Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 111 in total

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  1. The effect of drying methods on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of Bintangor orange (Citrus nobilis) powders
    Phing PL, Abdullah A, Sin CL, Foong SCY
    Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment, 2022 2 18;21(1):111-122.
    PMID: 35174693 DOI: 10.17306/J.AFS.0901
    BACKGROUND: Bintangor oranges are a mandarin species that is abundant in vitamin C and beta-carotene. However, due to its short shelf life, the fresh fruit can be converted into powder form, which is comparatively more stable.

    METHODS: This study compares the effects of spray drying, freeze drying, drum drying, vacuum oven drying, and convection oven drying on the physicochemical properties of Bintangor orange powder, including vitamin C and total carotenoid content. The physicochemical properties analyzed for the powders were color analysis, moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, degree of caking, wettability, flowability, water solubility index, and bulk density.

    RESULTS: Our results showed that freeze dried and convection oven dried powders retained their color so that the powder was the same as the original puree. All powders used in this showed an acceptable moisture content level, with a range of 2.11–2.31%. Spray dried and drum dried powders had the lowest value of moisture content and water activity. Moreover, spray dried powders showed the lowest value in hygroscopicity and bulk density and took the shortest time to wet the powder. The highest solubility and flowability properties were 12.99%, 0.39 g/mL, 18.39 s, 96.08%, and 19.17°, respectively. However, the freeze drying method retained the highest value for both nutritional pigments of vitamin C and total carotenoid content, 18.31 mg/g and 91.32 μg/g, respectively.

    CONCLUSIONS: Freeze drying is the most suitable drying method with favorable powder properties compared to spray drying, drum drying, vacuum oven drying and convection oven drying.

    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus*; Citrus sinensis*
  2. Fulltext Phytochemical and Therapeutic Potential of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: A Review
    Anmol RJ, Marium S, Hiew FT, Han WC, Kwan LK, Wong AKY, et al.
    J Evid Based Integr Med, 2021 10 19;26:2515690X211043741.
    PMID: 34657477 DOI: 10.1177/2515690X211043741
    Citrus grandis or Citrus maxima, widely recognized as Pomelo is widely cultivated in many countries because of their large amounts of functional, nutraceutical and biological activities. In traditional medicine, various parts of this plant including leaf, pulp and peel are used for generations as they are scientifically proven to have therapeutic potentials and safe for human use. The main objective of this study was to review the different therapeutic applications of Citrus grandis and the phytochemicals associated with its medicinal values. In this article different pharmacological properties like antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiepileptic, stomach tonic, cardiac stimulant, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and anti-diabetic activities of the plant are highlighted. The enrichment of the fruit with flavonoids, polyphenols, coumarins, limonoids, acridone alkaloids, essential oils and vitamins mainly helps in exhibiting the pharmacological activities within the body. The vitamins enriched fruit is rich in nutritional value and also has minerals like calcium, phosphorous, sodium and potassium, which helps in maintaining the proper health and growth of the bones as well as the electrolyte balance of the body. To conclude, various potential therapeutic effects of Citrus grandis have been demonstrated in recent literature. Further studies on various parts of fruit, including pulp, peel, leaf, seed and it essential oil could unveil additional pharmacological activities which can be beneficial to the mankind.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus*
  3. Ultrastructural response of embryonic axes of Fortunella polyandra to dehydration and cryopreservation
    Al Zoubi OM, Normah MN
    Cryo Letters, 2015 Nov-Dec;36(6):379-91.
    PMID: 26963884
    To further understand the survival characteristics of desiccation-sensitive excised embryonic axes of Fortunella polyandra to desiccation and cryopreservation it is necessary to study the impact of drying rates on both the ultrastructure and electrolyte leakage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus
  4. Fulltext Recent advances in the understanding of Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri pathogenesis and citrus canker disease management
    Ference CM, Gochez AM, Behlau F, Wang N, Graham JH, Jones JB
    Mol Plant Pathol, 2018 Jun;19(6):1302-1318.
