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  1. Fulltext Great Teacher Creates Effective Learning Environment: A Study through IIUM Nursing Students’ Eyes
    Mohd Said, N., Rogayah, A., Hafizah, A.
    Medicine & Health, 2008;3(2):274-279.
    MyJurnal
    Learning environment in the universities plays an important role in producing highly competent graduates especially in nursing profession. Thus, the most important as-pects are the teaching activities and as well as student – teacher interaction in daily environment in the university. To investigate the International Islamic University Malay-
    sia (IIUM) nursing students experience towards their teachers and to identify the rela-tionship between teaching and students learning perception in their learning environ-ment. This study used quantitative method and utilized two out of five subscales in Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measurement (DREEM). The subscales used
    were students’ perception of learning (SPoL) , students’ perception of teacher (SPoT)
    and total items in these both subscales are 12 and 11 items, respectively. The ques-tionnaire results revealed that IIUM nursing students scored 28.54/48.00 in (SPoL) and
    28.13/44.00 in (SPoT). Both findings showed  the IIUM nursing students’ experience their teachers and the learning environment are moving in towards positive directions. The regression finding was 51% of the total variation in students’ perception of teacher score was explained by students’ perception of learning. Although the overall sub-scales (SPoL) score in the current study falls in the category of a more positive per-ception, 2 out of 12 items were poorly scored by the IIUM nursing students. The re-searcher strongly agrees that listening to  the expression of students is an important consideration for an educational institution. The overall mean score for (SPoT) showed that the students perceived their teachers as moving in the right direction. In this pre-sent IIUM study, one item showed a mean score of less then 2.00. As a result, these two subscales most probably should reflect the same outcome such as in their aca-demic performance and experience greatly during their student life on campus. The arising issues from this DREEM study at IIUM embrace the need for the creation of supportive environment as well as designing and implementing interventions to remedy unsatisfactorily elements of the learning environment for more effective and successful teaching and learning to be realised.
  2. Fulltext Assessing and exploring the competency of prehospital emergency medical service personnel in Klang Valley, Malaysia: a mixed method approach
    Mohd Said N, Sukonthasarn A, Wangsrikhun S, Chanpransit C
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2014;13(2):7-20.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: The notion of competency in pre-hospital emergency medical service (EMS) personnel is mainly focused on the professional proficiency that he/she has to provide intervention outside of hospital setting. Consequently, the effectiveness of pre-hospital EMS performance very much depends upon the capability of the personnel at the scene and as well during transport to the definitive care center. The aim of this study is to appraise and explore the competency of pre-hospital care staff and provide strategies for improvement.

    Methods: A mixed method approach combining the qualitative and quantitative study design. Of 134 staffs only 111(82.84%) returned the questionnaire. Nine semi-structured interviews and two focus group discussions were performed. The main informants were nurses/assistant medical officers, nurse/assistant medical officer administrators, and emergency physicians.

    Results: From the quantitative finding on the competency of staff handling pre-hospital EMS, all had the essential knowledge and skills. However, most of them reported not having good knowledge and skills for invasive procedures (31%-61%), include giving medications (61%-66%). The qualitative information provided insight about the issues and strategies for the personnel in regards to competency. All the relevant qualitative data were merged into 5 categories relating issues and 5 categories to strategies that could affect the competency of the personnel.

    Conclusion: Pre-hospital EMS systems need to consider that the competency of pre-hospital EMS personnel has to come along with the responsible attitude of the staff itself, the support of medical direction, clear protocol for guiding them whenever needed, and continuous professional-development courses require them to maintain their professional proficiency.
  3. Fracture risk prediction in post-menopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis: preliminary findings
    Nik Mohd Hatta NNK, Lokman M, Said N M, Daud A, Ibrahim M, Sharifudin MA, et al.
    Enferm Clin, 2018 Feb;28 Suppl 1:232-235.
    PMID: 29650194 DOI: 10.1016/S1130-8621(18)30074-3
    OBJECTIVE: The study aims to identify the risk of obtaining a fracture among post-menopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis.

