Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 92 in total

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  1. Wearable patch delivery system for artificial pancreas health diagnostic-therapeutic application: A review
    Nadia Ahmad NF, Nik Ghazali NN, Wong YH
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2021 May 30;189:113384.
    PMID: 34090154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113384
    The advanced stimuli-responsive approaches for on-demand drug delivery systems have received tremendous attention as they have great potential to be integrated with sensing and multi-functional electronics on a flexible and stretchable single platform (all-in-one concept) in order to develop skin-integration with close-loop sensation for personalized diagnostic and therapeutic application. The wearable patch pumps have evolved from reservoir-based to matrix patch and drug-in-adhesive (single-layer or multi-layer) type. In this review, we presented the basic requirements of an artificial pancreas, surveyed the design and technologies used in commercial patch pumps available on the market and provided general information about the latest wearable patch pump. We summarized the various advanced delivery strategies with their mechanisms that have been developed to date and representative examples. Mechanical, electrical, light, thermal, acoustic and glucose-responsive approaches on patch form have been successfully utilized in the controllable transdermal drug delivery manner. We highlighted key challenges associated with wearable transdermal delivery systems, their research direction and future development trends.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  2. Fulltext Validation of a static Franz diffusion cell system for in vitro permeation studies
    Ng SF, Rouse JJ, Sanderson FD, Meidan V, Eccleston GM
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2010 Sep;11(3):1432-41.
    PMID: 20842539 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9522-9
    Over the years, in vitro Franz diffusion experiments have evolved into one of the most important methods for researching transdermal drug administration. Unfortunately, this type of testing often yields permeation data that suffer from poor reproducibility. Moreover, this feature frequently occurs when synthetic membranes are used as barriers, in which case biological tissue-associated variability has been removed as an artefact of total variation. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the influence of a full-validation protocol on the performance of a tailor-made array of Franz diffusion cells (GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK) available in our laboratory. To this end, ibuprofen was used as a model hydrophobic drug while synthetic membranes were used as barriers. The parameters investigated included Franz cell dimensions, stirring conditions, membrane type, membrane treatment, temperature regulation and sampling frequency. It was determined that validation dramatically reduced derived data variability as the coefficient of variation for steady-state ibuprofen permeation from a gel formulation was reduced from 25.7% to 5.3% (n = 6). Thus, validation and refinement of the protocol combined with improved operator training can greatly enhance reproducibility in Franz cell experimentation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  3. Treatment of atrophic vaginitis with topical conjugated equine estrogens in postmenopausal Asian women
    Raymundo N, Yu-cheng B, Zi-yan H, Lai CH, Leung K, Subramaniam R, et al.
    Climacteric, 2004 Sep;7(3):312-8.
    PMID: 15669556
    We investigated the effects of 2 months of treatment with topical estrogens on atrophic vaginitis and gynecological health in Asian women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  4. Transformation of Hydrophilic Drug into Oil-Miscible Ionic Liquids for Transdermal Drug Delivery
    Md Moshikur R, Shimul IM, Uddin S, Wakabayashi R, Moniruzzaman M, Goto M
    ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022 Dec 21;14(50):55332-55341.
    PMID: 36508194 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15636
    The transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs remains challenging owing to their poor ability to permeate the skin; formulation with oil media is difficult without adding chemical permeation enhancers or co-solvents. Herein, we synthesized 12 oil-miscible ionic liquid (IL) drugs comprising lidocaine-, imipramine-, and levamisole (Lev)-hydrochloride with fatty acid permeation enhancers, i.e., laurate, oleate, linoleate, and stearate as counterions. A set of in vitro and in vivo studies was performed to investigate the potency and deliverability of the transdermal drug formulations. All of the synthesized compounds were freely miscible with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents/agents (i.e., ethanol, N-methyl pyrrolidone, Tween 20, and isopropyl myristate (IPM)). In vitro permeation studies revealed that the oleate-based Lev formulation had 2.6-fold higher skin permeation capability than the Lev salts and also superior ability compared with the laurate-, linoleate-, and stearate-containing samples. Upon in vivo transdermal administration to mice, the peak plasma concentration, elimination half-life, and area under the plasma concentration curve values of Lev-IL were 4.6-, 2.9-, and 5.4-fold higher, respectively, than those of the Lev salt. Furthermore, in vitro skin irritation and in vivo histological studies have demonstrated that Lev-IL has excellent biocompatibility compared with a conventional ionic liquid-based carrier. The results indicate that oil-miscible IL-based drugs provide a simple and scalable strategy for the design of effective transdermal drug delivery systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  5. Transethosome: An ultra-deformable ethanolic vesicle for enhanced transdermal drug delivery
    Raj A, Dua K, Nair RS, Sarath Chandran C, Alex AT
    Chem Phys Lipids, 2023 Sep;255:105315.
