Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 31 in total

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  1. Phytochemicals from Calophyllum canum Hook f. ex T. Anderson and their neuroprotective effects
    Lizazman MA, Jong VYM, Chua P, Lim WK, Karunakaran T
    Nat Prod Res, 2023 Jun;37(12):2043-2048.
    PMID: 35997666 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2116021
    Previous phytochemical investigations reported that Calophyllum spp have biosynthesized a wide range of bioactive phenolics such as xanthones and coumarins. The phytochemical study conducted on the stem bark of C. canum has led to the isolation of eight trioxygenated xanthones namely: 5-methoxytrapezifolixanthone (1), 5-methoxyananixanthone (2), caloxanthone C (3), 1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-4-isoprenylxanthone (4), 6-deoxyisojacareubin (5), euxanthone (6), trapezifolixanthone (7), ananixanthone (8), together with three common triterpenoids, β-sitosterol (9), friedelin (10), and stigmasterol (11). Furthermore, xanthones 1 and 2 were isolated for the first time as naturally occurring xanthones from the plant extract. The structures of these compounds were identified and elucidated using advanced spectroscopic techniques such as 1 D & 2 D NMR, MS, and FTIR. The neuroprotective property of selected compounds was tested through in vitro stroke model. Among all tested compounds, 1 µm of compounds 8, 9, and 10 showed significant neuroprotective activity via reduction of apoptosis by ∼ 50%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  2. Fulltext The Monkey Head Mushroom and Memory Enhancement in Alzheimer's Disease
    Yanshree, Yu WS, Fung ML, Lee CW, Lim LW, Wong KH
    Cells, 2022 Jul 24;11(15).
    PMID: 35892581 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152284
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, and no effective treatments are available to treat this disorder. Therefore, researchers have been investigating Hericium erinaceus, or the monkey head mushroom, an edible medicinal mushroom, as a possible treatment for AD. In this narrative review, we evaluated six preclinical and three clinical studies of the therapeutic effects of Hericium erinaceus on AD. Preclinical trials have successfully demonstrated that extracts and bioactive compounds of Hericium erinaceus have potential beneficial effects in ameliorating cognitive functioning and behavioral deficits in animal models of AD. A limited number of clinical studies have been conducted and several clinical trials are ongoing, which have thus far shown analogous outcomes to the preclinical studies. Nonetheless, future research on Hericium erinaceus needs to focus on elucidating the specific neuroprotective mechanisms and the target sites in AD. Additionally, standardized treatment parameters and universal regulatory systems need to be established to further ensure treatment safety and efficacy. In conclusion, Hericium erinaceus has therapeutic potential and may facilitate memory enhancement in patients with AD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection/drug effects
  3. Fulltext Essential Oils as a Potential Neuroprotective Remedy for Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review
    Abd Rashed A, Abd Rahman AZ, Rathi DNG
    Molecules, 2021 Feb 19;26(4).
    PMID: 33669787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041107
    Despite the improvements in life expectancy, neurodegenerative conditions have arguably become the most dreaded maladies of older people. The neuroprotective and anti-ageing potentials of essential oils (EOs) are widely evaluated around the globe. The objective of this review is to analyse the effectiveness of EOs as neuroprotective remedies among the four common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The literature was extracted from three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar) between the years of 2010 to 2020 using the medical subject heading (MeSH) terms "essential oil", crossed with "Alzheimer's disease (AD)", "Huntington's disease (HD)", "Parkinson's disease (PD)" or "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)". Eighty three percent (83%) of the studies were focused on AD, while another 12% focused on PD. No classifiable study was recorded on HD or ALS. EO from Salvia officinalis has been recorded as one of the most effective acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. However, only Cinnamomum sp. has been assessed for its effectiveness in both AD and PD. Our review provided useful evidence on EOs as potential neuroprotective remedies for age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection*
  4. Piper sarmentosum Roxb. Root Extracts Confer Neuroprotection by Attenuating Beta Amyloid-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Released from Microglial Cells
    Chan EWL, Yeo ETY, Wong KWL, See ML, Wong KY, Gan SY
    Curr Alzheimer Res, 2019;16(3):251-260.