    PMID: 29105297 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12638
    Taxonomic status: Bacteria; Phylum Proteobacteria; Class Gammaproteobacteria; Order Xanthomonadales; Family Xanthomonadaceae; Genus Xanthomonas; Species Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xcc). Host range: Compatible hosts vary in their susceptibility to citrus canker (CC), with grapefruit, lime and lemon being the most susceptible, sweet orange being moderately susceptible, and kumquat and calamondin being amongst the least susceptible. Microbiological properties: Xcc is a rod-shaped (1.5-2.0 × 0.5-0.75 µm), Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium with a single polar flagellum. The bacterium forms yellow colonies on culture media as a result of the production of xanthomonadin. Distribution: Present in South America, the British Virgin Islands, Africa, the Middle East, India, Asia and the South Pacific islands. Localized incidence in the USA, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Bangladesh. Widespread throughout Paraguay, Comoros, China, Japan, Malaysia and Vietnam. Eradicated from South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Absent from Europe.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/microbiology*
  5. Fulltext Yield and chemical composition of Citrus essential oils as affected by drying pretreatment of peels
    Kamal, G.M., Anwar, F., Hussain, A.I., Sarri, N., Ashraf, M.Y.
    International Food Research Journal, 2011;18(4):1275-1282.
    MyJurnal
    Citrus peel essential oils have an impressive range of food and medicinal uses. In the present study we investigated the variation in the yield and chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from fresh, ambient-, and oven-dried peels of three Citrus species namely Citrus reticulata (C. reticulata), Citrus sinensis (C. sinensis) and Citrus paradisii (C. paradisii). The hydro-distilled essential oil content from fresh-, ambient-, and oven-dried peels of C. reticulata, C. sinensis and C. paradisii ranged from 0.30-0.50, 0.24-1.07 and 0.20-0.40 g/100 g, respectively. The maximum amount of the oil was determined in oven-dried while the minimum in fresh peel samples. Using GC and GC/MS, a total of 16-27, 17-24 and 18-40 chemical constituents were identified in the peel essential oils of C. reticulate, C. sinensis and C. paradisii, respectively. The content of limonene, the most prevalent chemical constituent, detected in these essential oils, ranged from 64.1-71.1% (C. reticulata), 66.8-80.9% (C. sinensis) and 50.8-65.5% (C. paradisii). The yield and content of most of the chemical components including limonene (the principal chemical compound detected) of the tested essential oils varied significantly (p < 0.05) with respect to drying treatments and species employed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus; Citrus sinensis
  6. Sonication improves kasturi lime (Citrus microcarpa) juice quality
    Bhat R, Kamaruddin NS, Min-Tze L, Karim AA
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2011 Nov;18(6):1295-300.
    PMID: 21550834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.04.002
    Freshly squeezed kasturi lime fruit juice was sonicated (for 0, 30 and 60min at 20°C, 25kHz frequency) to evaluate its impact on selected physico-chemical and antioxidant properties, such as pH, °Brix, titratable acidity, Hunter color values (L(∗), a(∗), b(∗)), ascorbic acid, DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, flavonoids and flavonols. Additionally, the effect of sonication treatments on the microbial load (TPC, yeast and mold) were also evaluated. Sonication of juice samples for 60min showed enhancement in most of the bioactive compounds compared to samples treated for 30min and control samples (untreated). Significant reductions in the microbial load corresponding to sonication time were also recorded. Results of the present study indicate that sonication may be employed as a suitable technique for kasturi lime juice processing, where antioxidant and other bioactive compound retention or enhancement is desired, along with the achievement of safety and quality standards.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/microbiology; Citrus/chemistry*
  7. Subcritical water extraction of low methoxyl pectin from pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) peels
    Liew SQ, Teoh WH, Tan CK, Yusoff R, Ngoh GC
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2018 Sep;116:128-135.
    PMID: 29738869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.013
    Low methoxyl (LM) pectin was extracted from pomelo peels using subcritical water in a dynamic mode. The effects of pressure and temperature were analyzed through a face-centred central composite design. Extraction yield and the rate of extraction were found to be predominantly influenced by temperature. Optimization of the subcritical water extraction (SWE) yielded an optimized operating condition of 120°C and 30bar with a predicted pectin yield of 18.8%. The corresponding experimental yield was 19.6%, which is in close agreement with the predicted data. The pectin obtained from the optimized condition was further analyzed for its physicochemical properties. The kinetics of the SWE was also evaluated whereby the one-site kinetic desorption model was found to be in good agreement with experimental data (R2>0.94).
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/chemistry*
  8. Sequential ultrasound-microwave assisted acid extraction (UMAE) of pectin from pomelo peels
    Liew SQ, Ngoh GC, Yusoff R, Teoh WH
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2016 Dec;93(Pt A):426-435.