    PMID: 37356610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105315
    Drug delivery through the skin improves solubility, bioavailability, and unwanted systemic side effects of the drug. The selection of a suitable carrier is a challenging process. The conventional lipid vesicles have some limitations. They deliver the drug in the stratum corneum and have poor colloidal stability. Here comes the need for ultra-deformable lipid vesicles to provide the drug beyond the stratum corneum. Transethosomes are novel ultra-deformable vesicles that can deliver drugs into deeper tissues. The composition of transethosomes includes phospholipid, ethanol and surfactants. Each ingredient has a pivotal role in the properties of the carrier. This review covers the design, preparation method, characterisation, and characteristics of the novel vesicle. Also, we cover the impact of surfactants on vesicular properties and the skin permeation behaviour of novel vesicles.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  6. Fulltext Transethosomal gels as carriers for the transdermal delivery of colchicine: statistical optimization, characterization, and ex vivo evaluation
    Abdulbaqi IM, Darwis Y, Assi RA, Khan NAK
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2018;12:795-813.
    PMID: 29670336 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S158018
    Introduction: Colchicine is used for the treatment of gout, pseudo-gout, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other illnesses. Its oral administration is associated with poor bioavailability and severe gastrointestinal side effects. The drug is also known to have a low therapeutic index. Thus to overcome these drawbacks, the transdermal delivery of colchicine was investigated using transethosomal gels as potential carriers.

    Methods: Colchicine-loaded transethosomes (TEs) were prepared by the cold method and statistically optimized using three sets of 24 factorial design experiments. The optimized formulations were incorporated into Carbopol 940® gel base. The prepared colchicine-loaded transethosomal gels were further characterized for vesicular size, dispersity, zeta potential, drug content, pH, viscosity, yield, rheological behavior, and ex vivo skin permeation through Sprague Dawley rats' back skin.

    Results: The results showed that the colchicine-loaded TEs had aspherical irregular shape, nanometric size range, and high entrapment efficiency. All the formulated gels exhibited non-Newtonian plastic flow without thixotropy. Colchicine-loaded transethosomal gels were able to significantly enhance the skin permeation parameters of the drug in comparison to the non-ethosomal gel.

    Conclusion: These findings suggested that the transethosomal gels are promising carriers for the transdermal delivery of colchicine, providing an alternative route for drug administration.

    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  7. Transdermal insulin delivery with microwave and fatty acids as permeation enhancers
    Harjoh N, Wong TW, Caramella C
    Int J Pharm, 2020 Jun 30;584:119416.
    PMID: 32423875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119416
    Inhaled/oral insulin have been investigated as an alternative to injectable insulin, but are met with unsatisfactory outcomes. Transdermal administration bears several advantages unmet by inhalation/oral delivery, but macromolecular drugs permeation is poor. This study explored microwave to elicit transdermal insulin permeation, and compared against conventional permeation enhancers (fatty acids) in vitro/in vivo. The transdermal insulin permeation was promoted by microwave (2450 MHz/1 mW) > oleic acid (monounsaturated) ~ linoleic acid (double unsaturated bonds). The linolenic acid (triple unsaturated bonds) or combination of microwave/fatty acid reduced skin insulin permeation. Transdermal insulin permeation enhancement was attributed to epidermal lipid bilayer fluidization (CH) and corneocyte shrinkage due to keratin condensation (OH/NH, CO), which had aqueous pore enlarged to facilitate insulin transport. Its reduction by linolenic acid, a molecularly larger and rigid fatty acid with higher surface tension, was due to reduced fatty acid permeation into epidermis and minimal skin microstructural changes. The oleic acid, despite favoured skin microstructural changes, did not provide a remarkably high insulin permeation due to it embedded in skin as hydrophobic shield to insulin transport. Microwave penetrates skin volumetrically with no chemical residue retention. It alone promoted insulin absorption and sustained blood glucose level reduction in vivo.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  8. Transdermal delivery of raloxifene HCl via ethosomal system: Formulation, advanced characterizations and pharmacokinetic evaluation
    Mahmood S, Mandal UK, Chatterjee B
    Int J Pharm, 2018 May 05;542(1-2):36-46.
