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The investigation of media components for optimal metabolite production of Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542

Abd Rahim MH, Lim EJ, Hasan H, Abbas A

J Microbiol Methods, 2019 09;164:105672.
PMID: 31326443 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105672

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the effect of nitrogen, salt and pre-culture conditions on the production of lovastatin in A. terreus ATCC 20542.
METHODS: Different combinations of nitrogen sources, salts and pre-culture combinations were applied in the fermentation media and lovastatin yield was analysed chromatographically.
RESULT: The exclusion of MnSO4 ·5H2O, CuSO4·5H2O and FeCl3·6H2O were shown to significantly improve lovastatin production (282%), while KH2PO4, MgSO4·7H2O, and NaCl and ZnSO4·7H2O were indispensable for good lovastatin production. Simple nitrogen source (ammonia) was unfavourable for morphology, growth and lovastatin production. In contrast, yeast extract (complex nitrogen source) produced the highest lovastatin yield (25.52 mg/L), while powdered soybean favoured the production of co-metabolites ((+)-geodin and sulochrin). Intermediate lactose: yeast extract (5:4) ratio produced the optimal lovastatin yield (12.33 mg/L) during pre-culture, while high (5:2) or low (5:6) lactose to yeast extract ratio produced significantly lower lovastatin yield (7.98 mg/L and 9.12 mg/L, respectively). High spore concentration, up to 107 spores/L was shown to be beneficial for lovastatin, but not for co-metabolite production, while higher spore age was shown to be beneficial for all of its metabolites.
CONCLUSION: The findings from these investigations could be used for future cultivation of A. terreus in the production of desired metabolites.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose/metabolism
Fulltext Optimization of Protective Agents for The Freeze-Drying of Paenibacillus polymyxa Kp10 as a Potential Biofungicide

Nasran HS, Mohd Yusof H, Halim M, Abdul Rahman N

Molecules, 2020 Jun 04;25(11).
PMID: 32512825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112618

Anthracnose is a fungal disease causing major losses in crop production. Chemical fungicides widely used in crop plantations to combat fungal infections can be a threat to the environment and humans in the long term. Recently, biofungicides have gained much interest as an alternative to chemical fungicides due to their environmentally friendly nature. Biofungicide products in powder form can be formulated using the freeze-drying technique to provide convenient storage. Protective agent formulation is needed in maintaining the optimal viable cells of biofungicide products. In this study, 8.10 log colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL was the highest cell viability of Paenibacillus polymyxa Kp10 at 22 h during incubation. The effects of several selected protective agents on the viability of P. polymyxa Kp10 after freeze-drying were studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimizing formulation for the protective agents. The combination of lactose (10% w/v), skim milk (20% w/v), and sucrose (27.5% w/v) was found to be suitable for preserving P. polymyxa Kp10 during freeze-drying. Further, P. polymyxa Kp10 demonstrated the ability to inhibit fungal pathogens, Colletotrichum truncatum and C. gloeosporioides, at 60.18% and 66.52% of inhibition of radial growth, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose/pharmacology
Fulltext Optimization of culture conditions for flexirubin production by Chryseobacterium artocarpi CECT 8497 using response surface methodology

Venil CK, Zakaria ZA, Ahmad WA

Acta Biochim. Pol., 2015;62(2):185-90.
PMID: 25979288 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2014_870

