OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to thoroughly assess the ADRs associated with these drugs by utilizing the Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
METHODS: ADR reports for Paxlovid, Molnupiravir, and Remdesivir throughout the period of January 2022 to May 2023 were extracted and classified according to the severity, type of reaction, and demographic variables. Reporting Odds Ratios (RORs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate the relationship between antiviral medications and various ADRs.
RESULTS: The study established notable correlations between Paxlovid and the recurrence of the disease (40.08%) and dysgeusia (16.29%). Molnupiravir was linked to gastrointestinal (16.73%) and skin reactions (9.47%), while Remdesivir had impairments in the liver (25.21%) and kidneys (13.34%). ADRs were more commonly observed in female patients treated with Paxlovid (57.95%) and Molnupiravir (49.40%), whereas Remdesivir ADRs were mostly reported in males (58.56%). Paxlovid and Remdesivir ADRs were frequently reported in adults between the ages of 18 and 64 (46.01% and 45.01%), while Molnupiravir ADRs were more common in older individuals aged 65 to 85 (40.38%).
CONCLUSION: This thorough assessment emphasizes the importance of careful surveillance and control of ADRs linked to COVID-19 antiviral therapies. It is essential to customize treatments by considering specific patient histories, particularly for pre-existing diseases.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted online using Google Forms™. Sociodemographic as well as work and workplace data were collected. The Job Demand Inventory, Physicians' Lack of Professional Autonomy, and Health Professions Stress Inventory questionnaires were used to assess the job demand score, job autonomy score, and the level of work-related stress, respectively. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the significant factors associated with higher work-related stress.
RESULTS: A total of 301 PCDs participated in this study with the majority being female (76.1%), Malay (67.8%), married (73.1%), medical officers (68.8%), and worked in urban (70.4%) and public primary care clinics (83%). The mean (SD) score for work-related stress was 62.8 (18.4), (score range 0-120). PCDs who had any degree of worry about being alienated by friends and relatives because of close contact with COVID-19 patients had higher work-related stress levels compared to PCDs who did not have any worry [rarely (b = 10.23, 95% CI:5.57, 14.89), sometimes (b = 10.41, 95% CI:5.68, 15.13), often (b = 10.12, 95% CI:4.16, 16.08), and always (b = 14.65, 95% CI:7.43, 21.89)]. The other significant factor was higher job demand scores (b = 1.13, 95% CI:0.91, 1.35). In contrast, PCDs who always received support from supervisors at their workplace were found to have lower work-related stress levels compared to those who did not receive any support (b=-5.65, 95% CI:-10.38, -0.93).
CONCLUSIONS: The level of work-related stress among Malaysian PCDs during the COVID-19 pandemic was higher compared to American PCDs and Malaysian physicians before the pandemic but lower compared to Australian emergency physicians during the pandemic. Urgent measures to address the above-mentioned associated factors should be implemented as another pandemic may be just around the corner.
AIM: Our aim was to determine the key challenges for MT implementation and access worldwide.
METHODS: We conducted an international online survey consisting of 37 questions, distributed through the World Stroke Organization network and as invited by co-authors between December 2022 and March 2023. The survey included a preamble outlining its purpose, questions on respondent demographics, imaging availability, MT service availability, MT selection criteria, barriers to MT, and training status in each country.
RESULTS: We received 526 responses from 89 countries distributed across 7 continents. One hundred and sixteen (22.1%) respondents did not have available MT service, 43 (8.2%) had available MT only during working hours, 362 (68.8%) had 24/7 MT availability. Regarding neuroimaging protocols, 13.5% used non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) only, 40.1% used NCCT/CT angiography, 37.5% used NCCT/CT angiography/CT perfusion), 0.4% used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) only, and 7.8% used MRI/MR angiography. The most common reasons for not receiving MT were cost, late presentation, and lack of availability of qualified neurointerventional services within reasonable distance. There were 59.1% of respondents who reported having a well-structured MT training program. Lack of qualified trainers, financial support, support from higher authorities, and lack of collaboration between departments were the most common obstacles against developing a training program.
CONCLUSION: Our study highlights significant variations in MT availability, accessibility, patient selection criteria, and MT service training programs worldwide. Financial costs and a shortage of trained neurointerventionalists were the main challenges in low- and middle-income countries.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This review will evaluate comparative studies that used VR therapy as part of interventions for children with CP. Qualitative studies, single-case studies, systematic reviews, literature reviews and guideline audits will be excluded. This review will be conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The methodological protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The following electronic databases will be used to access related studies published between January 2012 and December 2023: MEDLINE (via EBSCOhost), Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Cochrane. The Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies checklist will be employed to develop database search strategies.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This review does not require ethical approval as it uses secondary data. The findings will be published in a scientific journal. We intend to contribute to the expansion of knowledge concerning the motivational implications of VR on children with CP.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (identification number CRD42023401079).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The produced nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy. The Bovine Serum Assay (BSA) and Egg Albumin (EA) assays were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effects. The protein denaturation of AgNPs was calculated and compared to a standard to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of green synthesized AgNPs. Using varying concentrations of OGmediated AgNPs in Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA), the antimicrobial effects of OG have been investigated against E. coli, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas sp. Additionally, by measuring optical density, the time-kill curve analysis for E. Coli and S. Aureus has been examined from one hour for up to five hours.