    PMID: 30819080 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190228124630
    BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that eventually leads to severe cognitive impairment. Although the exact etiologies of AD still remain elusive, increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation cascades mediated by microglial cells are associated with AD. Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (PS) is a medicinal plant reported to possess various biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-psychotic and anti-oxidant activity. However, little is known about the anti-inflammatory activity of PS roots despite their traditional use to treat inflammatory- mediated ailments.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of extracts obtained from the roots of PS against beta-amyloid (Aβ)-induced microglial toxicity associated with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

    METHOD: BV2 microglial cells were treated with hexane (RHXN), dichloromethane (RDCM), ethyl acetate (REA) and methanol (RMEOH) extracts of the roots of PS prior to activation by Aβ. The production and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators were evaluated by Griess reagent, ELISA kits and RT-qPCR respectively. The phosphorylation status of p38α MAPK was determined via western blot assay. BV2 conditioned medium was used to treat SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and the neuroprotective effect was assessed using MTT assay.

    RESULTS: PS root extracts, in particular RMEOH significantly attenuated the production and mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in Aβ-induced BV2 microglial cells. In addition, RHXN, REA and RMEOH extracts significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) level and the inhibition of NO production was correlated with the total phenolic content of the extracts. Further mechanistic studies suggested that PS root extracts attenuated the production of cytokines by regulating the phosphorylation of p38α MAPK in microglia. Importantly, PS root extracts have protective effects against Aβ-induced indirect neurotoxicity either by inhibiting the production of NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in BV2 cells or by protecting SHSY5Y cells against these inflammatory mediators.

    CONCLUSIONS: These findings provided evidence that PS root extracts confer neuroprotection against Aβ- induced microglial toxicity associated with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and may be a potential therapeutic agent for inflammation-related neurological conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD).

    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection/drug effects; Neuroprotection/physiology
  5. Role of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype in neuroprotection: an overview
    Muthuraju, S., Abdullah, J.M.
    Orient Neuron Nexus, 2011;2(1):10-14.
    MyJurnal
    Neuronal cell death results from various circumstances such as hypoxia, ischemic and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In these events, the resulting modification of neurotransmitters, either excitatory or inhibitory, mediate much of the neuronal damage. However, this consequence depends upon their pre and post synaptic receptor activities which are the key mechanism for signal regulation. Among these, acetylcholine (ACh) is a well known neurotransmitter which is predominantly involved in neuroprotection as well as cognitive functions through its receptors activity, particularly the nicotinic subtypes. Several lines of evidence suggest that among these subtypes, a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (a7nAChR) offers much promise for neuroprotective role in relation to the central nervous system (CNS) disorders like schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several lines of evidence exist to show the potential mechanisms in which this nAChR subtype and its agonists such as nicotine, that trigger the a7nAChR-mediated suppression of neuronal cell death. This review focuses on the potential role of a7nAChR in neuroprotection by examining recent experimental data, both in vitro and in vivo, that argue for the neuroprotective role of a7nAChR in the CNS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  6. Fulltext Development and evaluation of acceptance of a web based education module for reducing risk of mild cognitive impairment among older adults
    Suzana Shahar, Divya Vanoh, Intan Hafizah Mohd Ishak, Zahara Abdul Manaf, Rosdinom Razali, Nazlena Mohd Ali, et al.
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(101):233-234.