    PMID: 27565298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.065
    This study aims to optimize sequential ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) on pomelo peel using citric acid. The effects of pH, sonication time, microwave power and irradiation time on the yield and the degree of esterification (DE) of pectin were investigated. Under optimized conditions of pH 1.80, 27.52min sonication followed by 6.40min microwave irradiation at 643.44W, the yield and the DE value of pectin obtained was respectively at 38.00% and 56.88%. Based upon optimized UMAE condition, the pectin from microwave-ultrasound assisted extraction (MUAE), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) were studied. The yield of pectin adopting the UMAE was higher than all other techniques in the order of UMAE>MUAE>MAE>UAE. The pectin's galacturonic acid content obtained from combined extraction technique is higher than that obtained from sole extraction technique and the pectin gel produced from various techniques exhibited a pseudoplastic behaviour. The morphological structures of pectin extracted from MUAE and MAE closely resemble each other. The extracted pectin from UMAE with smaller and more regular surface differs greatly from that of UAE. This has substantiated the highest pectin yield of 36.33% from UMAE and further signified their compatibility and potentiality in pectin extraction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/chemistry*
  9. Fulltext Patulin Contamination of Citrus Fruits from Punjab and Northern Pakistan and Estimation of Associated Dietary Intake
    Aslam K, Iqbal SZ, Razis AFA, Usman S, Ali NB
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 Feb 25;18(5).
    PMID: 33668973 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052270
    This research aims to assess the natural occurrence of patulin (PAT) in selected citrus fruits from central cities of Punjab and Pakistan's northern cities. A total of 2970 fruit samples from 12 citrus cultivars were examined using liquid chromatography fitted with a UV detector. The detection limit (LOD) and quantification limit were 0.04 and 0.12 µg/kg, respectively. About 56% of samples of citrus fruits from Punjab's central cities, Pakistan, were found to be contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 1150 µg/kg in samples from central Punjab cities. Furthermore, 31.7% of samples of citrus fruits from northern cities of Pakistan were contaminated with PAT, with values ranging from 0.12 to 320 µg/kg. About 22.1% of citrus fruit samples had PAT levels greater than the suggested limits established by the European Union (EU). The dietary intake levels of PAT ranged from 0.10 to 1.11 µg/kg bw/day in the central cities of Punjab, Pakistan, and 0.13 to 1.93 µg/kg bw/day in the northern cities of Pakistan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus*
  10. Bio-inspired ZnO NPs synthesized from Citrus sinensis peels extract for Congo red removal from textile wastewater via photocatalysis: Optimization, mechanisms, techno-economic analysis
    Yashni G, Al-Gheethi A, Radin Mohamed RMS, Dai-Viet NV, Al-Kahtani AA, Al-Sahari M, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2021 Oct;281:130661.
    PMID: 34029959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130661
    Textile industry is one of the most environmental unfriendly industrial processes due to the massive generation of colored wastewater contaminated with dyes and other chemical auxiliaries. These contaminants are known to have undesirable consequences to ecosystem. The present study investigated the best operating parameters for the removal of congo red (CR, as the model for dye wastewater) by orange peels extract biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) via photocatalysis in an aqueous solution. The response surface methodology (RSM) with ZnO NPs loadings (0.05-0.20 g), pH (3.00-11.00), and initial CR concentration (5-20 ppm) were used for the optimization process. The applicability of ZnO NPs in the dye wastewater treatment was evaluated based on the techno-economic analysis (TEA). ZnO NPs exhibited hexagonal wurtzite structure with = C-H, C-O, -C-O-C, CC, O-H as the main functional groups. The maximum degradation of CR was more than 96% with 0.171 g of ZnO NPs, at pH 6.43 and 5 ppm of CR and 90% of the R2 coefficient. The specific cost of ZnO NPs production is USD 20.25 per kg. These findings indicated that the biosynthesized ZnO NPs with orange peels extract provides alternative method for treating dye wastewater.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus sinensis*
  11. Antibacterial, bacteriolytic, antibiofilm, and synergistic effects of the peel oils of Citrus microcarpa and Citrus x amblycarpa with tetracycline against foodborne Escherichia coli
    Septama AW, Yuandani Y, Khairunnisa NA, Nasution HR, Utami DS, Kristiana R, et al.