Flexirubins are the unique type of bacterial pigments produced by the bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium, which are used in the treatment of chronic skin disease, eczema etc. and may serve as a chemotaxonomic marker. Chryseobacterium artocarpi CECT 8497, an yellowish-orange pigment producing strain was investigated for maximum production of pigment by optimizing medium composition employing response surface methodology (RSM). Culture conditions affecting pigment production were optimized statistically in shake flask experiments. Lactose, l-tryptophan and KH2PO4 were the most significant variables affecting pigment production. Box Behnken design (BBD) and RSM analysis were adopted to investigate the interactions between variables and determine the optimal values for maximum pigment production. Evaluation of the experimental results signified that the optimum conditions for maximum production of pigment (521.64 mg/L) in 50 L bioreactor were lactose 11.25 g/L, l-tryptophan 6 g/L and KH2PO4 650 ppm. Production under optimized conditions increased to 7.23 fold comparing to its production prior to optimization. Results of this study showed that statistical optimization of medium composition and their interaction effects enable short listing of the significant factors influencing maximum pigment production from Chryseobacterium artocarpi CECT 8497. In addition, this is the first report optimizing the process parameters for flexirubin type pigment production from Chryseobacterium artocarpi CECT 8497.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose/metabolism
Fulltext Kinetic modeling of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance secretion by Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10 and its stability in food manufacturing conditions

Abbasiliasi S, Tan JS, Ibrahim TAT, Ramanan RN, Kadkhodaei S, Mustafa S, et al.

J Food Sci Technol, 2018 Apr;55(4):1270-1284.
PMID: 29606741 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3037-x

This paper deliberates the modelling and validation of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) secretion by Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10 at different agitation speeds in a stirred tank bioreactor. A range of models namely the re-parameterised logistic, Luedeking-Piret and maintenance energy were assessed to predict the culture performance of the said bacterium. Growth of P. acidilactici Kp10 was enhanced with increased agitation speed up to 600 rpm while BLIS secretion was maximum at 400 rpm but decreased at higher agitation speed. Growth of P. acidilactici aptly subscribed to the re-parameterised logistic model while BLIS secretion and lactose consumption fitted well with the Luedeking-Piret model. The models revealed a relationship between growth of the bacterium and BLIS secretion. Bacterial growth and BLIS secretion were largely affected by the agitation speed of the stirred tank bioreactor which regulated the oxygen transfer to the culture. BLIS secretion by P. acidilactici Kp10 was however enhanced in oxygen-limited culture. The study also assessed BLIS from the perspective of its stability when subjected to factors such as temperature, pH and detergents. Results showed that BLIS produced by this strain was not affected by heat (at 25-100 °C for 20 min and at 121 °C for 15 min), surfactant (Tween 40, 60 and 80 and urea), detergents (up to 1% SDS), organic solvents (50% each of acetone, methanol and ethanol) and stable in a wide range of pH (2-10). The above information are pertinent with reference to commercial applications of this bacterial product in food manufacturing which invariably involve various sterilization processes and subjected to a wide pH range.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose
Fulltext Lactose tolerance and intolerance in Malaysians

Barling PM

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2012;6(10):0-0.
MyJurnal

This review explores the digestibility of lactose by Malaysians, and the value of milk and other milk-derived products as sources of appropriate nutrition for Malaysians. Increased calcium intake through consumption of milk is an effective mechanism for increasing calcium uptake from the diet and thereby minimising the risk of development of osteoporosis in later life. Detailed information about rates of lactose intolerance, and adaptation to dietary lactose and its consequences for Malaysians, will help in the formulation of dietary advice, and improve commerial food manufaturing practice and Government policy
directed to the minimization of rates of osteoporosis, which presents a substantial morbidity risk to elderly female Asians in particular.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose; Lactose Intolerance
A rational approach to infant feeding in the management of sugar intolerance associated with infantile enteritis

Chua CP

Med J Malaysia, 1975 Dec;30(2):98-101.
PMID: 1228389
Matched MeSH terms: Lactose Intolerance/complications
Milk tolerance among malnourished school children in Malaysia

Chen ST, Domala Z

Asia Pac J Public Health, 1989;3(4):274-7.
PMID: 2638907 DOI: 10.1177/101053958900300405

