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Fulltext Contributions of the Cybathlon championship to the literature on functional electrical stimulation cycling among individuals with spinal cord injury: A bibliometric review

Hamdan PNF, Hamzaid NA, Abd Razak NA, Hasnan N

J Sport Health Sci, 2022 Nov;11(6):671-680.
PMID: 33068748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.10.002

BACKGROUND: Due to its clinically proven safety and health benefits, functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling has become a popular exercise modality for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Since its inception in 2013, the Cybathlon championship has been a platform for publicizing the potential of FES cycling in rehabilitation and exercise for individuals with SCI. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of the Cybathlon championship to the literature on FES cycling for individuals with SCI 3 years pre and post the staging of the Cybathlon championship in 2016.
METHODS: Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant studies published between January 2013 and July 2019. The quality of the included studies was objectively evaluated using the Downs and Black checklist.
RESULTS: A total of 129 articles on FES cycling were retained for analysis. A total of 51 articles related to Cybathlon were reviewed, and 14 articles were ultimately evaluated for the quality. In 2017, the year following the Cybathlon championship, Web of Science cited 23 published studies on the championship, which was almost 5-fold more than that in 2016 (n = 5). Training was most often reported as a topic of interest in these studies, which mostly (76.7%) highlighted the training parameters of interest to participating teams in their effort to maximize their FES cycling performance during the Cybathlon championship.
CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that the Cybathlon championship in 2016 contributed to the number of literature published in 2017 on FES cycling for individuals with SCI. This finding may contribute to the lessons that can be learned from participation in the Cybathlon and potentially provide additional insights into research in the field of race-based FES cycling.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling*
Enhancing consumption of sustainable transportation: Determinants and outcome of consumer engagement with bike-sharing service

Waqas M, Najmi A

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Apr;30(18):53411-53423.
PMID: 36856997 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26067-5

Bike-sharing service has become a popular sustainable means of transportation due to its direct impact on traffic congestion, energy consumption, the environment, and people's quality of life. Existing literature suggests that sustainable consumption can be promoted by engaging consumers with green products. This study examined drivers and the outcome of consumer engagement with bike-sharing services based on the technology acceptance model (TAM). A survey was conducted to collect the data from the users of the bike-sharing service in Kuala Lumpur. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data and find the relationship between variables. The empirical analyses showed that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of the bike-sharing service positively impact all facets of consumer engagement with bike-sharing service, which subsequently influences the continuance usage intention of bike-sharing service. The findings of this study offer useful insights that could enhance the consumption of bike-sharing service. This study also offers some guidelines to transportation practitioners, policymakers, and urban planners regarding promoting healthy and sustainable travel behaviour among urban commuters through bike-sharing service.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling*
Fulltext An ultra-low power wireless sensor network for bicycle torque performance measurements

Gharghan SK, Nordin R, Ismail M

Sensors (Basel), 2015;15(5):11741-68.
PMID: 26007728 DOI: 10.3390/s150511741

In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient transmission technique known as the sleep/wake algorithm for a bicycle torque sensor node. This paper aims to highlight the trade-off between energy efficiency and the communication range between the cyclist and coach. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment utilised the Zigbee protocol (XBee S2), and the second experiment used the Advanced and Adaptive Network Technology (ANT) protocol based on the Nordic nRF24L01 radio transceiver chip. The current consumption of ANT was measured, simulated and compared with a torque sensor node that uses the XBee S2 protocol. In addition, an analytical model was derived to correlate the sensor node average current consumption with a crank arm cadence. The sensor node achieved 98% power savings for ANT relative to ZigBee when they were compared alone, and the power savings amounted to 30% when all components of the sensor node are considered. The achievable communication range was 65 and 50 m for ZigBee and ANT, respectively, during measurement on an outdoor cycling track (i.e., velodrome). The conclusions indicate that the ANT protocol is more suitable for use in a torque sensor node when power consumption is a crucial demand, whereas the ZigBee protocol is more convenient in ensuring data communication between cyclist and coach.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling
A bicycle safety index for evaluating urban street facilities

Asadi-Shekari Z, Moeinaddini M, Zaly Shah M

Traffic Inj Prev, 2015;16:283-8.
PMID: 24983474 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2014.936010

The objectives of this research are to conceptualize the Bicycle Safety Index (BSI) that considers all parts of the street and to propose a universal guideline with microscale details.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling*
Fulltext Herbs in exercise and sports

Chen CK, Muhamad AS, Ooi FK

J Physiol Anthropol, 2012;31:4.
PMID: 22738233 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-31-4