    MyJurnal
    Relatively less comprehensive web based programme has been developed for detecting risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and further impart preventive strategies and lifestyle education. Thus, this study has developed a comprehensive web based programme for early screening of risk of MCI together with education package for preventing MCI known as WESIHAT 2.0. WESIHAT 2.0 is a senior friendly website which has appropriate design interface facilitating access of older people especially with the use of touch-screen technology. WESIHAT 2.0 has incorporated four major components namely TUA WELLNESS screening tool, which is a comprehensive, online based, 10-item screening tool for detecting risk of MCI, 10-guides for preventing MCI, health diary and healthy food. Evaluation of acceptance of WESIHAT 2.0 was done among 71 people which comprised of 30 older people and 30 caregivers, chosen equally based on ethnic composition and 11 health care professionals who has experience working in the field of geriatric and 2 freelance website developer. All older people and caregivers stated that the content of website was very useful for preventing MCI, however, about 36.4% of health professionals stated several improvements needed to be done before releasing the end-product to the users. Comments given were smaller font size (27.3), addition of more pictures (27.3%), using simpler terms (36.4%) and changing certain design for better view of older people (18.2%). Amendments were made based on each comment given and the finalized website were used for a 6-month intervention programme for neuroprotection among older people who failed to achieve successful aging. It is timely for an online based approach for prevention of MCI. WESIHAT 2.0 is the first website in Malaysia which has been accepted by all older people and caregiver and more than half of healthcare professionals to prevent memory decline.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  7. Neuroprotection by trans-resveratrol in rats with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced retinal injury: Insights into the role of adenosine A1 receptors
    Abd Ghapor AA, Abdul Nasir NA, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Razali N
    Neurosci Res, 2023 Aug;193:1-12.
    PMID: 36796452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.02.004
    Adenosine A1 receptors (AA1R) have been shown to counteract N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated glutamatergic excitotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated the role of AA1R in neuroprotection by trans-resveratrol (TR) against NMDA-induced retinal injury. In total, 48 rats were divided into the following four groups: normal rats pretreated with vehicle; rats that received NMDA (NMDA group); rats that received NMDA after pretreatment with TR; and rats that received NMDA after pretreatment with TR and 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), an AA1R antagonist. Assessment of general and visual behaviour was performed using the open field test and two-chamber mirror test, respectively, on Days 5 and 6 post NMDA injection. Seven days after NMDA injection, animals were euthanized, and eyeballs and optic nerves were harvested for histological parameters, whereas retinae were isolated to determine the redox status and expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. In the present study, the retinal and optic nerve morphology in the TR group was protected from NMDA-induced excitotoxic damage. These effects were correlated with the lower retinal expression of proapoptotic markers, lipid peroxidation, and markers of nitrosative/oxidative stress. The general and visual behavioural parameters in the TR group showed less anxiety-related behaviour and better visual function than those in the NMDA group. All the findings observed in the TR group were abolished by administration of DPCPX.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  8. A Molecular Approach to Epilepsy Management: from Current Therapeutic Methods to Preconditioning Efforts
    Amini E, Rezaei M, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Golpich M, Ghasemi R, Mohamed Z, et al.
    Mol Neurobiol, 2015 Aug;52(1):492-513.
    PMID: 25195699 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8876-5
    Epilepsy is the most common and chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. The key aim in treating patients with epilepsy is the suppression of seizures. An understanding of focal changes that are involved in epileptogenesis may therefore provide novel approaches for optimal treatment of the seizure. Although the actual pathogenesis of epilepsy is still uncertain, recently growing lines of evidence declare that microglia and astrocyte activation, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondria dysfunction, and damage of blood-brain barrier (BBB) are involved in its pathogenesis. Impaired GABAergic function in the brain is probably the most accepted hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Clinical neuroimaging of patients and experimental modeling have demonstrated that seizures may induce neuronal apoptosis. Apoptosis signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of several types of epilepsy such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The quality of life of patients is seriously affected by treatment-related problems and also by unpredictability of epileptic seizures. Moreover, the available antiepileptic drugs (AED) are not significantly effective to prevent epileptogenesis. Thus, novel therapies that are proficient to control seizure in people who are suffering from epilepsy are needed. The preconditioning method promises to serve as an alternative therapeutic approach because this strategy has demonstrated the capability to curtail epileptogenesis. For this reason, understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying brain tolerance induced by preconditioning is crucial to delineate new neuroprotective ways against seizure damage and epileptogenesis. In this review, we summarize the work to date on the pathogenesis of epilepsy and discuss recent therapeutic strategies in the treatment of epilepsy. We will highlight that novel therapy targeting such as preconditioning process holds great promise. In addition, we will also highlight the role of gene reprogramming and mitochondrial biogenesis in the preconditioning-mediated neuroprotective events.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection*
  9. LPS Preconditioning Attenuates Apoptosis Mechanism by Inhibiting NF-κB and Caspase-3 Activity: TLR4 Pre-activation in the Signaling Pathway of LPS-Induced Neuroprotection
    Sangaran PG, Ibrahim ZA, Chik Z, Mohamed Z, Ahmadiani A
    Mol Neurobiol, 2021 May;58(5):2407-2422.