1,256 malnourished children, aged seven to ten years, were selected for study, 575 from Kuala Langat, 416 from Wilayah Persekutuan and 265 from Ulu Selangor. Ninety-three percent of the children were from low socioeconomic groups with large family size, and most of their parents had only primary or no formal education. During the study period, children in Kuala Langat received daily milk supplementation for five days per week, those in Wilayah Persekutuan for two days per week, while those in Ulu Selangor did not receive any milk supplementation. The study shows that a majority of the malnourished primary school children liked to drink milk and that milk intolerance was not a problem among them.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose Intolerance/complications; Lactose Intolerance/epidemiology*
Comparison studies on the percolation thresholds of binary mixture tablets containing excipients of plastic/brittle and plastic/plastic deformation properties

Amin MC, Fell JT

Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2004;30(9):937-45.
PMID: 15554218

Percolation theory has been used with great interest in understanding the design and characterization of dosage forms. In this study, work has been carried out to investigate the behavior of binary mixture tablets containing excipients of similar and different deformation properties. The binary mixture tablets were prepared by direct compression using lactose, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Eudragit RS 100, and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The application of percolation theory on the relationships between compactibility, Pmax, or compression susceptibility (compressibility), gamma, and mixture compositions reveals the presence of percolation thresholds even for mixtures of similar deformation properties. The results showed that all mixture compositions exhibited at least one discreet change in the slope, which was referred to as the percolation threshold. The PVC/Eudragit RS100 mixture compositions showed significant percolation threshold at 80% (w/w) PVC loading. Two percolation thresholds were observed from a series of binary mixtures containing similar plastic deformation materials (PVC/MCC). The percolation thresholds were determined at 20% (w/w) and 80% (w/w) PVC loading. These are areas where one of the components percolates throughout the system and the properties of the tablets are expected to experience a sudden change. Experimental results, however, showed that total disruption of the tablet physical properties at the specified percolation thresholds can be observed for PVC/lactose mixtures at 20-30% (w/w) loading while only minor changes in the tablets' strength for PVC/MCC or PVC/Eudragit RS 100 mixtures were observed.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose/chemistry
The Potential Source of B. licheniformis Contamination During Whey Protein Concentrate 80 Manufacture

Md Zain SN, Bennett R, Flint S

J Food Sci, 2017 Mar;82(3):751-756.
PMID: 28135405 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13633

The objective of this study was to determine the possible source of predominant Bacillus licheniformis contamination in a whey protein concentrate (WPC) 80 manufacturing plant. Traditionally, microbial contaminants of WPC were believed to grow on the membrane surfaces of the ultrafiltration plant as this represents the largest surface area in the plant. Changes from hot to cold ultrafiltration have reduced the growth potential for bacteria on the membrane surfaces. Our recent studies of WPCs have shown the predominant microflora B. licheniformis would not grow in the membrane plant because of the low temperature (10 °C) and must be growing elsewhere. Contamination of dairy products is mostly due to bacteria being released from biofilm in the processing plant rather from the farm itself. Three different reconstituted WPC media at 1%, 5%, and 20% were used for biofilm growth and our results showed that B. licheniformis formed the best biofilm at 1% (low solids). Further investigations were done using 3 different media; tryptic soy broth, 1% reconstituted WPC80, and 1% reconstituted WPC80 enriched with lactose and minerals to examine biofilm growth of B. licheniformis on stainless steel. Thirty-three B. licheniformis isolates varied in their ability to form biofilm on stainless steel with stronger biofilm in the presence of minerals. The source of biofilms of thermo-resistant bacteria such as B. licheniformis is believed to be before the ultrafiltration zone represented by the 1% WPC with lactose and minerals where the whey protein concentration is about 0.6%.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose
Fulltext Lactase deficiency and lactose intolerance in a multiracial Asian population in Malaysia

Goh LH, Mohd Said R, Goh KL

JGH Open, 2018 Dec;2(6):307-310.
PMID: 30619942 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12089