The use of herbs as ergogenic aids in exercise and sport is not novel. Ginseng, caffeine, ma huang (also called 'Chinese ephedra'), ephedrine and a combination of both caffeine and ephedrine are the most popular herbs used in exercise and sports. It is believed that these herbs have an ergogenic effect and thus help to improve physical performance. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of these herbs on exercise performance. Recently, researchers have also investigated the effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack on endurance cycling and running performance. These investigators have reported no significant improvement in either cycling or running endurance after supplementation with this herb. As the number of studies in this area is still small, more studies should be conducted to evaluate and substantiate the effects of this herb on sports and exercise performance. For instance, future research on any herbs should take the following factors into consideration: dosage, supplementation period and a larger sample size.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling*
The utility of immature reticulocyte fraction as an indicator of erythropoietic response to altitude training in elite cyclists

Nadarajan VS, Ooi CH, Sthaneshwar P, Thompson MW

Int J Lab Hematol, 2010 Feb;32(1 Pt 2):82-7.
PMID: 19170774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553X.2008.01132.x

Altitude training is sometimes employed by elite endurance athletes to improve their sea level performance. This improvement results from the increased red cell mass consequent upon the boost in erythropoietin (EPO) level that occurs as a response to the relatively hypoxic environment at high altitudes. We measured serum EPO levels together with various red cell and reticulocyte parameters including immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) in eight national track-endurance cyclists, resident at sea-level, prior to and upon return from an altitude of approximately 1905 m. Reticulocytes and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) were significantly increased with reduction in ferritin levels immediately on return from high altitude indicating increased erythropoietic activity. IRF in particular showed a significant peak immediately on return but decline to sub-baseline levels by day 9, and recovery to baseline by day 16. Our results indicate that IRF is a sensitive marker of erythropoietic status in athletes undergoing altitude training and subsequent loss of EPO stimuli on return to sea level.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling*
Fulltext Cycle spokes and chain related injuries in children--emerging injuries in Malaysia

Nazri MY, Hafiz A, Yusof A, Khalid KA, Aminudin CA

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jul;60 Suppl C:11-3.
PMID: 16381275

A descriptive prospective study of 16 children with injuries inflicted by bicycle spokes and chain was undertaken to identify the demographic profiles of such injuries. Aspects of preventive measures are proposed.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling/injuries*
Fulltext What can law do to combat obesity in Malaysia?

Sia, Chin Chin, Duraisingam T. J.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(102):42-42.
MyJurnal

Introduction: The obesity rate in Malaysia is increasing exponentially. This is alarming as obesity in a population is likely to lead to health complications and negatively impact national economic productivity. The quality of health of our country is of paramount importance to a sustainable nation. To safeguard the health of our population in this country, there are current laws and potential laws to be implemented to combat obesity. In Malaysia, the government have introduced ‘soft policies’ approach such as Healthy life style programmes and campaigns as means to curb obesity yet its impact is questionable. ‘Hard policies’, such as regulations (e.g. imposing a tax, removal of subsidies, reduction of operational hours of eateries, menu-labelling, curbing of marketing of unhealthy food, implementation of pedestrian and bicycle paths, metabo laws) may be used as legitimate interventions to combat obesity in Malaysia. The aims of this paper is to (i) analyse the legal justifications for implementation of obesity prevention regulations, (ii) to compare and contrast the pros and cons of current and potential obesity prevention regulations to reduce obesity. Results and Conclusion: The law could be used to facilitate promotion of public health. In light of new scientific advances, gaps in the current regulatory framework, and the increasingly obesogenic environment, this paper proposes
potential legal approaches to address obesity in Malaysia. It is important for legal scholars to devise innovative strategies to address obesity from new perspectives. The great potential for the law to rectify the status quo has yet to be fully explored. With reduction of obesity, the fiscal burden of the nation on medical bills could be reduced and productivity could be increased.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling
Fulltext Modelling of motion resistance ratios of pneumatic and rigid bicycle wheels

Ahmad, D., Jamarei, O., Sulaiman, S., Fashina, A.B., Akande, F.B.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(1):59-74.
MyJurnal