    PMID: 33421016 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02227-3
    Neuroinflammation, an inflammatory response within the nervous system, has been shown to be implicated in the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent in vivo studies showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning provides neuroprotection by activating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), one of the members for pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family that play critical role in host response to tissue injury, infection, and inflammation. Pre-exposure to low dose of LPS could confer a protective state against cellular apoptosis following subsequent stimulation with LPS at higher concentration, suggesting a role for TLR4 pre-activation in the signaling pathway of LPS-induced neuroprotection. However, the precise molecular mechanism associated with this protective effect is not well understood. In this article, we provide an overall review of the current state of our knowledge about LPS preconditioning in attenuating apoptosis mechanism and conferring neuroprotection via TLR4 signaling pathway.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection/drug effects*
  10. Fulltext Multi-targeting aurones with monoamine oxidase and amyloid-beta inhibitory activities: Structure-activity relationship and translating multi-potency to neuroprotection
    Liew KF, Lee EH, Chan KL, Lee CY
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2019 Feb;110:118-128.
    PMID: 30466001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.054
    Previously, a series of aurones bearing amine and carbamate functionalities was synthesized and evaluated for their cholinesterase inhibitory activity and drug-like attributes. In the present study, these aurones were evaluated for their multi-targeting properties in two Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related activities namely, monoamine oxidase (MAO) and amyloid-beta (Aβ) inhibition. Evaluation of the aurones for MAO inhibitory activity disclosed several potent selective inhibitors of MAO-B, particularly those with 6-methoxyl group attached at ring A. Of the different amine moieties attached as side chains, pyrrolidine-bearing aurones were prominent as represented by 2-2, the most potent inhibitor. Evaluation on the Aβ aggregation inhibition identified 4-3 as the best inhibitor with a percentage inhibition comparable to that of a known Aβ inhibitor curcumin. Examination on the neuroprotective ability of the more drug-like aurone 4-3 in two Caenorhabditis elegans neurodegeneration models showed 4-3 to protect the nematodes against both Aβ- and 6-hydroxydopamine-induced toxicities. These new activities further support 4-3 as a promising lead to develop the aurones as potential multipotent agents for neurodegenerative diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection/drug effects*; Neuroprotection/physiology
  11. Fulltext A brief review of potential neuroprotective roles of the culinary herb Ocimum basilicum
    Manali Haniti, M.Z., Norazrina, A., Chan, K.M.
    Medicine & Health, 2018;13(2):3-19.
    MyJurnal
    Neurodegenerative diseases commonly affect elderly population and are characterised by progressive neuronal loss. Oxidative stress is highly associated with neurodegeneration. The targeted herbal plant in this review, Ocimum basilicum (O. basilicum), is typically used in Indochina and Italian cuisine. Pharmacological studies on O. basilicum have demonstrated potent antioxidant activities with some reports of neuroprotective actions. This brief review highlights the potential neuroprotective roles of O. basilicum by discussing previously documented antioxidative actions of the plant extract, essential oils and its phytochemical compounds on the nervous system based on in vitro and in vivo studies. Accumulating evidence on the neuroprotective action of O. basilicum points to a notion that neuroprotection is made possible by way of its antioxidant properties and largely due to the presence of polyphenol compounds such as rosmarinic acid which has been identified as the major constituent. Although the mechanisms of O. basilicum antioxidant action have been proposed, further studies are required for better understanding of its antioxidant action leading to neuroprotective roles. It is also possible that the antioxidant actions of O. basilicum are mediated through synergism of a mixture of various naturally-occurring bioactive compounds in the plant, as is with many other plant-based food supplements, to produce the putative effects instead of a single bioactive compound from the plant. Therefore, specific targeting of neuroprotection by means of antioxidant actions warrants further preclinical and clinical studies investigating the therapeutic potentials of O. basilicum particularly in view of the prevention of neurodegenerative processes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  12. Current viral-mediated gene transfer research for treatment of Alzheimer's disease
    Sasmita AO
    Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev, 2019 Apr;35(1):26-45.