RESULTS: The green synthesized AgNPs were developed successfully using a plant Ocimum gratissimum. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited a maximum absorption peak at 440 nm and SEM analysis revealed that the synthesized AgNPs were spherical and oval. The result findings of the anti-inflammatory activity reveal that AgNPs have great potential when compared to the standard. At the concentration of 50 μg/mL, AgNPs exhibit 76% in BSA assay and 74% in EA assay, where the standard shows 80% inhibition. The antimicrobial activity showed a zone of inhibition around 19mm for E. coli and a 20mm zone of inhibition for S. aureus and Pseudomonas sp., which shows the efficacy of AgNPs. The time-kill assay shows that the optical density of E. coli and S. aureus was reduced to 0.1 after 5 hours of incubation, which shows the potential of green synthesized AgNPs.
CONCLUSION: OG-mediated AgNPs have both antiinflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Anti-inflammatory effects are better when compared to standard drugs. Antimicrobial effects are better for Gram-negative bacteria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Red tea and clove-mediated ZnO NPs were synthesized using the green synthesis method. The anti-microbial activity was tested against oral pathogens using the agar well diffusion method, while the anti-diabetic activity was estimated using the alpha-amylase inhibitory assay method by using red tea and clovemediated ZnO NPs.
RESULTS: ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized using red tea and clove-formulated extract. The synthesized ZnO NPs using Aspalathus linearis (red tea) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) mediated ZnO NPs were characterized using UV visible spectrophotometry and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis. The green synthesized ZnO NPs show promising anti-microbial activity by exhibiting a 12 mm zone of inhibition against S. aureus, 11 mm in E. faecalis, 9 mm in S. mutans, and 11 mm in C. albicans. In anti-diabetic activity, the green synthesized ZnO NPs showed a maximum inhibition percentage of up to 80% at the maximum concentration of 50 µg/mL.
CONCLUSION: Green synthesized ZnO NPs using red tea and clove showed maximum efficacy in anti-microbial properties which can lead to huge potential use as antibacterial agents. Simultaneously, anti-diabetic activity showed an excellent inhibition percentage which can be a potent therapeutic agent in the field of nanomedicine in diabetes management.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from an herbal formulation containing Zingiber officinale and Ocimum gratissimum were tested at various concentrations using the DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The absorbance was measured at 517 nm to quantify DPPH free radicals. With Ag NP concentrations, the H2O2 test exhibited increased activity. This work evaluated the antibacterial activity of Ag NPs mediated by Zingiber officinale and Ocimum gratissimum against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and Enterococcus faecalis.
RESULTS: The utilization of herbal formulations from Z. officinale and O. gratissimum to synthesize Ag NPs revealed considerable therapeutic effectiveness. At a concentration of 50 μl, the maximal inhibition was 76%, which is comparable in effectiveness to that of standard ascorbic acid. Significant blood clot dissolution was observed during thrombolytic testing at a concentration of 100μg/ml, indicating promising prospects for the treatment of thrombotic disorders. Nanoparticles dose-dependently inhibited E. faecalis, C. albicans, S. aureus, and S. mutans in antibacterial testing. These results show the potential of the nanoparticles as supplementary or alternative treatments to conventional antibiotics, particularly in light of the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance.
CONCLUSION: The further investigation of nanoparticles into their mechanisms and efficacy in therapeutic applications, positioning Zingiber officinale and Ocimum gratissimum formulation-mediated Ag NPs as viable candidates in developing antioxidant, thrombolytic, and antimicrobial treatments.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A UV-visible spectrophotometer and SEM were used to characterize the green synthesized SeNPs. The anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities of green synthesized SeNPs were measured using the alphaamylase inhibitory & beta-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assay and the egg albumin, bovine serum albumin, and membrane stabilization assays. A test for the mortality of brine shrimp was used to determine the cytotoxic impact of SeNPs.
RESULTS: A. linearis powder was used for the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles, which exhibited the highest peak at 440 nm when analyzed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The In vitro anti-inflammatory effect of synthesized SeNPs was maximally inhibited by 44-83% in the bovine serum albumin assay 54-79% in the egg albumin assay, and 54-86% in the membrane stabilization assay compared with standard. The inhibition percentage of antidiabetic activity was found to be 50-86% in the alphaamylase assay and 49-85% in the beta-glucosidase assay when compared to standards at various concentrations. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity impact shows that 70% of brine shrimp were alive at the maximum fixation of 80 µg/mL.