The motion resistances of 660 mm pneumatic and rigid bicycle wheels of the same rim diameter were measured experimentally using the developed tractor-towed single non-lug narrow wheel motion resistance test rig for traction studies. The motion resistances measured were taken to be the towing forces determined in real time using Mecmesin Basic Force Gauge (BFG 2500). The test variables included two test surfaces [tilled and wet (mud) surfaces], the dynamic load and the towing velocity. The tyre inflation pressure of 414 kPa was chosen to make the surface synonymous with that of the rigid wheel. Motion resistance ratios of the two wheels were determined empirically and through semi-empirical approach. The motion resistances of the rigid wheel were found to be greater than those of the pneumatic wheel for both surfaces. Consequently, the motion resistance ratios of the rigid wheel were greater than those obtained
from the pneumatic wheel. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences between the means of the motion resistance measured on the test surfaces, as well as between the two wheels and their interactions with the test surfaces. The motion resistance ratio exhibited a linear relationship with the towing velocity, while the relationship with the dynamic load was quadratic. However, such a relationship is either direct or inverse with the respective variables. The motion resistance ratio models for the pneumatic and rigid wheels showed that on different test conditions of the dynamic loads and the towing velocities, the relationships between the motion resistance ratio and the dynamic load, and motion resistance with dynamic load were also different.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling
Fulltext Fatigue index and fatigue rate during an anaerobic performance under hypohydrations

Naharudin MN, Yusof A

PLoS One, 2013;8(10):e77290.
PMID: 24204790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077290

BACKGROUND: Since hypohydration commonly occurs in sports, studies on anaerobic exercise performance under this condition have been extensively carried out. When describing anaerobic performance, authors usually refer to a drop in anaerobic performance as fatigue index (FI) which is conventionally calculated using peak and low power data points. Meanwhile, another possible method in explaining anaerobic fatigue is using the rate constant which is derived from the exponential decline of power output known as fatigue rate (FR). Few studies have demonstrated that there was no change in anaerobic performance under mild hypohydrations.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the kinetics of power output using FI and FR of an anaerobic performance (Wingate test) under 2, 3 and 4% state of hypohydrations.
METHOD: Thirty two collegiate cyclists (age = 22 ± 2 years; body weight = 71.45 ± 3.43 kg; height = 173.23 ± 0.04 cm) were matched using their baseline anaerobic peak power (APP) then randomly divided into 4 groups of EU (euhydrated), 2H, 3H and 4H respectively.
RESULTS: As expected the, FI, APP, anaerobic lower power (ALP) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) did not show significant differences between and within the groups. However, the FR in 3H (0.018 ± 0.005 s(-1)) and 4H (0.019 ± 0.010 s(-1)) were significantly lower than EU (0.033 ± 0.012 s(-1)). Post-test FR also showed significant reduction in 3H and 4H compared to their pre-test values (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION: Despite the lack of changes in APP and RPE, subjects in 3H and 4H showed evidence of lower reduction of power output over time. The findings support earlier reports which showed no change in anaerobic performance under mild hypohydrations. The relatively lower FR suggests higher drive in maintaining power output under hypohydrations of 3 and 4% body weight.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling/physiology*; Bicycling/psychology
Fulltext Simulating bio-composite cycling helmet performance through FEA and CFD approaches

Mohd Naim Abdullah, Mustapha, F., Muda, M.K.H., Arrifin, M.K.A., Rafie, A.S.M., Shamsudin, M.A.

Movement Health & Exercise, 2015;4(1):77-91.
MyJurnal

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis were performed in this work in order to obtain the best design for safety and aerodynamic performance of the bicycle cycling helmet. FEA analysis was computed on two different helmet designs to determine the critical area subjected to impact. A pressure load was applied on the helmets’ outer surface to simulate oblique loading. The critical areas of the helmets were then highlighted and identified, enabling design improvements to be made on both designs. CFD analysis was then executed in order to obtain the lowest drag coefficient number in reducing the air resistance induced by both of the helmet designs, inherently increasing cyclist performance and ensuring competition success.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling
Fulltext Development of E-ACTIVETRANS for young professional planners/engineers

Bibie Sara Salleh, Jasni Md Noor, Riza Atiq O.K Rahmat, Amiruddin Ismail

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(105):211-216.
MyJurnal

This paper presents a development of an expert system to be used as an advisory in finding the solution to problems which are normally solved by human experts. The E-ACTIVETRANS is developed to help young engineers/planners in designing a new cycle lane in urban areas and also to help in reallocation of an existing roadway space for cycle lanes. This system has three sub-systems: Planning on Strategies to Shift from Passive Transportation to Active Transportation, Design on Bicycle Facilities and Examples of Successful Implementation. This paper focuses on the design of bicycle facilities whereby the prototype was developed based on data acquired from the domain experts who are involved in bicycle facility module design, as well as the initial text analysis obtained during the domain familiarisation stage. The validation of the system was performed through a comparison of knowledge content in E-ACTIVETRANS based on expert opinion. The average level of acceptance is 91 percent which validates the system and knowledge of the experts.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling
Fulltext Design and development of a spatial immersive track cycling simulator

Yap, H.J., Tan, C.H., Sivadas, C.S., Wan, W.L., Taha, Z., Chang, S.W.