    Lett Appl Microbiol, 2023 Nov 01;76(11).
    PMID: 37898554 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad126
    Citrus essential oils (EOs) have shown significant antibacterial activity. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the peel oils of Citrus microcarpa and C. x amblycarpa against Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined by using the broth microdilution assay. The checkerboard method was used to identify synergistic effects of the EOs with tetracycline, while bacteriolysis was assessed by calculating the optical density of the bacterial supernatant, crystal violet assay was used to assess their antibiofilm. Ethidium bromide accumulation test was employed to assess efflux pump inhibition. Electron microscope analysis was performed to observe its morphological changes. The EOs of C. microcarpa and C. x amblycarpa were found to contain D-limonene major compound at 55.78% and 46.7%, respectively. Citrus microcarpa EOs exhibited moderate antibacterial against E. coli with a MIC value of 200 μg/mL. The combination of C. microcarpa oil (7.8 μg/mL) and tetracycline (62.5 μg/mL) exhibited a synergy with FICI of 0.5. This combination inhibited biofilm formation and disrupt bacterial cell membranes. Citrus microcarpa EOs blocked the efflux pumps in E. coli. Citrus microcarpa EOs demonstrated promising antibacterial activity, which can be further explored for the development of drugs to combat E. coli.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus*
  12. Orange peel valorization by pyrolysis under the carbon dioxide environment
    Kwon D, Oh JI, Lam SS, Moon DH, Kwon EE
    Bioresour Technol, 2019 Aug;285:121356.
    PMID: 31005642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121356
    To valorize biomass waste, pyrolysis of orange peel was mainly investigated as a case study. In an effort to establish a more sustainable thermolytic platform for orange peel, this study particularly employed CO2 as reactive gas medium. Accordingly, this study laid great emphasis on elucidating the mechanistic role of CO2 in pyrolysis of orange peel. The thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that no occurrence of the heterogeneous reactions between the solid sample and CO2. However, the gaseous effluents from pyrolysis of orange peel experimentally proved that CO2 effectively suppressed dehydrogenation of volatile matters (VMs) evolved from the thermolysis of orange peel by random bond scissions. Moreover, CO2 reacted VMs, thereby resulting in the formation of CO. Note that the formation of CO was being initiated at temperatures ≥550 °C. The two identified roles of CO2 led to the compositional modification of pyrolytic oil by means of lowering aromaticity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus sinensis
  13. Fulltext Optimisation of extraction conditions for phenolic compounds from limau purut (Citrus hystrix) peels
    Chan, S.W., Lee, C.Y., Yap, C.F., Wan Aida, W.M., Ho, C.W.
    International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(2):203-213.
    MyJurnal
    The objective of this study was to optimise the extraction conditions for phenolic compounds from limau purut (Citrus hystrix) peels using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was applied to determine the effects of ethanol concentration (%), extraction temperature (oC), and extraction time (min) on total phenolic content (TPC) from limau purut (Citrus hystrix) peels. The independent variables were coded at five levels and their actual values were selected based on the results of single factor experiments. Results showed that ethanol concentration was the most significant (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus
  14. Fulltext Impacts of horticultural mineral oils and two insecticide practices on population fluctuation of Diaphorina citri and spread of Huanglongbing in a citrus orchard in Sarawak
    Leong SC, Abang F, Beattie A, Kueh RJ, Wong SK
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2012;2012:651416.
    PMID: 22629178 DOI: 10.1100/2012/651416
    Aspects of the incidence and spread of the citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB) in relation to the vector Diaphorina citri population fluctuation were studied from January 1999 to December 2001 seasons in a 0.8 ha citrus orchard at Jemukan (1° 33'N, 110° 41'E), Southwest Sarawak in Malaysia. In relation to insecticide and horticultural mineral oils (HMOs) use, levels of HLB infection rose quite rapidly over the next 3 years in the unsprayed control and less rapidly in the other treatments such as imidacloprid, nC24HMO, and triazophos/cypermethrin/chlorpyrifos. Levels of HLB as determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were 42.2%, 9.4%, 11.4%, and 22.7%, respectively. The effects of nC(24)HMO and conventional pesticides on the citrus psyllid population and parasitoids in citrus orchard were also determined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/drug effects; Citrus/growth & development*; Citrus/parasitology*
  15. Fulltext Optimization of culture conditions (sucrose, pH, and photoperiod) for in vitro regeneration and early detection of somaclonal variation in ginger lime (Citrus assamensis)
    Yaacob JS, Mahmad N, Mat Taha R, Mohamed N, Mad Yussof AI, Saleh A
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:262710.