Background and Aims: There have been few reports on lactase deficiency (LD) and lactose intolerance (LI) in Malaysia, which has a peculiar mix of three distinct major Asian races-Malay, Chinese, and Indian. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of LD and LI in a young multiethnic Malaysian population.
Methods: Lactase activity was measured with a 13CO2 lactose breath test using an infrared spectrometer. Each subject took 25 g of lactose naturally enriched in 13CO2 together with 250 mL of water after an overnight fast. Breath samples were collected at baseline and at 15-min intervals for 180 min. Subjects were asked to report gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms following ingestion of the lactose test meal.
Results: Of the 248 subjects tested, 216 (87.1%) were lactase deficient. We found no significant differences in the presentation of LD between gender and races. LD was found in 87.5% of males and 86.8% of females (P = 0.975) and in different races: Chinese (88.5%) versus Malay (83.1%) (P = 0.399), Indian (90.5%) versus Malay (P = 0.295), and Chinese versus Indian (P = 0.902). LI was diagnosed in only 49 (19.8%) subjects; 35 patients had diarrhea, while the remainder had at least two other GI symptoms after the lactose meal.
Conclusion: The prevalence of LD was high in all three major ethnic groups-Malays, Chinese, and Indians. Ironically, the prevalence of LI was low overall.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose; Lactose Intolerance
Fulltext Lactococcus Lactis Strain A5 Producing Nisin-like Bacteriocin Active against Gram Positive and Negative Bacteria

Azhar NS, Md Zin NH, Hamid THTA

Trop Life Sci Res, 2017 Jul;28(2):107-118.
PMID: 28890764 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2017.28.2.8

In this study, a Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain was isolated on MRS medium from gastro-intestinal tissues of Broadhead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus). Out of 50 isolates, 25 isolates were found to be positive on lactose utilisation test and were identified to be gram positive cocci. Using disc diffusion methods, one out of 22 isolates, i.e., a strain A5 demonstrated inhibitions against three indicator organisms; Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella thyphimurium. Partial 16S rDNA sequencing identified isolate A5 as a member of Lactococcus lactis, with 100% DNA homology. Cell free supernatant fluid from Lactococcus lactis A5 showed inhibitory activities against both gram positive pathogens (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative pathogens (Salmonella thyphimurium). Chloroform precipitated bacteriocin retained antagonistic activities in the presence of catalase and lysozyme; and was completely inactivated by Proteinase K treatment. The bacteriocin has a molecular weight of 3.4 kDa, based on SDS-PAGE analysis and the extract was heat stable at 37°C and 65°C, for 15 minutes. The antibacterial activity was suppressed with the addition of EDTA but was significantly increased with the addition of SDS, Triton X-100, Tween 20 and Tween 80. This bacteriocin belongs to class 1 bacteriocin, which was shown to have a nisin-like properties. This strain can be used as potential probiotics in animal or aquaculture feeding; and the bacteriocin it produces will be useful in food preservative.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose
Fulltext Isolation of lactic acid bacteria strain Staphylococcus piscifermentans from Malaysian traditional fermented shrimp cincaluk

Hajar, S., Hamid, T.H.T.A.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(1):125-129.
MyJurnal

Lactic acid bacteria is well known for it uses as starter culture in various fermented food, and it functions as a good natural antimicrobial agent. Cincaluk, a Malaysian fermented shrimp product commonly found in traditional dishes is commonly enriched with LAB. Out of 50 colonies from a local cincaluk, 7 strains were successfully isolated and shown to be positive in lactose utilization and catalase tests. The majority of the isolates from cincaluk showed Gram-positive cocci morphology and belonged to the group Staphyloccoccus spp. By using agar disc diffusion method, the anti-bacterial properties of these isolates (namely isolate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) moderately inhibited the growth of several pathogenic strains, i.e., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis which were used as indicator bacteria. Other than isolates 1, 2, 3 and 5; the 16S rRNA gene for isolate 6 and 7 were successfully amplified. The 16S rRNA gene fragment from isolate 7 was successfully cloned and sequenced. Based on rRNA sequences, both isolates 6 and 7 belonged to the group Staphylococcus piscifermentans, a rare strain previously reported to be specifically isolated exclusive from fish sources.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose
Fulltext Amount and types of sugars in selected commercial and traditional kuih in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Sharifah Azizah, T.N., Nik Shanita, S., Hasnah, H.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(6):2642-2649.
MyJurnal