Movement Health & Exercise, 2018;7(2):39-52.
MyJurnal

Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology that makes use of computer graphics,
algorithms and special hardware to simulate the real world in real time. There
are four main elements required to make a VR system a success, namely
virtual world, immersion, sensory feedback and interactivity. The virtual
world created must be as real as possible. Users should have a sense of
immersion in the virtual world. Position tracking is usually incorporated into
a VR system for visual, sound and force feedback on the users and the virtual
objects in the VR world must be interact-able with the users. VR has proven
to be effective in training and widely used in many areas, for example medical
surgery, dental treatment, psychology treatment for phobia, engineering
design, maintenance and repair, sports and many more. By implementing VR
technology in training, users are able to reduce the training cost and time. VR
training is also safer for users, as harsh environments can be simulated despite
the environment and/or human factors. On the other hand, the physical
facilities and infrastructures of the track cycling are very costly. In track
cycling, the game field, known as a velodrome, requires a large space of area.
It requires a huge budget and professional manpower to maintain these
facilities. Therefore, the proposed spatial immersive track cycling simulator
is invented to overcome these issues. The aim of this study is to simulate the
velodrome track cycling in VR environment and synchronize with a 6 degreeof-freedom
motion platform. The simulator is aimed to be low cost and
minimal space requirement compared to actual velodrome. A trainee who
undergoes VR track cycling simulator training wears a head-mounted-display (HMD) to visualize the VR environment. An actual bike will be mounted on
the 6-DOF motion platform, which the platform will synchronize with the VR
environment to simulate the track condition for the training purposes. An
encoder is placed at the bicycle wheel to feedback the moving speed and
synchronize the visualize feedback to the HMD.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling
Evaluation of a pilot community-based bicycle helmet promotion program in Malaysia

Krishnan R, Cheng OT, Amar Singh HSS, Wong WY, Yip RCW, Shamini V

Family Physician, 1996;9:17-22.

Bicycle fatalities constituted 5% of road fatalities in 1995. A helmet, properly worn, is the most effective measure to prevent head injury to a cyclist in the event of a crash. We studied the knowledge, attitude and practice of children in two secondary schools (Ipoh and Kulim) with respect to bicycle helmet use before instituting a program for helmet use. Although there were no major differences in knowledge, attitude and practice of students in the two groups, children in the Ipoh program failed to wear helmets while the children in the Kulim program complied over a one year period. The main reason for failure of the helmet progranl in Ipoh were negative peer influence. The Kulim helmet program was integrated with a bicycle safety course conducted by dedicated teachers. The quasi experimental study resulted in increased awareness of the importance of bicycle helmets among school children in Kulim Keywords: Bicycle helmet, road traffic injury, prevention.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling
Fulltext Massive subcutaneous emphysema after a blunt neck injury

Mohamad, I., Md Shukri, N., Fauzi, M.H., Abdul Karim, A.H., Nik Hassan, N.F.H.

Malaysian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2017;2(1):16-20.
MyJurnal

Subcutaneous emphysema can occur after a breach to the air-containing space. The classical condition will be ruptured alveolus in chronic lung disease. A disruption of the upper airway such as trauma to the laryngotracheal framework may lead to similar presentation. The amount of air leak varies depending on site and size of the breach. We report a case of blunt neck trauma after a fall from bicycle, which ended with massive subcutaneous emphysema, pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum requiring intubation.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling
Mouth rinsing improves cycling endurance performance during Ramadan fasting in a hot humid environment

Che Muhamed AM, Mohamed NG, Ismail N, Aziz AR, Singh R

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2014 Apr;39(4):458-64.
PMID: 24669987 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0276

This study examined the effect of mouth rinsing during endurance cycling in a hot humid environment (32 °C and 75% relative humidity) on athletes in the Ramadan fasted state. Nine trained adolescent male cyclists completed 3 trials that consisted of a carbohydrate mouth-rinse (CMR), a placebo mouth-rinse (PMR), and a no-rinse (NOR) trial during the last 2 weeks of Ramadan. Each trial consisted of a preloading cycle at 65% peak rate of oxygen consumption for 30 min followed by a 10-km time trial (TT10 km) under hot humid condition. During the CMR and PMR trials, each cyclist rinsed his mouth with 25 mL of the solution for 5 s before expectorating the solution pre-exercise, after 5, 15, and 25 min of the preloading cycle, and 15 s prior to the start of TT10 km. Time to complete the TT10 km was significantly faster in the CMR and PMR trials compared with the NOR trial (12.9 ± 1.7 and 12.6 ± 1.7 vs. 16.8 ± 1.6 min, respectively; p < 0.017). Ratings of perceived exertion taken at the end of the TT10 km was lower in both CMR and PMR trials compared with the NOR trial, although the difference was significant only between CMR and NOR (p < 0.05). In conclusion, mouth rinsing with either carbohydrate or placebo solution provided ergogenic benefits compared with a no-rinse condition on TT10 km performance in acute Ramadan fasted subjects during endurance cycling in a heat stress environment.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling/physiology*
Fulltext Bleeding small bowel cavernous haemangioma following blunt trauma to the abdomen presenting as subacute intestinal obstruction in a child