    METHOD: This work was a cross-sectional study involving a purposive sample of 87 post-menopausal women who attended the orthopedic and menopause clinics of Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan. The data were entered into the WHO fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX®) to predict major fracture and risk for hip fracture in 10 years' time.

    RESULTS: The mean age of the respondents was 61.6 years (SD=7.9). Among the respondents, 50.6% had osteopenia and nearly half (48.3%) had osteoporosis. The mean number of menopausal years of the respondents was 11.9 (SD=8.5), ranging between 1 and 44 years. The FRAX findings indicated 9.7% major osteoporotic fracture probability and 3.5% hip fracture probability, which were denoted as high risk. A Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to assess the relationship between menopausal years and the FRAX major osteoporotic fracture probability. A significant positive correlation was found between the two, but the correlation was weak (r=0.581, n=87, p < 0.001).

    CONCLUSIONS: The present findings indicate that menopausal years have a positive correlation with the risk of obtaining a fracture.

    Study site: orthopedic and menopause clinics of Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan.
  4. The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the physical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties of chicken skin gelatin/tapioca starch composite films in food packaging
    Lee SW, Said NS, Sarbon NM
    J Food Sci Technol, 2021 Nov;58(11):4294-4302.
    PMID: 34538912 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04904-6
    The aim of this study was to characterize chicken skin gelatin/tapioca starch composite films with varying concentrations (0-5%) of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the casting technique. The incorporation of 5% zinc oxide nanoparticles increased the water vapor permeation (1.52-1.93 × 10-7 gmm/cm2hPa) and melting temperature of the films. The tensile strength (22.96-50.43 MPa) was increased, while elongation at break decreased with increasing concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The structures of the films were also investigated via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The inhibitory zones for both the gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) (16-20 mm) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) (15-20 mm) bacteria were larger in the film with 5% zinc oxide. Overall, chicken skin gelatin-tapioca starch composite films with 3% zinc oxide nanoparticles were found to have the optimal formulation, demonstrating good physical, mechanical and antibacterial properties. Gelatin-based composite films with nanoparticle incorporation show strong potential for use in biodegradable food packaging materials.
  5. Fulltext Effective triaging in Putrajaya health clinic
    Mohd Said N, Othman J, Hairi F
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2002;2(2):58-62.
    MyJurnal
    Malaysia's healthcare delivery system in Vision 2020 will be recognized as one of the world’s best. Putrajaya Health Clinic is our first paperless health clinic in Malaysia that incorporates the Health Information System (HIS). This system cuts across programmes and sections in the operational work process in the clinic with the ultimate aim of achieving a paperless status. This clinic provides a comprehensive health care service at the point of contact and focuses on wellness, clientfriendly, seamless and borderless care with e]§‘icient use of resources and towards high a quality of service. This health clinic which seesthe majority of the attendance being well persons, through the immunization programme, antenatal, postnatal, family planning, school health, and well clinics for child and adult, will continue to extend and further expand its services to include geriatric, ill mental, occupational and rehabilitative care. The e-government within Putrajaya will facilitate the use of an
    appointment system, which can be done through e—mail, fax, telephone or walk-in. Information and
    communication technology will also facilitate the promotion of health education for individuals and communities. To facilitate efective streaming or screening of clients/attendees, a simple triage system is introduced. Prompt, short and accurate is the rule for triaging, thus providing timely and ejfective care. New information and communication technologies will allow healthcare providers to adopt a more virtual, more integrated and more distributed approach in the delivery of health services. It was documented that the average contact time at the triage counter in Putrajaya Health Clinic was 1.16 minutes, i.e. the shortest among other services provided here.
  6. The correlation of EMT and p53 immunohistochemical markers with cisplatin resistance in muscle invasive bladder cancer patients: A single-centred study
    Paramanantham Y, B M Said NA, Mun KS
    Malays J Pathol, 2023 Apr;45(1):19-29.
    PMID: 37119243
    INTRODUCTION: Although epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and p53 have been established to play a pivotal role in the aggressiveness of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), its pathological correlation to cisplatin treatment in the Malaysian patient cohort is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the association of EMT markers, e-cadherin, vimentin and actin, as well as tumour suppressor gene, p53, in cisplatin-receiving MIBC patients.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Formalin-fixed paraffinembedded (FFPE) blocks of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy between January 2010 to December 2020 were traced. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed on traced blocks using antibodies to e-cadherin, vimentin and actin, and p53.