    PMID: 29501737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.044
    Raloxifene HCl belongs to a class of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) which is used for the management of breast cancer. The major problem reported with raloxifene is its poor bioavailability which is only up to 2%. The main objective of the present work was to formulate raloxifene loaded ethosomal preparation for transdermal application and compare it with an oral formulation of the drug. Five ethosomal formulations with different concentrations of ethanol and a conventional liposomes formulation were prepared by rotary evaporation method. The prepared systems were characterised by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), force emission electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 31P NMR study. All these advanced characterization study established that the ethosome formulation was well defined by its size, shape and its bilayer formation. Transdermal flux of the optimized ethosome formulation was 22.14 ± 0.83 µg/ml/cm2 which was 21 times higher when compared to the conventional liposomes. Confocal microscopy study revealed an enhanced permeation of coumarin-6 dye loaded ethosomes to much deeper layers of skin when compared with conventional liposomes. The gel was found to be pseudoplastic with elastic behaviour. In-vivo studies on rats showed a higher bioavailability of RXL (157% times) for ethosomal formulation when compared with the oral formulation. In conclusion, RXL loaded ethosomal formulation via transdermal route showed superior drug delivery properties as compared to oral formulation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  9. Transdermal delivery of oxybutynin chloride proniosomal gels for the treatment of overactive bladder
    Rajabalaya R, David SR, Chellian J, Xin Yun G, Chakravarthi S
    Drug Deliv, 2016 Jun;23(5):1578-87.
    PMID: 26634274 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1116027
    CONTEXT: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common problem and anticholinergic drugs are first-line therapy, but they have side effects.

    OBJECTIVE: Development of oxybutynin chloride (OC) proniosomal gels and analyses of its efficacy for OAB treatment.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phase separation coacervation was used to prepare proniosomal gels using various non-ionic surfactants, lipids, soy lecithin and isopropyl alcohol. Gels were characterized with regard to entrapment efficiency (EE), vesicle size, surface morphology (using environmental scanning electron microscopy [E-SEM]), stability, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, in vitro skin permeation, in vivo animal studies and histopathology.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: EE was 87-92%, vesicle size was 0.38-5.0 μm, and morphology showed some loosened pores in proniosomes after hydration. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy showed no significant shifts in peaks corresponding to OC and excipients. Most formulations exhibited >50% permeation but the cholesterol-containing formulations P3 (Span 20:Span 60 [1:1]) and P4 [Tween 20:Tween 80 (1:1)] had the highest percent cumulative permeation. P3 and P4 also showed faster recovery of cholinergic effects on salivary glands than oral formulations. P3 and P4 had pronounced therapeutic effects in reduction of urinary frequency and demonstrated improvements in bladder morphology (highly regenerative surface of the transitional epithelium).

    CONCLUSION: These results suggest that OC could be incorporated into proniosomal gels for transdermal delivery in the treatment of OAB.

    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  10. Transdermal anti-inflammatory activity of bilayer film containing olive compound hydroxytyrosol: physical assessment, in vivo dermal safety and efficacy study in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model
    Ng SF, Tan LS, Buang F
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2017 Jan;43(1):108-119.
