Burden of inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias in India: A systematic analysis of prevalence, incidence, mortality, and DALYs from global burden of disease study 1990-2021 with projections to 2031

Satapathy P 1 , Jena A 2 , Gaidhane AM 3 , Vadia N 4 , Menon SV 5 , Chennakesavulu K 6 Show all authors , Panigrahi R 7 , Kaur M 8 , Bushi G 9 , Shabil M 10 , Goyal M 11 , Kumar H 12 , Rani A 13 , Ansar S 14 , Sah S 15 , Khatib MN 16 , Goh KW 17 , Jena D 18

Affiliations 

  • 1 Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  • 2 Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, India
  • 3 School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, and Global Health Academy, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education, Wardha, India
  • 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marwadi University Research Center, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360003, Gujarat, India
  • 5 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
  • 6 Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
  • 7 Department of Microbiology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
  • 8 Department of Pharmacy, Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India
  • 9 Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
  • 10 University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
  • 11 IES Institute of Pharmacy, IES University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
  • 12 Tughlakabad Institutional Area, New Delhi Institute of Management, New Delhi, India
  • 13 Department of Microbiology, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Clement Town, Dehradun, 248002, India
  • 14 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, 11433, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 15 Department of Paediatrics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed-to-Be-University), Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India
  • 16 Division of Evidence Synthesis, Global Consortium of Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education, Wardha, India
  • 17 Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
  • 18 Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140417, Punjab, India. diptismita.jena@gmail.com
Hernia, 2025 May 03;29(1):158.
PMID: 40317332 DOI: 10.1007/s10029-025-03343-6

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hernias are a major health concern in India, with varying incidence and prevalence influenced by socio-demographic factors. Despite global advances in hernia management, regional disparities are evident within India.

METHOD: This analysis utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021 to examine inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernias across India from 1990 to 2021, categorized by ICD-10 codes. Key metrics analyzed included prevalence, incidence, mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), with age-standardized rates (ASRs). The Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) for incidence and mortality, Spearman correlation for assessing the relationship between Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) and hernia metrics, and ARIMA models for future trend projections were employed.

RESULT: Between 1990 and 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of hernias in India decreased from 143.85 to 137.05 per 100,000, a reduction of 4.72%, despite a 46% increase in the absolute number of hernia cases due to population growth. Mortality rates significantly declined by 57.05%. DALYs also decreased from 98.01 to 43.51 per 100,000. Projections for 2031 indicate stabilization of incidence rates and an increase in prevalence.

CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvements in hernia management in India have been achieved over three decades, driven by advances in healthcare and socio-demographic progress. However, the rising number of cases and expected increase in prevalence highlight the need for enhanced healthcare strategies and resource allocation to manage the hernia burden effectively.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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