    RESULTS: p53 and e-cadherin were stained positive in most cases (p=0.515 and 0.242 respectively), although e-cadherin showed stronger positive expression in pre-cisplatin receiving MIBC cases. All the cases stained negative for actin and vimentin except for faint staining observed in one pre-cisplatin case.

    CONCLUSION: Although this study does not show a significant correlation between EMT markers and p53 with cisplatin-responsiveness in MIBC patients, the results serve as preliminary findings on the heterogeneous outcomes of molecular staining in the Malaysian MIBC patient cohort.

  7. Fulltext A study of learning environments in the kulliyyah (faculty) of nursing, international islamic university malaysia
    Mohd Said N, Rogayah J, Hafizah A
    Malays J Med Sci, 2009 Oct;16(4):15-24.
    PMID: 22135508 MyJurnal
    In a nursing programme, the main objective is to produce nursing graduates who can provide comprehensive care and treatment to the community. A good approach to the systematic design of a learning environment can lead to positive outcomes for graduates. The learning environment is more than student-teacher interaction, teaching and learning activities. Good physical structures and facilities provided by the university are important, too. Furthermore, the university must also be concerned about meeting students' psychosocial and emotional needs. The aim of this study is to measure the learning environment by administering the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire to students across the four years of the Bachelor of Nursing programme at the Faculty of Nursing, IIUM, and to identify areas for change that may contribute to a more meaningful student learning experience.
  8. Fulltext The Combination of Sonography and Physical Examination Improves the Patency and Suitability of Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula in Vascular Access
    Mat Said N, Musa KI, Mohamed Daud MA, Haron J
    Malays J Med Sci, 2016 Jul;23(4):26-32.
    PMID: 27660542 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2016.23.4.4
    We compared the patency and the suitability of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) created for vascular access by two approaches: (a) physical examination with preoperative vascular mapping and (b) physical examination alone.
  9. Fabrication and characterization of dual-layer hollow fibre membranes incorporating poly(citric acid)-grafted GO with enhanced antifouling properties for water treatment
    Said N, Lau WJ, Zainol Abidin MN, Mansourizadeh A, Ismail AF
    Environ Technol, 2023 Apr 09.
    PMID: 36976335 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2197127
    Membrane fouling during the filtration process is a perennial issue and could lead to reduced separation efficiency. In this work, poly(citric acid)-grafted graphene oxide (PGO) was incorporated into a matrix of single-layer hollow fibre (SLHF) and dual-layer hollow fibrr (DLHF) membranes, respectively, aiming to improve membrane antifouling properties during water treatment. Different loadings of PGO ranging from 0 to 1 wt% were first introduced into the SLHF to identify the best PGO loading for the DLHF preparation with its outer layer modified by nanomaterials. The findings showed that at the optimized PGO loading of 0.7 wt%, the resultant SLHF membrane could achieve higher water permeability and bovine serum albumin rejection compared to the neat SLHF membrane. This is due to the improved surface hydrophilicity and increased structural porosity upon incorporation of optimized PGO loading. When 0.7 wt% PGO was introduced only to the outer layer of DLHF, the cross-sectional matrix of the membrane was altered, forming microvoids and spongy-like structures (more porous). Nevertheless, the BSA rejection of the membrane was improved to 97.7% owing to an inner selectivity layer produced from a different dope solution (without the PGO). The DLHF membrane also demonstrated significantly higher antifouling properties than the neat SLHF membrane. Its flux recovery rate is 85%, i.e. 37% better than that of a neat membrane. By incorporating hydrophilic PGO into the membrane, the interaction of the hydrophobic foulants with the membrane surface is greatly reduced.
  10. Fulltext Seagrass habitat suitability model for Redang Marine Park using multibeam echosounder data: Testing different spatial resolutions and analysis window sizes
    Muhamad MAH, Che Hasan R, Md Said N, Ooi JL
    PLoS One, 2021;16(9):e0257761.