    PMID: 27588411 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1224893
    Previous studies have shown that hydroxytyrosol (HT) can be a potential alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, HT is extensively metabolized following oral administration, which leads to formulating HT in a topical vehicle to prolong drug action as well as to provide a localized effect. Hidrox-6 is a freeze-dried powder derived from fresh olives and contains a high amount of HT (∼3%) and other polyphenols. Alginate bilayer films containing 5% and 10% Hidrox-6 were formulated. The films were characterized with respect to their physical, morphology, rheological properties; drug content uniformity; and in vitro drug release. Acute dermal irritancy tests and a skin sensitization study were carried out in rats. An efficacy study of the bilayer films for RA was conducted using Freund's adjuvant-induced polyarthritis rats. Animal data showed that the bilayer film formulations did not cause skin irritancy. The efficacy in vivo results showed that the Hidrox-6 bilayer films lowered the arthritic scores, paw and ankle circumference, serum IL-6 level and cumulative histological scores compared with those measured for controls. The topical Hidrox-6 bilayer films improve synovitis and inflammatory symptoms in RA and can be a potential alternative to oral RA therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  11. Topical corticosteroids in clinical practice
    Devaraj NK, Aneesa AR, Abdul Hadi AM, Shaira N
    Med J Malaysia, 2019 04;74(2):187-189.
    PMID: 31079135
    Topical corticosteroids are common medications prescribed for skin problems encountered in the primary care or dermatology clinic settings. As skin conditions comprise of around 20% of cases seen in primary care, this article written to guide readers, especially non-dermatologists on the appropriate potency of topical corticosteroids to be chosen for skin problems of patients and to list the side effects both local and systemic.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  12. Fulltext Topical Lyogel Containing Corticosteroid Decreases IgE Expression and Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy Against Atopic Eczema
    Ng SF, Anuwi NA, Tengku-Ahmad TN
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2015 Jun;16(3):656-63.
    PMID: 25511806 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0248-y
    Hydrocortisone cream intended for atopic eczema often produces unwanted side effects after long-term use. These side effects are essentially due to repeated percutaneous administration of the medication for skin dermatitis, as atopic eczema is a relapsing disorder. Hence, there is a need to develop a new hydrocortisone formulation that will deliver the drug more effectively and require a reduced dosing frequency; therefore, the side effects could be minimized. In this study, a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) lyogel system based on 80% organic and 20% aqueous solvents containing 1% hydrocortisone was formulated. The hydrocortisone lyogel physicochemical characteristics, rheological properties, stability profile, and in vitro Franz cell drug release properties, as well as the in vivo therapeutic efficacies and dermal irritancy in Balb/c mice were investigated. The HPMC lyogel appeared clear and soft and was easy to rub on the skin. The lyogel also showed a higher drug release profile compared with commercial hydrocortisone cream. Similar to the cream, HPMC lyogels exhibited pseudoplastic behavior. From the mouse model, the hydrocortisone lyogel showed higher inflammatory suppressive effects than the cream. However, it did not reduce the transepidermal water loss as effectively as the control did. The dermal irritancy testing revealed that the hydrocortisone lyogel caused minimal irritation. In conclusion, HPMC lyogel is a promising vehicle to deliver hydrocortisone topically, as it showed a higher drug release in vitro as well as enhanced therapeutic efficacy in resolving eczematous inflammatory reaction compared with commercial cream.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  13. Tolterodine Tartrate Proniosomal Gel Transdermal Delivery for Overactive Bladder
    Rajabalaya R, Leen G, Chellian J, Chakravarthi S, David SR
    Pharmaceutics, 2016;8(3).
    PMID: 27589789 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8030027
    The goal of this study was to formulate and evaluate side effects of transdermal delivery of proniosomal gel compared to oral tolterodine tartrate (TT) for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). Proniosomal gels are surfactants, lipids and soy lecithin, prepared by coacervation phase separation. Formulations were analyzed for drug entrapment efficiency (EE), vesicle size, surface morphology, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, in vitro skin permeation, and in vivo effects. The EE was 44.87%-91.68% and vesicle size was 253-845 nm for Span formulations and morphology showed a loose structure. The stability and skin irritancy test were also carried out for the optimized formulations. Span formulations with cholesterol-containing formulation S1 and glyceryl distearate as well as lecithin containing S3 formulation showed higher cumulative percent of permeation such as 42% and 35%, respectively. In the in vivo salivary secretion model, S1 proniosomal gel had faster recovery, less cholinergic side effect on the salivary gland compared with that of oral TT. Histologically, bladder of rats treated with the proniosomal gel formulation S1 showed morphological improvements greater than those treated with S3. This study demonstrates the potential of proniosomal vesicles for transdermal delivery of TT to treat OAB.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  14. Fulltext Thermodynamic stability, in-vitro permeability, and in-silico molecular modeling of the optimal Elaeis guineensis leaves extract water-in-oil nanoemulsion
    Romes NB, Abdul Wahab R, Abdul Hamid M, Oyewusi HA, Huda N, Kobun R
    Sci Rep, 2021 10 21;11(1):20851.