Abdul Aziz DA, Khandasamy Y, Tamba RP, Zaki FM

BMJ Case Rep, 2011;2011.
PMID: 22679168 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.08.2011.4672

The authors report a case of a 6-year-old girl who developed subacute intestinal obstruction after a trivial blunt trauma to her abdomen. Her normal vital signs masked the presence of intestinal bleeding. An incidental finding at surgery of a haematomatous polypoid vascular growth of the ileum was subsequently confirmed to be cavernous haemangioma of the small bowel. Surgical resection was curative in this patient.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling/injuries*
Case study: beverage temperature at aid stations in ironman triathlon

Burdon CA, Johnson NA, Chapman PG, Munir Che Muhamed A, O'Connor HT

Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2013 Aug;23(4):418-24.
PMID: 23295183

The aim of this study was to measure the effect of environmental conditions and aid-station beverage- cooling practices on the temperature of competitor beverages.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling/physiology*
The effects of modified exponential tapering technique on perceived exertion, heart rate, time trial performance, VO2max and power output among highly trained junior cyclists

Ishak A, Hashim HA, Krasilshchikov O

J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2016 Sep;56(9):961-7.
PMID: 26004044

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the effects of a 2-week modified exponential taper on physiological adaptation and time trial performance among junior cyclists.
METHODS: Participants (N.=27) with the mean age of 16.95±0.8 years, height of 165.6±6.1 cm and weight of 54.19±8.1 kg were matched into either modified exponential taper (N.=7), normal exponential taper (N.=7), or control (N.=7) groups using their initial VO2max values. Both experimental groups followed a 12-week progressive endurance training program and subsequently, a 2-week tapering phase. A simulated 20-km time trial performance along with VO2max, power output, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were measured at baseline, pre and post-taper. One way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference between groups before the start of the intervention while mixed factorial ANOVA was used to analyze the difference between groups across measurement sessions. When homogeneity assumption was violated, the Greenhouse-Geisser Value was used for the corrected values of the degrees of freedom for the within subject factor the analysis.
RESULTS: Significant interactions between experimental groups and testing sessions were found in VO2max (F=6.67, df=4, P<0.05), power output (F=5.02, df=4, P<0.05), heart rate (F=10.87, df=2.51, P<0.05) rating of perceived exertion (F=13.04, df=4, P<0.05) and 20KM time trial (F=4.64, df=2.63, P<0.05). Post-hoc analysis revealed that both types of taper exhibited positive effects compared to the non-taper condition in the measured performance markers at post-taper while no different were found between the two taper groups.
CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that both taper protocols successfully inducing physiological adaptations among the junior cyclists by reducing the volume and maintaining the intensity of training.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling/physiology*
The effects of rehydration on cycling performance after exercise-induced dehydration

Singh R, Brouns F, Kovacs E

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2002 Jun;33(2):378-88.
PMID: 12236441

The effects of 7.6% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CES) and placebos (P) on rehydration (R) after exercise-induced dehydration and on a subsequent time-trial (TT) of cycling performance were studied. Thirteen male subjects exercised in a thermally-controlled environment (28 degrees C, 63% RH) until 3% of their body weight was lost. After exercise, the subjects moved to a neutral environment (22 degrees C) and rested for 30 minutes prior to a 2-hour R period. During R, subjects were fed CES or P to a maximum volume of 120% of previous body mass loss at 0, 30, and 60 minutes, in bolus-doses of 50%, 40% and 30% respectively. After R, subjects performed a 1-hour TT with no further fluid intake. % R with CES was significantly higher than with P (70 +/- 3% vs 60 +/- 5%; p < 0.01). During the TT, blood glucose dropped in the CES group but not in the P group. It was found that, despite a more effective R with CES, the performance results did not differ between groups (65.1 +/- 2.2 minutes and 65.2 +/- 2.3 minutes for CES and P respectively). It is suggested that an insulin-mediated rebound effect on CHO metabolism during TT, in which no further CHO was supplied, nullified the benefits of rehydration.

Matched MeSH terms: Bicycling/physiology*

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