    PMID: 24977187 DOI: 10.1155/2014/262710
    Various explants (stem, leaf, and root) of Citrus assamensis were cultured on MS media supplemented with various combinations and concentrations (0.5-2.0 mg L(-1)) of NAA and BAP. Optimum shoot and root regeneration were obtained from stem cultures supplemented with 1.5 mg L(-1) NAA and 2.0 mg L(-1) BAP, respectively. Explant type affects the success of tissue culture of this species, whereby stem explants were observed to be the most responsive. Addition of 30 gL(-1) sucrose and pH of 5.8 was most optimum for in vitro regeneration of this species. Photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness was most optimum for shoot regeneration, but photoperiod of 24 hours of darkness was beneficial for production of callus. The morphology (macro and micro) and anatomy of in vivo and in vitro/ex vitro Citrus assamensis were also observed to elucidate any irregularities (or somaclonal variation) that may arise due to tissue culture protocols. Several minor micromorphological and anatomical differences were observed, possibly due to stress of tissue culture, but in vitro plantlets are expected to revert back to normal phenotype following full adaptation to the natural environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/anatomy & histology*; Citrus/physiology*; Citrus/radiation effects
  16. Cryopreservation of whole seeds and excised embryonic axes of Citrus suhuiensis cv. limau langkat in accordance to their desiccation sensitivity
    Makeen MA, Noor NM, Dussert S, Clyde MM
    Cryo Letters, 2005 Jul-Aug;26(4):259-68.
    PMID: 19827255
    Following the investigation of desiccation sensitivity and freezing tolerance of the whole seed of Citrus suhuiensis cv. limau langkat, desiccation sensitivity and cryopreservation of the excised embryonic axes from the seeds of the same species were examined. Three drying conditions were employed: desiccation by equilibrium for the whole seeds and desiccation in laminar airflow and over silica gel for the excised embryonic axes. The relevance of desiccation sensitivity (WC50) to cryopreservation of whole seeds and excised axes was investigated. High desiccation tolerance (WC50 = 0.034 g H2O x g(-1)dw) was acquired for axes desiccated with faster dehydration rate (1.5 g x g(-1) x h(-1)) in laminar airflow compared to substantially lower desiccation tolerance (WC50 = 0.132 and 0.110 g H2O x g(-1)dw) acquired under slower dehydration rates (1.0 and 0.005 g x g(-1) x h(-1)) for axes desiccated over silica gel and whole seeds desiccated by equilibrium respectively. While few whole seeds (8.3%) survived freezing, high recovery percentages of axes (83.3% and 62.2%) after freezing were obtained under laminar airflow and silica gel drying conditions respectively. Irrespective of the drying method employed, axes survival percentages after exposure to LN temperature commensurate with the desiccation sensitivity pattern. For the whole seeds, a factor other than desiccation sensitivity that limits the tolerance to exposure to LN temperature seems to exist and still needs to be defined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/cytology; Citrus/embryology*; Citrus/physiology*
  17. Trachyibana sarawakiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a remarkable new genus and species from Malaysia (Acari: Uropodina: Trachyuropodidae)
    Kontschán J
    Zootaxa, 2015;3915(1):272-8.
    PMID: 25662124 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3915.2.6
    A new genus Trachyibana gen. nov. is described and illustrated on the basis of Trachyibana sarawakiensis sp. nov. from Malaysia. The new genus belongs to the family Trachyuropodidae, on the basis of its fringed internal malae, the T-shaped dorsal setae and the position of hypostomal setae h3 (lateral to h1-h2-h4). The new genus differs from the other trachyuropodid genera and species by its lemon-shaped idiosoma, the presence of deep opisthogastric ventral furrows, and the absence of strongly sclerotised dorsal structures. 
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus
  18. Intelligent microscopic approach for identification and recognition of citrus deformities
    Safdar A, Khan MA, Shah JH, Sharif M, Saba T, Rehman A, et al.
    Microsc Res Tech, 2019 Sep;82(9):1542-1556.