The aim of this study was to determine the specific content and type of sugars in selected commercial and traditional kuih in Klang Valley. The selection of the kuih was based on the validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for sugar. The selected commercial kuih was doughnut coated with sugar (Big Apple) while the ten traditional kuih samples consisted of kuih bingka ubi, kuih kasui, kuih keria, kuih koci, kuih lapis, kuih lopes, kuih onde-onde, kuih sagu, kuih seri muka and kuih talam. The doughnut coated with sugar (Big Apple) was purchased from Big Apple Donuts and Coffee franchise at two different locations, while the traditional kuih were randomly bought from stalls, cafeterias and restaurants around Kuala Lumpur and Rawang. The types and amount of sugar were determined using High Performance High Chromatography (HPLC) with a refractive index (RI) detector. Results showed that doughnut coated with sugar (Big Apple) has the highest starch content (22.6±0.3 g/100g) and kuih keria contained the highest available carbohydrate (41.5±1.7 g/100g), comprising of 24.2±2.4 g/100g total sugar and 17.3±0.7 g/100g of starch. The least available carbohydrate content was found in kuih talam (20.0±0.5 g/100g), which was 50% lower than the one in kuih keria. Major individual sugars detected in all kuih samples were consisted of sucrose (60.0%), glucose (16.2%), fructose (14.0%), maltose (9.5%) and lactose (0.3%). Majority of the kuih samples (90.9%) in this study can be categorized as medium sugar while only kuih keria was categorized as high sugar. Based on the two main ingredients (sugar and flour) used in the preparation of kuih, results showed that all kuih samples can be categorized as medium sugarmedium starch. In conclusion, this study served as a guideline by locals in selecting kuih of
different sugar levels.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose
Enhancement of viability of a probiotic Lactobacillus strain for poultry during freeze-drying and storage using the response surface methodology

Khoramnia A, Abdullah N, Liew SL, Sieo CC, Ramasamy K, Ho YW

Anim Sci J, 2011 Feb;82(1):127-35.
PMID: 21269371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00804.x

A rotatable central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effect of cryoprotectants (skim milk, sucrose and lactose) on the survival rate of a probiotic Lactobacillus strain, L. reuteri C10, for poultry, during freeze-drying and storage. Using response surface methodology, a quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for response value by multiple regression analyses: Y = 8.59546-0.01038 X(1)-0.09382 X(2)-0.07771 X(3)-0.054861 X(1)(2)-0.04603 X(3)(2)-0.10938 X(1)X(2). Based on the model predicted, sucrose exerted the strongest effect on the survival rate. At various combinations of cryoprotectants, the viability loss of the cells after freeze-drying was reduced from 1.65 log colony forming units (CFU)/mL to 0.26-0.66 log CFU/mL. The estimated optimum combination for enhancing the survival rate of L. reuteri C10 was 19.5% skim milk, 1% sucrose and 9% lactose. Verification experiments confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The storage life of freeze-dried L. reuteri C10 was markedly improved when cryoprotectants were used. At optimum combination of the cryoprotectants, the survival rates of freeze-dried L. reuteri C10 stored at 4°C and 30°C for 6 months were 96.4% and 73.8%, respectively. Total viability loss of cells which were not protected by cryoprotectants occurred after 12 and 8 weeks of storage at 4°C and 30°C, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose
Fulltext Towards producing novel fish gelatin films by combination treatments of ultraviolet radiation and sugars (ribose and lactose) as cross-linking agents