    PMID: 30317930 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2018.1523521
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and has affected millions of individuals worldwide. The hallmarks of AD include the amyloid beta plaque deposits, tau neurofibrillary tangles, altered neuronal signaling, alongside decline in memory and cognitive functions. Conventional drug therapies do exist, such as donepezil or aducanumab, but these drugs mostly focus on halting AD progression instead of causing a reversal within the disease. In an effort to ameliorate and ultimately cure AD, researchers have delved into viral-mediated gene therapy to fix this disease from its root molecular causes. To date, adeno-associated virus and lentiviral vectors have remained the most vastly studied among other viral vectors to combat AD. These vectors could be employed alongside various genetic materials based on the types of processes we want to alter to yield a positive effect, such as disruption of amyloidogenic pathway, neuroprotection and lipid metabolism pathways. Recent studies and trials were reviewed in this article, highlighting their clinical significance, differences and limitations between each method. By learning from the different combinations and possibilities of viral-mediated gene transfer, researchers would then get a step closer in ameliorating symptoms and possibly in curing AD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  13. Improved spinal cord gray matter morphology induced by Spirulina platensis following spinal cord injury in rat models
    Abdullahi D, Ahmad Annuar A, Sanusi J
    Ultrastruct Pathol, 2020 Nov 20;44(4-6):359-371.
    PMID: 32686973 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1792597
    Despite intense preclinical research focusing on developing potential strategies of mitigating spinal cord injury (SCI), SCI still results in permanent, debilitating symptoms for which there are currently no effective pharmacological interventions to improve the recovery of the fine ultrastructure of the spinal cord. Spirulina platensis is thought to have potential neuroprotective effects. We have previously demonstrated its protective potential on the lesioned corticospinal tracts and behavioral recovery. In this study, spirulina, known for its neuroprotective properties was used to further explore its protective effects on spinal cord gray matter ultrastructural. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided into sham group (laminectomy without SCI), control group (SCI without S. platensis), and S. platensis group (SCI + 180 mg/kg S. platensis). All animals were anesthetized via intramuscular injection. A partial crush injury was induced at the level of T12. The rats were humanely sacrificed for 28 days postinjury for ultrastructural study. There were significant mean differences with respect to pairwise comparisons between the ultrastructural grading score of neuronal perikarya of control and the S. platensis following injury at day 28, which correlates with the functional locomotor recovery at this timepoint in our previous study. The group supplemented with spirulina, thus, revealed a better improvement in the fine ultrastructure of the spinal cord gray matter when compared to the control group thereby suggesting neuroprotective potentials of spirulina in mitigating the effects of spinal cord injury and inducing functional recovery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  14. C-Abl Inhibition; A Novel Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease
    Abushouk AI, Negida A, Elshenawy RA, Zein H, Hammad AM, Menshawy A, et al.
    CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2018 Apr 26;17(1):14-21.
    PMID: 28571531 DOI: 10.2174/1871527316666170602101538
    Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent movement disorder in the world. The major pathological hallmarks of PD are death of dopaminergic neurons and the formation of Lewy bodies. At the moment, there is no cure for PD; current treatments are symptomatic. Investigators are searching for neuroprotective agents and disease modifying strategies to slow the progress of neurodegeneration. However, due to lack of data about the main pathological sequence of PD, many drug targets failed to provide neuroprotective effects in human trials. Recent evidence suggests the involvement of C-Abelson (c-Abl) tyrosine kinase enzyme in the pathogenesis of PD. Through parkin inactivation, alpha synuclein aggregation, and impaired autophagy of toxic elements. Experimental studies showed that (1) c-Abl activation is involved in neurodegeneration and (2) c-Abl inhibition shows neuroprotective effects and prevents dopaminergic neuronal' death. Current evidence from experimental studies and the first in-human trial shows that c-Abl inhibition holds the promise for neuroprotection against PD and therefore, justifies the movement towards larger clinical trials. In this review article, we discussed the role of c-Abl in PD pathogenesis and the findings of preclinical experiments and the first in-human trial. In addition, based on lessons from the last decade and current preclinical evidence, we provide recommendations for future research in this area.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  15. miR-124 and Parkinson's disease: A biomarker with therapeutic potential
    Angelopoulou E, Paudel YN, Piperi C
    Pharmacol Res, 2019 12;150:104515.