    PMID: 34675286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00409-0
    Nanoemulsion is a delivery system used to enhance bioavailability of plant-based compounds across the stratum corneum. Elaeis guineensis leaves are rich source of polyphenolic antioxidants, viz. gallic acid and catechin. The optimal E. guineensis leaves extract water-in-oil nanoemulsion was stable against coalescence, but it was under significant influence of Ostwald ripening over 90 days at 25 °C. The in-vitro permeability revealed a controlled and sustained release of the total phenolic compounds (TPC) of EgLE with a cumulative amount of 1935.0 ± 45.7 µgcm-2 after 8 h. The steady-state flux and permeation coefficient values were 241.9 ± 5.7 µgcm-2 h-1 and 1.15 ± 0.03 cm.h-1, respectively. The kinetic release mechanism for TPC of EgLE was best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model due to the highest linearity of R2 = 0.9961, indicating super case II transport mechanism. The in-silico molecular modelling predicted that the aquaporin-3 protein in the stratum corneum bonded preferably to catechin over gallic acid through hydrogen bonds due to the lowest binding energies of - 57.514 kcal/mol and - 8.553 kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, the in-silico study further verified that catechin could improve skin hydration. Therefore, the optimal nanoemulsion could be used topically as moisturizer to enhance skin hydration based on the in-silico prediction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  15. Therapeutic applications of transdermal microneedles
    Kumar Singla S, Muthuraman A, Sahai D, Mangal N, Dhamodharan J
    Front Biosci (Elite Ed), 2021 01 01;13:158-184.
    PMID: 33048780
    Transdermal drug-delivery systems (TDDS) offer an attractive alternative to the oral route for delivery of biotherapeutics. Technological advancements in the past few decades have revolutionized the fabrication of micro-structured devices including creation of microneedles (MC). These devices are used for delivering peptides, macromolecules such as proteins and DNA, and other therapeutics through the skin. Here, we review the current use of MCs as a cost effective method for the self-administration of therapeutics. We will then review the current and common use of MCs as an effective treatment strategy for a broad range of diseases and their utility in the generation of effective vaccination delivery platforms. Finally, we will summarize the currently FDA approved MCs and their applications, along with the ongoing clinical trials that use such devices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  16. Spatial resolution of drug crystallisation in the skin by X-ray micro-computed tomography
    Goh CF, O'Flynn D, Speller R, Lane ME
    Micron, 2021 06;145:103045.
    PMID: 33689970 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103045
    Drug crystallisation in the skin is recognised as a significant problem in topical and transdermal drug delivery. Our recent investigations provided new evidence of drug crystallisation in the skin, however, confirming the precise location of crystals remains challenging. Of note, most approaches used have required disruption of the membrane by tape stripping, with crystal detection limited to the superficial skin layers. Hence, a non-destructive method for complete spatial resolution of crystallised drug in skin is still lacking. In this communication, we report the application of X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) to examine drug crystallisation in mammalian skin ex vivo. Permeation studies of a saturated solution of diclofenac sodium were conducted in porcine skin; subsequently, tissue samples were scanned using microCT to generate 2D and 3D maps. A layer of drug crystals was observed on the skin surface; microCT maps also confirmed the distribution of drug crystals up to a skin depth of 0.2 - 0.3 mm. MicroCT also allowed the identification of drug crystallisation as a distinct and confirmed event in the skin and as an extension from drug crystals formed on the skin. These preliminary results confirm the potential of microCT to study this important phenomenon in topical and transdermal drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  17. Review: Patient-controlled transdermal 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) vs. oral tamoxifen: A systematic review and meta analysis
    Sundralingam U, Khan TM, Elendran S, Muniyandy S, Palanisamy UD
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2019 May;32(3):1121-1128.