Bhat R, Karim AA

J Food Sci Technol, 2014 Jul;51(7):1326-33.
PMID: 24966426 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0652-9

Developing novel fish gelatin films with better mechanical properties than mammalian gelatin is a challenging but promising endeavor. Studies were undertaken to produce fish gelatin films by combining treatments with different sugars (ribose and lactose) followed 'by' 'and' ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as possible cross-linking agents. Increase in tensile strength and percent elongation at break was recorded, which was more significant in films without sugars that were exposed to UV radiation. Films with added ribose showed decreased solubility after UV treatment and exhibited higher swelling percentage than films with added lactose, which readily dissolved in water. FTIR spectra of all the films showed identical patterns, which indicated no major changes to have occurred in the functional groups as a result of interaction between gelatin, sugars and UV irradiation. The results of this study could be explored for commercial use, depending on industrial needs for either production of edible films or for food packaging purposes.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose
In vitro evaluation of chitosan coated- and uncoated-calcium alginate beads containing methyl salicylate-lactose physical mixture

Tamilvanan S, Karmegam S

Pharm Dev Technol, 2012 Jul-Aug;17(4):494-501.
PMID: 21609308 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.550622

Methyl salicylate-lactose physical mixture (1:1 and 1:1.5 ratios) was incorporated into calcium alginate beads by a coacervation method involving an ionotropic gelation/polyelectrolyte complexation approach.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose/administration & dosage
Atititude of asians to calcium and vitamin d rich foods and supplements: a systematic review

Chin Yi Chan, Norazlina Mohamed, Soelaiman Ima-nirwana, Kok-yong Chin

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1801-1810.

The prevalence of osteoporosis is increasing in Asian countries. Optimum calcium intake and vitamin D level are
important to prevent osteoporosis. The attitude of the society towards calcium food sources and supplements, as well
as sun exposure, influence their bone health practices. This review aimed to summarize the current literature on the
attitude of Asians on calcium and vitamin D rich foods and supplements to understand the barriers among the Asians
in achieving adequate calcium intake and vitamin D level. Studies showed that most Asians have a negative attitude
towards calcium-rich foods, mainly dairy products due to lactose intolerance, aversion to the taste of dairy products or
the absence of motivation. Although they took supplements to fill the gap in their diet, they were not aware of the daily
recommended intake of calcium. Besides, the majority of them have a negative attitude towards sun exposure due to the
fear of getting skin cancer or tanning. As a conclusion, most of Asians are still not aware of the importance of calcium
and vitamin D for their health and their negative attitude must be corrected to prevent the rise of osteoporosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose Intolerance
Fulltext Hypolactasia & lactose intolerance among three ethnic groups in Malaysia

Asmawi MZ, Seppo L, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R

Indian J Med Res, 2006 Dec;124(6):697-704.
PMID: 17287558

Prevalence of adult-type hypolactasia is known to vary among different countries and in different ethnic populations in the same country. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of hypolactasia and lactose intolerance in three different ethnic populations living in similar environmental conditions in Malaysia. The correlation between different symptoms and lactose intolerance test was also studied.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose Intolerance/ethnology; Lactose Intolerance/epidemiology*
Effect of continued feeding of cows' milk on asymptomatic infants with milk protein sensitive enteropathy