    PMID: 34555110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257761
    Integrating Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) data (bathymetry and backscatter) and underwater video technology allows scientists to study marine habitats. However, use of such data in modeling suitable seagrass habitats in Malaysian coastal waters is still limited. This study tested multiple spatial resolutions (1 and 50 m) and analysis window sizes (3 × 3, 9 × 9, and 21 × 21 cells) probably suitable for seagrass-habitat relationships in Redang Marine Park, Terengganu, Malaysia. A maximum entropy algorithm was applied, using 12 bathymetric and backscatter predictors to develop a total of 6 seagrass habitat suitability models. The results indicated that both fine and coarse spatial resolution datasets could produce models with high accuracy (>90%). However, the models derived from the coarser resolution dataset displayed inconsistent habitat suitability maps for different analysis window sizes. In contrast, habitat models derived from the fine resolution dataset exhibited similar habitat distribution patterns for three different analysis window sizes. Bathymetry was found to be the most influential predictor in all the models. The backscatter predictors, such as angular range analysis inversion parameters (characterization and grain size), gray-level co-occurrence texture predictors, and backscatter intensity levels, were more important for coarse resolution models. Areas of highest habitat suitability for seagrass were predicted to be in shallower (<20 m) waters and scattered between fringing reefs (east to south). Some fragmented, highly suitable habitats were also identified in the shallower (<20 m) areas in the northwest of the prediction models and scattered between fringing reefs. This study highlighted the importance of investigating the suitable spatial resolution and analysis window size of predictors from MBES for modeling suitable seagrass habitats. The findings provide important insight on the use of remote acoustic sonar data to study and map seagrass distribution in Malaysia coastal water.
  11. Fulltext A Review of Commercial Developments and Recent Laboratory Research of Dialyzers and Membranes for Hemodialysis Application
    Said N, Lau WJ, Ho YC, Lim SK, Zainol Abidin MN, Ismail AF
    Membranes (Basel), 2021 Oct 07;11(10).
    PMID: 34677533 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100767
    Dialyzers have been commercially used for hemodialysis application since the 1950s, but progress in improving their efficiencies has never stopped over the decades. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review on the commercial developments and recent laboratory research of dialyzers for hemodialysis application and to discuss the technical aspects of dialyzer development, including hollow fiber membrane materials, dialyzer design, sterilization processes and flow simulation. The technical challenges of dialyzers are also highlighted in this review, which discusses the research areas that need to be prioritized to further improve the properties of dialyzers, such as flux, biocompatibility, flow distribution and urea clearance rate. We hope this review article can provide insights to researchers in developing/designing an ideal dialyzer that can bring the best hemodialysis treatment outcomes to kidney disease patients.
  12. Rapid Surface Modification of Ultrafiltration Membranes for Enhanced Antifouling Properties
    Said N, Khoo YS, Lau WJ, Gürsoy M, Karaman M, Ting TM, et al.
    Membranes (Basel), 2020 Dec 07;10(12).
    PMID: 33297433 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120401
    In this work, several ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with enhanced antifouling properties were fabricated using a rapid and green surface modification method that was based on the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Two types of hydrophilic monomers-acrylic acid (AA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were, respectively, deposited on the surface of a commercial UF membrane and the effects of plasma deposition time (i.e., 15 s, 30 s, 60 s, and 90 s) on the surface properties of the membrane were investigated. The modified membranes were then subjected to filtration using 2000 mg/L pepsin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions as feed. Microscopic and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the successful deposition of AA and HEMA on the membrane surface and the decrease in water contact angle with increasing plasma deposition time strongly indicated the increase in surface hydrophilicity due to the considerable enrichment of the hydrophilic segment of AA and HEMA on the membrane surface. However, a prolonged plasma deposition time (>15 s) should be avoided as it led to the formation of a thicker coating layer that significantly reduced the membrane pure water flux with no significant change in the solute rejection rate. Upon 15-s plasma deposition, the AA-modified membrane recorded the pepsin and BSA rejections of 83.9% and 97.5%, respectively, while the HEMA-modified membrane rejected at least 98.5% for both pepsin and BSA. Compared to the control membrane, the AA-modified and HEMA-modified membranes also showed a lower degree of flux decline and better flux recovery rate (>90%), suggesting that the membrane antifouling properties were improved and most of the fouling was reversible and could be removed via simple water cleaning process. We demonstrated in this work that the PECVD technique is a promising surface modification method that could be employed to rapidly improve membrane surface hydrophilicity (15 s) for the enhanced protein purification process without using any organic solvent during the plasma modification process.