    PMID: 31707035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104515
    Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder, attributed to a complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors. Although the exact etiology of the disease remains elusive, dysregulation of signaling pathways implicated in cell survival, apoptosis, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, oxidative damage and neuroinflammation, contributes to its pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are endogenous short non-coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. MiR-124 is one of the most abundantly expressed miRs in the brain that participates in neurogenesis, synapse morphology, neurotransmission, inflammation, autophagy and mitochondrial function. Accumulating pre-clinical evidence shows that miR-124 may act through calpain 1/p25/cyclin-dependent kinases 5 (CDK5), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death (Bim), 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated pathways to regulate cell survival, apoptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in PD. Moreover, clinical evidence indicates that reduced plasma miR-124 levels may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker in PD. This review provides an update of the pathogenic implication of miR-124 activity in PD and discusses its targeting potential for the development of future therapeutic strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  16. Fulltext A status review of the bioactive activities of tiger milk mushroom Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden
    Nallathamby N, Phan CW, Seow SL, Baskaran A, Lakshmanan H, Abd Malek SN, et al.
    Front Pharmacol, 2017;8:998.
    PMID: 29379443 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00998
    Edible and medicinal mushrooms are regularly used in natural medicines and home remedies since antiquity for ailments like fever, inflammation, and respiratory disorders. Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden is a polypore found in Malaysia and other regions in South East Asia. It can be located on a spot where a tigress drips milk while feeding, hence the name "tiger's milk mushroom." The sclerotium of L. rhinocerotis is highly sought after by the native communities in Malaysia to stave off hunger, relieve cough and asthma, and provide stamina. The genomic features of L. rhinocerotis have been described. The pharmacological and toxicity effects, if any, of L. rhinocerotis sclerotium have been scientifically verified in recent years. In this review, the validated investigations including the cognitive function, neuroprotection, immune modulation, anti-asthmatic, anti-coagulation, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial/ anti-viral, anti-obesity, anti-cancer/ anti-tumor, and antioxidant properties are highlighted. These findings suggest that L. rhinocerotis can be considered as an alternative and natural medicine in the management of non-communicable diseases. However, there is a paucity of validation studies including human clinical trials of the mycochemicals of L. rhinocerotis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  17. Fulltext Antioxioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of Thymosin β4 in Aβ-induced SH-SY5Y cells via the 5-HTR1A/ERK axis
    Zhang GH, Chin KL, Yan SY, Pare R
    PLoS One, 2023;18(10):e0287817.
    PMID: 37788276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287817
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common amnestic cognitive impairment characterised by β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques deposit in the brain of the elderly. AD is a yet incurable disease due to its unknown exact pathogenesis and unavailability of effective remedies in clinical application. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a housekeeping protein that plays important role in cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. It has the ability to protect and repair neurons however it is still unclear involvement in AD. Therefore, the aim of this study is to elucidate the role and mechanism of Tβ4 in mediating the improvement of AD. AD-like cell model was constructed in neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y treated with Aβ. Overexpression of Tβ4 were done using lentivirus infection and downregulation through siRNA transfection. We performed western blot and flow cytometry to study the apoptosis and standard kits to measure the oxidative stress-associated biomarkers. There is significant increased in viability and decreased apoptosis in Tβ4 overexpression group compared to control. Furthermore, overexpression of Tβ4 suppressed the expression of pro-apoptotic markers such as Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Bax meanwhile upregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2. Tβ4 alleviated oxidative damage by reducing MDA, LDH and ROS and increasing SOD and GSH-PX in Aβ-treated SH-SY5Y cells. We found that Tβ4 inhibit ERK/p38 MAPK pathway and intensify the expression of 5-HTR1A. Additionally, we showed that upregulation of 5-HTR1A dampened the Tβ4 to activate ERK signalling. In conclusion, our study revealed the neuroprotective role of Tβ4 in AD which may open up new therapeutic applications in AD treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  18. Fulltext Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Aspects of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre
    Huq AK, Jamal JA, Stanslas J
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2014;2014:782830.
