min, followed by alcohol extraction. Highest carbon and hydrogen content are 45.94% and 6.49% (dry leaves) with maximum high heating value 18.39MJ/kg (dry leaves) and fix carbon value 6.60 (goat manure). Through CHT about 39% 5-HMF, 22.97% carboxylic acids, 0.97% of aromatic and 0.73% aldehyde obtained.
  19. Fulltext Mandibular arch orthodontic treatment stability using passive self-ligating and conventional systems in adults: A randomized controlled trial
    Ab Rahman N, Wey MC, Othman SA
    Korean J Orthod, 2017 Jan;47(1):11-20.
    PMID: 28127535 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2017.47.1.11
    OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare the stability of mandibular arch orthodontic treatment outcomes between passive self-ligating and conventional systems during 6 months of retention.

    METHODS: Fortyseven orthodontic patients with mild to moderate crowding malocclusions not requiring extraction were recruited based on inclusion criteria. Patients (mean age 21.58 ± 2.94 years) were randomized into two groups to receive either passive self-ligating (Damon® 3MX, n = 23) or conventional system (Gemini MBT, n = 24) orthodontic treatment. Direct measurements of the final sample comprising 20 study models per group were performed using a digital caliper at the debonding stage, and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after debonding. Paired t-test, independent t-test, and non-parametric test were used for statistical analysis.

    RESULTS: A significant increase (p < 0.01) in incisor irregularity was observed in both self-ligating and conventional system groups. A significant reduction (p < 0.01) in second interpremolar width was observed in both groups. Mandibular arch length decreased significantly (p = 0.001) in the conventional system group but not in the self-ligating system group. A similar pattern of stability was observed for intercanine width, first interpremolar width, intermolar width, and arch depth throughout the 6-month retention period after debonding. Comparison of incisor irregularity and arch dimension changes between self-ligating system and conventional system groups during the 6 months were non-significant.

    CONCLUSIONS: The stability of treatment outcomes for mild to moderate crowding malocclusions was similar between the self-ligating system and conventional system during the first 6 months of retention.

  20. Fulltext Job satisfaction of public and private primary care physicians in Malaysia: analysis of findings from QUALICO-PC
    Ab Rahman N, Husin M, Dahian K, Mohamad Noh K, Atun R, Sivasampu S
    Hum Resour Health, 2019 11 04;17(1):82.
    PMID: 31684972 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-019-0410-4
    BACKGROUND: Job satisfaction of doctors is an important factor determining quality and performance of a health system. The aim of this study was to assess job satisfaction among doctors of the public and private primary care clinics in Malaysia and evaluate factors that could influence the job satisfaction rating.

    METHODS: This study was part of the Quality and Costs of Primary Care (QUALICOPC) Malaysia, a cross-sectional survey conducted between August 2015 and June 2016 in Malaysia. Data was collected from doctors recruited from public and private primary care clinics using a standardised questionnaire. Comparisons were made between doctors working in public and private clinics, and logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors influencing the likelihood of job satisfaction outcomes.

    RESULTS: A total of 221 doctors from the public and 239 doctors from the private sector completed the questionnaire. Compared to private doctors, a higher proportion of public doctors felt they were being overloaded with the administrative task (59.7% vs 36.0%) and part of the work does not make sense (33.9% vs 18.4%). Only 62.9% of public doctors felt that there was a good balance between effort and reward while a significantly higher proportion (85.8%) of private doctors reported the same. Over 80% of doctors in both sectors indicated continued interest in their job and agreed that being a doctor is a well-respected job. Logistic regression analysis showed public-private sector and practice location (urban-rural) to be significantly associated with work satisfaction outcomes.

    CONCLUSION: A higher proportion of public doctors experienced pressure from administrative tasks and felt that part of their work does not make sense than their colleague in the private sector. At the same time, the majority of private doctors reported positive outcome on effort-and-reward balance compared to only one third of public doctors. The finding suggests that decreasing administrative workload and enhancing work-based supports might be the most effective ways to improve job satisfaction of primary care doctors because these are some of the main aspects of the job that doctors, especially in public clinics, are most unhappy with.

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