  13. Fulltext Development of Ultrahigh Permeance Hollow Fiber Membranes via Simple Surface Coating for CO2/CH4 Separation
    Said N, Wong KC, Lau WJ, Khoo YS, Yeong YF, Othman NH, et al.
    Molecules, 2022 Dec 01;27(23).
    PMID: 36500475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238381
    Most researchers focused on developing highly selective membranes for CO2/CH4 separation, but their developed membranes often suffered from low permeance. In this present work, we aimed to develop an ultrahigh permeance membrane using a simple coating technique to overcome the trade-off between membrane permeance and selectivity. A commercial silicone membrane with superior permeance but low CO2/CH4 selectivity (in the range of 2-3) was selected as the host for surface modification. Our results revealed that out of the three silane agents tested, only tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) improved the control membrane's permeance and selectivity. This can be due to its short structural chain and better compatibility with the silicone substrate. Further investigation revealed that higher CO2 permeance and selectivity could be attained by coating the membrane with two layers of TEOS. The surface integrity of the TEOS-coated membrane was further improved when an additional polyether block amide (Pebax) layer was established atop the TEOS layer. This additional layer sealed the pin holes of the TEOS layer and enhanced the resultant membrane's performance, achieving CO2/CH4 selectivity of ~19 at CO2 permeance of ~2.3 × 105 barrer. This performance placed our developed membrane to surpass the 2008 Robeson Upper Boundary.
  14. Co-Adsorptive Removal of Creatinine and Urea by a Three-Component Dual-Layer Hollow Fiber Membrane
    Zainol Abidin MN, Goh PS, Said N, Ismail AF, Othman MHD, Hasbullah H, et al.
    ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2020 Jul 22;12(29):33276-33287.
    PMID: 32589391 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08947
    The development of wearable artificial kidney demands an efficient dialysate recovery, which relies upon the adsorption process. This study proposes a solution to solve the problem of competitive adsorption between the uremic toxins by employing two adsorptive components in a membrane separation process. Dual-layer hollow fiber (DLHF) membranes, which are composed of a polysulfone (PSf)/activated carbon (AC) inner layer and a PSf/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) outer layer, were prepared for co-adsorptive removal of creatinine and urea from aqueous solution. The DLHF membranes were characterized in terms of morphological, physicochemical, water transport, and creatinine adsorption properties. The membrane was then subjected to an ultrafiltration adsorption study for performance evaluation. The incorporation of AC in membrane, as confirmed by microscopic and surface analyses, has improved the pure water flux up to 25.2 L/(m2 h). A membrane with optimum AC loading (9 wt %) demonstrated the highest maximum creatinine adsorption capacity (86.2 mg/g) based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. In the ultrafiltration adsorption experiment, the membrane removed creatinine and urea with a combined average percent removal of 29.3%. Moreover, the membrane exhibited creatinine and urea uptake recoveries of 98.8 and 81.2%, respectively. The combined action of PMMA and AC in the PSf DLHF membrane has made the adsorption of multiple uremic toxins possible during dialysate recovery.
  15. Antifouling polyethersulfone hemodialysis membranes incorporated with poly (citric acid) polymerized multi-walled carbon nanotubes
    Abidin MNZ, Goh PS, Ismail AF, Othman MHD, Hasbullah H, Said N, et al.
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2016 Nov 01;68:540-550.