    PMID: 24834098 DOI: 10.1155/2014/782830
    Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre, belonging to Polygonaceae family, is a common weed found in most of the temperate countries including Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, and Japan. The plant is also referred to as "marsh pepper" or "smart weed." It appears to be a useful herb with evidence-based medicinal properties. The present work addresses the botanical description, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of P. hydropiper. All plant parts have been commonly used in the traditional systems of medicines. Flavonoids are the major group of phytochemical components followed by drimane-type sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, as well as phenylpropanoids. Different extracts and plant parts showed remarkable pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antihelminth, antifeedant, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, oestrogenicity, antifertility, antiadipogenicity, and neuroprotection. Mutagenicity and acute and subchronic toxicities of the plant were also reported. P. hydropiper has tremendous medicinal properties that could further be investigated for the development of evidence-based herbal products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection
  19. Fulltext Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Lineages as In Vitro Models for Screening the Neuroprotective Properties of Lignosus rhinocerus (Cooke) Ryvarden
    Yeo Y, Tan JBL, Lim LW, Tan KO, Heng BC, Lim WL
    Biomed Res Int, 2019;2019:3126376.
    PMID: 33204680 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3126376
    In the biomedical field, there is growing interest in using human stem cell-derived neurons as in vitro models for pharmacological and toxicological screening of bioactive compounds extracted from natural products. Lignosus rhinocerus (Tiger Milk Mushroom) is used by indigenous communities in Malaysia as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases. The sclerotium of L. rhinocerus has been reported to have medicinal properties, including various bioactivities such as neuritogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective activities of L. rhinocerus sclerotial extracts. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neural lineages exposed to the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX), were used as the in vitro models. Excess glucocorticoids have been shown to adversely affect fetal brain development and impair differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Screening of different L. rhinocerus sclerotial extracts and DEX on the hESC-derived neural lineages was conducted using cell viability and neurite outgrowth assays. The neuroprotective effects of L. rhinocerus sclerotial extracts against DEX were further evaluated using apoptosis assays and Western blot analysis. Hot aqueous and methanol extracts of L. rhinocerus sclerotium promoted neurite outgrowth of hESC-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) with negligible cytotoxicity. Treatment with DEX decreased viability of NSCs by inducing apoptosis. Coincubation of L. rhinocerus methanol extract with DEX attenuated the DEX-induced apoptosis and reduction in phospho-Akt (pAkt) level in NSCs. These results suggest the involvement of Akt signaling in the neuroprotection of L. rhinocerus methanol extract against DEX-induced apoptosis in NSCs. Methanol extract of L. rhinocerus sclerotium exhibited potential neuroprotective activities against DEX-induced toxicity in hESC-derived NSCs. This study thus validates the use of human stem cell-derived neural lineages as potential in vitro models for screening of natural products with neuroprotective properties.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection*
  20. Ischemic optic neuropathy as a model of neurodegenerative disorder: A review of pathogenic mechanism of axonal degeneration and the role of neuroprotection
    Khalilpour S, Latifi S, Behnammanesh G, Majid AM, Majid AS, Tamayol A
    J Neurol Sci, 2017 Apr 15;375:430-441.
    PMID: 28320183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.044
    Optic neuropathy is a neurodegenerative disease which involves optic nerve injury. It is caused by acute or intermittent insults leading to visual dysfunction. There are number of factors, responsible for optic neuropathy, and the optic nerve axon is affected in all type which causes the loss of retinal ganglion cells. In this review we will highlight various mechanisms involved in the cell loss cascades during axonal degeneration as well as ischemic optic neuropathy. These mechanisms include oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, angiogenesis, neuroinflammation and apoptosis following retinal ischemia. We will also discuss the effect of neuroprotective agents in attenuation of the negative effect of factors involve in the disease occurrence and progression.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neuroprotection/physiology*
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