CONCLUSION: The SeNPs showed concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic action, and the green synthesized SeNPs demonstrated an excellent antiinflammatory and anti-diabetic agent. The brine shrimp lethality assay confirmed the SeNPs' biocompatible nature even at high concentrations with less toxicity. Hence the study may enhance SeNPs in developing inflammation drugs and can also be utilized in diabetes management.
METHODOLOGY: This prospective, randomized, controlled trial enrolled pregnant females undergoing LSCS after spinal anesthesia. The participants were randomized into two groups: a novel 3D device group and a traditional wedge group. Primary outcome measures included the incidence of SHS, while secondary outcomes included maternal hemodynamic parameters, fetal outcomes, feasibility, ease of use, and the safety profile of the devices.
RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were well balanced between the two groups. Although some differences in maternal hemodynamic parameters were noted, the incidence of SHS was significantly lower in the novel 3D device group than that in the traditional wedge group. Fetal outcomes did not differ significantly between the groups. The novel 3D device demonstrated high compatibility with various patient anatomies and was easy to integrate into routine practice. The adverse event profiles were similar between the groups.
CONCLUSION: This study highlights the potential of a novel 3D-printed uterine displacement device for preventing SHS during LSCS, thereby improving maternal and fetal outcomes. Future research should further validate these findings and explore the long-term implications of the maternal and neonatal outcomes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: UV-visible spectra analysis was employed to investigate the optical characteristics and surface morphology, such as the size and shape of PPE CaSo4 NPs synthesized at different time intervals, which were characterized using a Scanning Electron Microscope. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using bovine serum albumin denaturation assay (BSA), and egg albumin denaturation assay (EA) was compared with diclofenac sodium as a standard. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2 Diphenyl -1- Picryl hydraxylhydrate assay (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay (H2O2), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Comparison made with ascorbic acid as the standard.
RESULTS: Anti-inflammatory activity was observed at all concentrations of PPE CaSo4 NPs, and there was no significant difference between the test material and the standard p>0.05. A significant difference was found for the antioxidant activity between PPE CaSo4 NPs and the standard in concentrations of 10 μl, for DPPH, 10 μl and 20 μl for H2O2 (p<0.05) between the concentrations of 30, 40, and 50, and there was no significant difference between the test material and the standard in all three tests conducted.
CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the PPE CaSo4 NPs have Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant activities and are concentration-dependent.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antioxidant activity was tested by Hydrogen Peroxide [H2O2] assay, Fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching [FRAP] assay and 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl[DPPH] assay. All tests have shown very good results for the ZnO-TiO2 NCs.
RESULTS: In this study, we present a straightforward, ecofriendly alternative for producing non-toxic zinc oxide and titanium oxide nano-composite material. This study could make a valuable contribution and create new opportunities in the market such as biological and pharmaceutical applications.
CONCLUSION: The in vitro tests concluded that the novel nanocomposite containing ZnO-TiO2 and green tea extract has good anti-oxidant properties and it is non-toxic to the biological systems.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study conducted at Department of ENT and Head & Neck Surgery, Saveetha Medical College Hospital, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India from September 2022 to March 2024. We included patients presenting with vertigo or dizziness, excluding those with non-vestibular dizziness or incomplete medical records. We analysed demographic data, medical history, and clinical findings from patient records. Data analysis was performed. Continuous variables were compared using independent sample t-tests and categorical variables using chi-square tests.
RESULTS: The study included 268 patients, predominantly females (57.8%) and individuals aged 40-50 years (29.9%). Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) was the most common etiological factor (41.0%), followed by orthostatic dysregulation (17.2%) and vestibular peripheral dysfunction (VPD) (16.0%). Clinical presentations and outcomes varied with the underlying etiology. Overall, 91.0% of the patients showed improvement following treatment, with 7.1% achieving full recovery.
CONCLUSION: This study highlights the complexity of vertigo and dizziness, which are influenced by various factors and demographics. This emphasizes the importance of tailored management strategies and a patient-centered, multidisciplinary approach, emphasizing customized treatments to improve patient outcomes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Saveetha Medical College Hospital, India, in 2023, between January and June. This study enrolled 100 neonates who underwent hemodynamic monitoring over 48-72 hours. Hemodynamic parameters including heart rate, blood pressure, and PI were systematically recorded. Statistical and Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to assess the relationship between PI and shock.
RESULTS: Neonates experiencing shock exhibited significantly lower PI values than those without (P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis identified a PI threshold of 0.7 for predicting shock, demonstrating a high sensitivity (92.5%) and specificity (94.78%). Additionally, a significant association was observed between PI and serum lactate level (p < 0.05), underscoring the utility of PI as a predictor of shock severity.
CONCLUSION: The study suggests that a PI < 0.7 may serve as an indicator of circulatory shock in neonates, offers good sensitivity and specificity. The PI, along with clinical parameters and serum lactate levels, is a valuable tool for early shock identification in neonatal intensive care. Further research, including multicenter studies, are warranted to validate these findings.