Iyngkaran N, Yadav M, Boey CG, Lam KL

Arch Dis Child, 1988 Aug;63(8):911-5.
PMID: 3415326

The clinical response and the histological changes in the mucosa of the small bowel in response to continued feeding with cows' milk protein were assessed over a period of 2-6 weeks in 24 infants who had shown histological changes without immediate clinical symptoms after challenge with a diet containing cows' milk protein. Twenty of the 24 infants (83%) thrived well on cows' milk protein. Jejunal biopsy specimens taken six to eight weeks after the initial biopsy showed histological improvement in all 20 infants compared with biopsy specimens taken soon after the challenge, which had shown mucosal damage. The mucosa had returned to normal in 12, was mildly abnormal in seven, and moderately abnormal in one. Corresponding improvements in the activities of mucosal enzymes were seen. In four of the 24 infants (17%) symptoms developed between three and six weeks. Histological examination of the jejunal biopsy specimens showed that mucosal damage had progressed in two, and remained the same in two; moreover, the disaccharidase activities remained depressed. The present study shows that most infants with enteropathy caused by sensitivity to cows' milk protein but without clinical symptoms develop tolerance to the protein and the mucosa returns to normal despite continued feeding with cows' milk protein.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose Intolerance/complications; Lactose Intolerance/pathology*
First Report of Pantoea anthophila Causing Soft Rot Disease in Clausena lansium (Wampee) in China

Zhou JN, Liu SY, Chen YF, Liao LS

Plant Dis, 2015 Mar;99(3):416.
PMID: 30699721 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-10-14-1025-PDN

Clausena lansium, also known as wampee (Clausena wampi), is a plant species native to China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia, where it is widely cultivated, and also grown in India, Sri Lanka, Queensland, Florida, and Hawaii, but less frequently (3). The fruit can be consumed fresh or made into juice, jam, or succade. In summer to fall 2014, a soft rot disease was found in a wampee planting region in Yunan County, Guangdong Province, China. On Sept. 18, we collected diseased samples from a wampee orchard with about 20% disease incidence. The infected fruit initially showed pinpoint spots on the peel, water-soaked lesions, and light to dark brown discoloration. Spots expanded in 2 days, and tissues collapsed after 5 days. Severely affected fruit showed cracking or nonodorous decay. Five diseased samples were collected, and causal agents were isolated from symptomatic tissues 1 cm under the peel after surface sterilization in 0.3% NaOCl for 10 min and rinsing in sterile water three times. Tissues were placed on a Luria Bertani (LB) plate for culture. Ten representative isolates were selected for further characterization. No colony was isolated from healthy tissues. Colonies were round, smooth, with irregular edges, and produced a yellow pigment in culture. Biolog identification (Version 4.20.05) showed that all strains were gram negative, negative for indole production, and utilized glucose, maltose, trehalose, sucrose, D-lactose, and pectin but not sorbitol or gelatin. The isolates were identified as Pantoea agglomerans (SIM 0.69). Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was conducted for rapid classification of the strains. Sequences of atpD, gyrB, infB, and rpoB were amplified using corresponding primers (2). All sequences of the 10 isolates were identical in each gene. BLASTn was performed, and maximum likelihood trees based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of the four genes were constructed using MEGA6. Bootstrap values after 1,000 replicates were expressed as percentages. Results showed that the tested strain named CL1 was most homologous to P. anthophila, with 98% identity for atpD (KM521543), 100% for gyrB (KM521544), infB (KM521545), and rpoB (KM521546). The 16S rRNA sequence (KM521542) amplified by primers 27f and 1492r shared 99% identity with that of P. anthophila M19_2C (JN644500). P. anthophila was previously reclassified from P. agglomerans (3); therefore, we suggest naming this wampee pathogen P. anthophila. Subsequently, 10 wampee fruits were injected with 20 μl of bacterial suspension (1 × 108 CFU/ml) of strains CL1 and CL2, respectively, and another 10 were injected with 20 μl of LB medium as controls, all kept at 28°C for 4 days. Symptoms similar to those of natural infections were observed on inoculated fruits but not on the negative controls. Bacteria were isolated from diseased tissues and further identified as P. anthophila by gyrB sequencing. P. anthophila was reported to naturally infect balsam and marigold (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. anthophila naturally causing soft rot disease and cracking on C. lansium (wampee). References: (1) C. Brady et al. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 31:447, 2008. (2) C. Brady et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59:2339, 2009. (3) J. Morton. Fruits of Warm Climates. Echo Point Books & Media, Miami, FL, 1987.

Matched MeSH terms: Lactose

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