    PMID: 31278729
    There has been a number of studies looking into an alternative mode of therapy for the treament of breast cancer via 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) transdermal administration.This systematic review aims to compare the safety and efficacy of a transdermal 4-OHT local therapy and oral tamoxifen (oral-T) on the treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ breast cancer. Through a systematic search of health science databases, eligible trials were located and the end points assessed were Ki-67 labeling index, concentration of 4-OHT in breast adipose tissue (ng/g) and plasma (ng/ml). Revman 5.3 version was used to perfom the meta-analysis. Three trials were identified (n=103), while only two were included for meta analysis. The mean difference between the two studies included were 0.40 and -10.58. Overall the I2 value was 89.0%, (Tau2 =53.86) and the differences between the two trials were statistically significant p=0.002. The meta analysis of the randomized controlled trials showed that the use of local transdermal therapy of 4-OHT gel is more safer than oral-T. However, due to the limited number of studies, the potential use of 4-OHT topical transdermal therapy for the treatment of breast cancer could not be concluded for healthcare professionals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  18. Fulltext Response to: prurigo nodularis and hodgkin’s lymphoma – a rare association
    Firdaus Hayati, Meryl Grace Lansing, Nornazirah Azizan
    Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020;14(2):61-62.
    MyJurnal
    Dear editor, We read with great interest the article by Go ZL et al., which was published in your esteemed journal1. The authors had reported an unusual and yet important case of cutaneous manifestations of malignancy. Being the only and initial presentation of Hodgkin’s lymphoma, prurigo nodularis can manifest as a benign dermatological appearance in the underlying sinister condition. We want to again highlight the importance of this bizarre cutaneous presentation which can counterfeit the actual and occult villain.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  19. Recent advances in gel technologies for topical and transdermal drug delivery
    Rehman K, Zulfakar MH
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2014 Apr;40(4):433-40.
    PMID: 23937582 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.828219
    Transdermal drug delivery systems are a constant source of interest because of the benefits that they afford in overcoming many drawbacks associated with other modes of drug delivery (i.e. oral, intravenous). Because of the impermeable nature of the skin, designing a suitable drug delivery vehicle that penetrates the skin barrier is challenging. Gels are semisolid formulations, which have an external solvent phase, may be hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature, and are immobilized within the spaces of a three-dimensional network structure. Gels have a broad range of applications in food, cosmetics, biotechnology, pharmatechnology, etc. Typically, gels can be distinguished according to the nature of the liquid phase, for example, organogels (oleogels) contain an organic solvent, and hydrogels contain water. Recent studies have reported other types of gels for dermal drug application, such as proniosomal gels, emulgels, bigels and aerogels. This review aims to introduce the latest trends in transdermal drug delivery via traditional hydrogels and organogels and to provide insight into the latest gel types (proniosomal gels, emulgels, bigels and aerogels) as well as recent technologies for topical and transdermal drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
  20. Recent Updates on Novel Approaches in Insulin Drug Delivery: A Review of Challenges and Pharmaceutical Implications
    Pandey M, Choudhury H, Yi CX, Mun CW, Phing GK, Rou GX, et al.
    Curr Drug Targets, 2018;19(15):1782-1800.
    PMID: 29792143 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180523092100
    Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder of glucose metabolism, is mainly associated with insulin resistance to the body cells, or impaired production of insulin by the pancreatic β-cells. Insulin is mainly required to regulate glucose metabolism in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients; however, many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus also require insulin, especially when their condition cannot be controlled solely by oral hypoglycemic agents. Hence, major research is ongoing attempting to improve the delivery of insulin in order to make it more convenient to patients who experience side effects from the conventional treatment procedure or non-adherence to insulin regimen due to multiple comorbid conditions. Conventionally, insulin is administered via subcutaneous route which is also one of the sole reasons of patient's non-compliance due to the invasiveness of this method. Several attempts have been done to improve patient compliance, reduce side effects, improve delivery adherence, and to enhance the pharmaceutical performance of the insulin therapy. Despite facing substantial challenges in developing efficient delivery systems for insulin, vast research studies have been carried out for the development of smart delivery systems to deliver insulin via ocular, buccal, pulmonary, oral, transdermal, as well as rectal routes. Therefore, the present review was aimed to overview the challenges encountered with the current insulin delivery systems and to summarize recent advancements in technology of various novel insulin delivery systems being discovered and introduced in the current market.
    Matched MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous
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