    PMID: 27524052 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.06.039
    Poly (citric acid)-grafted-MWCNT (PCA-g-MWCNT) was incorporated as nanofiller in polyethersulfone (PES) to produce hemodialysis mixed matrix membrane (MMM). Citric acid monohydrate was polymerized onto the surface of MWCNTs by polycondensation. Neat PES membrane and PES/MWCNTs MMMs were fabricated by dry-wet spinning technique. The membranes were characterized in terms of morphology, pure water flux (PWF) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein rejection. The grafting yield of PCA onto MWCNTs was calculated as 149.2%. The decrease of contact angle from 77.56° to 56.06° for PES/PCA-g-MWCNTs membrane indicated the increase in surface hydrophilicity, which rendered positive impacts on the PWF and BSA rejection of the membrane. The PWF increased from 15.8Lm(-2)h(-1) to 95.36Lm(-2)h(-1) upon the incorporation of PCA-g-MWCNTs due to the attachment of abundant hydrophilic groups that present on the MWCNTs, which have improved the affinity of membrane towards the water molecules. For protein rejection, the PES/PCA-g-MWCNTs MMM rejected 95.2% of BSA whereas neat PES membrane demonstrated protein rejection of 90.2%. Compared to commercial PES hemodialysis membrane, the PES/PCA-g-MWCNTs MMMs showed less flux decline behavior and better PWF recovery ratio, suggesting that the membrane antifouling performance was improved. The incorporation of PCA-g-MWCNTs enhanced the separation features and antifouling capabilities of the PES membrane for hemodialysis application.
  16. Development of biocompatible and safe polyethersulfone hemodialysis membrane incorporated with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes
    Abidin MNZ, Goh PS, Ismail AF, Othman MHD, Hasbullah H, Said N, et al.
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2017 Aug 01;77:572-582.
    PMID: 28532067 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.273
    A novel approach in the design of a safe, high performance hemodialysis membrane is of great demand. Despite many advantages, the employment of prodigious nanomaterials in hemodialysis membrane is often restricted by their potential threat to health. Hence, this work focusses on designing a biocompatible polyethersulfone (PES) hemodialysis membrane embedded with poly (citric acid)-grafted-multi walled carbon nanotubes (PCA-g-MWCNTs). Two important elements which could assure the safety of the nanocomposite membrane, i.e. (i) dispersion stability and (ii) leaching of MWCNTs were observed. The results showed the improved dispersion stability of MWCNTs in water and organic solvent due to the enriched ratio of oxygen-rich groups which subsequently enhanced membrane separation features. It was revealed that only 0.17% of MWCNTs was leached out during the membrane fabrication process (phase inversion) while no leaching was detected during permeation. In terms of biocompatibility, PES/PCA-g-MWCNT nanocomposite membrane exhibited lesser C3 and C5 activation (189.13 and 5.29ng/mL) and proteins adsorption (bovine serum albumin=4.5μg/cm2, fibrinogen=15.95μg/cm2) as compared to the neat PES membrane, while keeping a normal blood coagulation time. Hence, the PES/PCA-g-MWCNT nanocomposite membrane is proven to have the prospect of becoming a safe and high performance hemodialysis membrane.
  17. Highly adsorptive oxidized starch nanoparticles for efficient urea removal
    Abidin MNZ, Goh PS, Ismail AF, Said N, Othman MHD, Hasbullah H, et al.
    Carbohydr Polym, 2018 Dec 01;201:257-263.
    PMID: 30241818 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.069
    Portable dialysis is a need to implement daily and nocturnal hemodialysis. To realize portable dialysis, a dialysate regeneration system comprising superior adsorbents is required to regenerate the used dialysate. This study aims to develop a nano-adsorbent, derived from corn starch for urea removal. Oxidized starch nanoparticles (oxy-SNPs) were prepared via liquid phase oxidation, followed by chemical dissolution and non-solvent precipitation. The oxy-SNPs possessed Z-average size of 177.7 nm with carbonyl and carboxyl contents of 0.068 and 0.048 per 100 glucose units, respectively. The urea adsorption achieved the equilibrium after 4 h with 95% removal. The adsorption mechanism fitted Langmuir isotherm while the adsorption kinetics obeyed pseudo-second-order model. This new material has a maximum adsorption capacity of 185.2 mg/g with a rate constant of 0.04 g/mg.h. Moreover, the oxy-SNPs exhibited the urea uptake recovery of 91.6%. Oxy-SNPs can become a promising adsorbent for dialysate regeneration system to remove urea.
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