    PMID: 31209970 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23320
    Plant diseases are accountable for economic losses in an agricultural country. The manual process of plant diseases diagnosis is a key challenge from last one decade; therefore, researchers in this area introduced automated systems. In this research work, automated system is proposed for citrus fruit diseases recognition using computer vision technique. The proposed method incorporates five fundamental steps such as preprocessing, disease segmentation, feature extraction and reduction, fusion, and classification. The noise is being removed followed by a contrast stretching procedure in the very first phase. Later, watershed method is applied to excerpt the infectious regions. The shape, texture, and color features are subsequently computed from these infection regions. In the fourth step, reduced features are fused using serial-based approach followed by a final step of classification using multiclass support vector machine. For dimensionality reduction, principal component analysis is utilized, which is a statistical procedure that enforces an orthogonal transformation on a set of observations. Three different image data sets (Citrus Image Gallery, Plant Village, and self-collected) are combined in this research to achieving a classification accuracy of 95.5%. From the stats, it is quite clear that our proposed method outperforms several existing methods with greater precision and accuracy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/anatomy & histology*
  19. Citrus hystrix leaf extract attenuated diabetic-cataract in STZ-rats
    Umran NSS, Mohamed S, Lau SF, Mohd Ishak NI
    J Food Biochem, 2020 08;44(8):e13258.
    PMID: 32539198 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13258
    Diabetic cataract causes severe vision loss. This study evaluated the effects of hesperidin-standardized Citrus hystrix leaf flavonoids-rich extract (CLE) on diabetic-cataract development. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were orally given 150 and 300 mg CLE/kg body-weight. These were compared with non-treated diabetic or healthy rats as controls, over 8 weeks. The CLE gradually attenuated fasting blood glucose (FBG), biomarkers for inflammation (Tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF-α; prostaglandin E2 PGE2); vascular permeability, (Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF); and oxidative stress, (malondialdehyde MDA). The diabetic cataract was significantly mitigated by the 150 mg CLE/kg dose. Good correlations were found between cataract incidence with FBG (r2  = 0.90), serum PGE2 (r2  = 0.91), MDA (r2  = 0.99), VEGF (r2  = 0.71), but not with TNF-α levels (r2  = 0.49) suggesting the serum FBG, PGE2, MDA, and possibly the VEGF levels may help to predict the cataract risks. The CLE mitigated cataract probably by attenuating hyperglycaemia, inflammation, lens fluid influx, vascular leakage, lens osmotic-imbalance, and fibers over-hydration. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The study shows the flavonoids-rich Citrus hystrix leaf consumption, effectively attenuated diabetes (fasting blood glucose) and mitigated diabetic cataract. It help reduce diabetes-related hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular leakage. The evidences were the CLE consumptions reduced the serum biomarkers tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-α; prostaglandin E2 PGE2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The C. hystrix leaf contains hesperidin, apiin, diosmin, saponarin, apigetrin, rutin and xanthotoxol, and other flavonoid glucosides. The study also showed good correlations between cataract incidence with fasting blood glucose FBG (r2  = 0.90), serum PGE2 (r2  = 0.91), and MDA (r2  = 0.99), and less closely with VEGF (r2  = 0.71) suggesting these serum biomarkers may help predict cataract risks. The CLE indicated cataract mitigation properties probably by attenuating FBG, inflammation, lens fluid influx, lens osmotic-imbalance, and fibers over-hydration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus*
  20. Fulltext Composition and Monthly Changes of the Volatile Constituents in the Sour Hetsuka-daidai Citrus Peel
    Hamada T, Harano K, Niihara R, Kitahara H, Yamamoto M, Vairrapan CS, et al.
    J Oleo Sci, 2020;69(6):643-648.
    PMID: 32493886 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19296
    Sour citrus are prized for their flavor and fragrance. This work identified the components of the peel oil of Hetsuka-daidai (Citrus sp. hetsukadaidai), a special sour citrus that is native to the southern part of the Osumi peninsula, Kagoshima, Japan. These compounds were compared to those identified from the peels of six other major sour citrus: lime (Citrus latifolia), lemon (Citrus limon), Yuzu (Citrus junos), Kabusu (Citrus aurantium), Kabosu (Citrus sphaerocarpa), and Sudachi (Citrus sudachi). Peel oil contents were analyzed for the duration of four months during harvest season to investigate the differences in peel oil/fragrance during ripening. These results could facilitate the development of preferred flavor and scent profiles using local species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citrus/chemistry*
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