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Gene mutation effect of aqueous and methanol extracts of salted fish from pulau pinang, malaysia towards v79 lung fibroblast cells

AHMAD ROHI GHAZALI, RASYIDAH MOHAMAD HALIM, NOR FADILAH RAJAB, NOORAIN RAMLI, ROZAINI ABDULLAH, FIRDAUS KAMARULZAMAN, et al.

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:1599-1603.

Salted fish is a locally processed raw food which is used in everyday cooking among Malaysians. Previous studies suggested that salted fish intake was a risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate gene mutation effects through the induction of mutagenic effect of aqueous and methanol extracts of salted fish from Balik Pulau, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Balik Pulau was chosen for sampling purpose due to its popularity as a commercial centre for local raw fisheries in Malaysia. Evaluation of mutagenic effect was carried out by hprt Gene Mutation Assay towards V79 lung fibroblast cells. It was found that the aqueous and methanol extracts of salted fish were not cytotoxic towards V79 lung fibroblast cells. It was also found that the extracts of salted fish from Balik Pulau were not mutagenic towards hprt gene of V79 lung fibroblast cells as the mutation frequency of the extracts did not exceed 3 times of the value for negative control mutation frequency. In conclusion, both aqueous and methanol extracts of salted fish from Balik Pulau did not have gene mutation effect towards hprt gene in vitro. However, other toxicological profile could be assessed to determine the mechanism of toxicity of salted fish.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens
Fulltext Effects of ion beam irradiation on morphological and flowering characteristics of chrysanthemum

Shakinah Salleh, Zaiton Ahmad, Affrida Abu Hassan, Yahya Awang, Yutaka Oono

Jurnal Sains Nuklear Malaysia, 2015;27(2):31-38.
MyJurnal

Chrysanthemum morifolium is an important temperate cut flower for Malaysian floriculture
industry and the lack of new local owned varieties led to this mutation breeding research. The
objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of ion beam irradiation in generating
mutations on ray florets and nodal explants of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Reagan Red’. Ion
beams has become an efficient physical mutagen for mutation breeding. The ray florets and nodal
explants were irradiated with ion beams at doses 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 8.0, 10, 15, 20 and 30 Gy.
The 50% of in vitro shoot regeneration (RD50) for ray florets explants was 2.0 Gy and for nodal
explants was 4.0 Gy. Thus, relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for ray florets was found 2.0
times higher than the nodal explants. The regenerated plantlets were planted in the greenhouse at
MARDI, Cameron Highlands for morphological screening. Overall performance of survival
plantlets derived from in vitro nodal and ray floret explants was recorded. The characters studied
include plant morphology and flowering characteristic. The ray florets explants were found to be
more sensitive to ion beam irradiation and generated more mutations as compared to nodal
explants.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens
Isolation and functional characterization of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase gene from glyphosate-tolerant Pseudomonas nitroreducens strains FY43 and FY47

Tan XL, Othman RY, Teo CH

3 Biotech, 2020 Apr;10(4):183.
PMID: 32257739 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02176-7

5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) is the primary target for the broad-spectrum herbicide, glyphosate. Improvement of EPSPS gene for high level of glyphosate tolerance is important to generate glyphosate-tolerant crops. In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of EPSPS genes of glyphosate-tolerant Pseudomonas nitroreducens strains FY43 and FY47. Both P. nitroreducens strains FY43 and FY47, which showed glyphosate tolerance up to 8.768% (518.4 mM, 32 × higher than field application), were isolated from soil samples collected from oil palm plantation with a long history of glyphosate application. The glyphosate tolerance property of EPSPS genes of strains FY43 and FY47 was functionally characterized by expressing the genes in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3). Error-prone PCR was performed to mutagenize native EPSPS gene of strains FY43 and FY47. Ten mutagenized EPSPS with amino acid changes (R21C, N265S, A329T, P71L, T258A, L184F, G292C, G292S, L35F and A242V) were generated through error-prone PCR. Both native and mutated EPSPS genes of strains FY43 and FY47 were introduced into Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) and transformants were selected on basal salt medium supplemented with 8.768% (518.4 mM) glyphosate. Mutants with mutations (R21C, N265S, A329T, P71L, T258A, L35F, A242V, L184F and G292C) showed sensitivity to 8.768% glyphosate, whereas glyphosate tolerance for mutant with G292S mutation was not affected by the mutation.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens
Allomonal and hepatotoxic effects following methyl eugenol consumption in Bactrocera papayae male against Gekko monarchus

Wee SL, Tan KH

J Chem Ecol, 2001 May;27(5):953-64.
PMID: 11471947 DOI: 10.1023/A:1010387020135

Methyl eugenol (ME), is converted into two major phenylpropanoids, 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenol and trans-coniferyl alcohol, following consumption by the male fruit fly Bactrocera papayae. Chemical analysis of wild male B. papayae rectal glands, where the compounds are sequestered, revealed the presence of ME metabolites in varying quantities. These phenylpropanoids are shown to be involved in the fruit fly defense both in no-choice and choice feeding tests against the Malayan spiny gecko, Gekko monarchus. After being acclimatized to feeding on fruit flies, geckos consumed significantly fewer ME-fed male flies than controls that consumed all the ME-deprived male flies offered throughout a two-week period. Diagnosis of dissected livers from geckos that consumed ME-fed male flies revealed various abnormalities. These included discoloration and hardening of liver tissue, whitening of the gallbladder, or presence of tumor-like growths in all geckos that consumed ME-fed male flies. Control geckos fed on ME-deprived male flies had healthy livers. When given an alternative prey, geckos preferred to eat untreated house flies, Musca domestica to avoid preying on ME-fed fruit flies.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens/metabolism*; Mutagens/toxicity*
Fulltext Evaluation of the genotoxicity of zerumbone in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes

Al-Zubairi AS, Abdul AB, Syam MM

Toxicol In Vitro, 2010 Apr;24(3):707-12.
PMID: 20123012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.01.011

The chromosomal aberrations (CA) assay and micronucleus (MN) test were employed to investigate the effect in vitro of zerumbone (ZER) on human chromosomes. ZER is a sesquiterpene compound isolated from the rhizomes of wild ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith. The rhizomes of the plant are employed as a traditional medicine for some ailments and as condiments. ZER has been shown to have anti-cancer and apoptosis-inducing properties against various human tumour cells. It has also been shown to be active in vivo against a number of induced malignancies. Studies on ZER genotoxicity in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) have not been reported so far. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the ability of ZER to induce chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei formation in human lymphocytes in vitro. Human blood samples were obtained from four healthy, non-smoking males aged 25-35years. Cultures were exposed to the drug for 48h at four final concentrations: 10, 20, 40 and 80 microM. Mitomycin C (MMC) was used as a positive control. The results of chromosomal aberrations assay showed that ZER was not clastogenic, when compared to untreated control, meanwhile MN test results showed a dose-dependent increase in MN formation. The overall clastogenic effect of ZER on human PBL was statistically not significant. In conclusion, ZER is a cytotoxic but not a clastogenic substance in human PBL.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens*
An in vitro study to evaluate the genotoxicity of value added hydroxyapatite as a bone replacement material

Akram Hassan, Swaminathan D

Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) used for bone replacement is one of the most active areas of ceramic biomaterials research currently. It has been used clinically for the last 20 years due to its excellent biocompatibility, osseoconduction and osseointegration. Many modifications have been done to develop a stronger, tougher and biocompatible ceramic biomaterial because pure HA is brittle. Researchers in Universiti Sains Malaysia had developed this value added HA that is stronger and less brittle compared to pure HA. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the genotoxic characteristic of the value added HA based material by using Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay (Ames test). The Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay of HA was performed on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA using the preincubation method in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. All the bacterial tester strains treated with and without S9 Mix showed no increase of revertant colonies with increase in concentration of test substance for both the dose finding test and the main test. The number of revertant colonies was less than twice that of the solvent control for all the five bacterial strains and this was reproducible for both the dose finding test and the main test. The numbers of revertant colonies in the negative and positive controls were within the background data of our laboratory. In conclusion the results of the tests showed that the value added HA was considered to have no reverse mutagenic potential under the present test conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens
Fulltext Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Aspects of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre

Huq AK, Jamal JA, Stanslas J

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2014;2014:782830.
PMID: 24834098 DOI: 10.1155/2014/782830

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre, belonging to Polygonaceae family, is a common weed found in most of the temperate countries including Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, and Japan. The plant is also referred to as "marsh pepper" or "smart weed." It appears to be a useful herb with evidence-based medicinal properties. The present work addresses the botanical description, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of P. hydropiper. All plant parts have been commonly used in the traditional systems of medicines. Flavonoids are the major group of phytochemical components followed by drimane-type sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, as well as phenylpropanoids. Different extracts and plant parts showed remarkable pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antihelminth, antifeedant, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, oestrogenicity, antifertility, antiadipogenicity, and neuroprotection. Mutagenicity and acute and subchronic toxicities of the plant were also reported. P. hydropiper has tremendous medicinal properties that could further be investigated for the development of evidence-based herbal products.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens
Fulltext Assessment of the genetic variability and fibre composition of Gamma Ray induced mutant lines of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe)

Nor Yusliza Kamaruddin, Shamsiah Abdullah

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(103):325-334.
MyJurnal

This study looked at mutagenic effectiveness of gamma rays d on two varieties of Zingiber officinale Roscoe: Bentong and Tanjung Sepat. The rhizomes were exposed to different doses (0, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 Gy) using Caesium-137 as source of the gamma rays. The effect of different gamma doses on the crude fibre composition of irradiated ginger was studied and genetic variability was assessed using molecular marker technique, RAPD. Findings showed different doses of gamma rays could induce variability in these two ginger varieties and the effect was found to be variety-dependent. Bentong variety irradiated with 9 Gy recorded 8.53% of crude fibre composition while Tanjung Sepat irradiated ginger with 5 Gy recorded 8.70% of crude fibre which gave the lowest composition compared with other irradiated ginger. A total of nine different arbitrary decamers were used as primers to amplify DNA from mutant plant material to assess their polymorphism level of ginger mutant lines. Polymorphism of all mutant lines was 97.62% indicating that there were significant changes in genetic sequences in irradiated ginger genotypes.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens
Fulltext Genotoxicity of Euphorbia hirta: an Allium cepa assay

Yuet Ping K, Darah I, Yusuf UK, Yeng C, Sasidharan S

Molecules, 2012 Jun 26;17(7):7782-91.
PMID: 22735780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17077782

The potential genotoxic effects of methanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta which is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseased conditions including asthma, coughs, diarrhea and dysentery was investigated using Allium cepa assay. The extracts of 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 µg/mL were tested on root meristems of A. cepa. Ethylmethanesulfonate was used as positive control and distilled water was used as negative control. The result showed that mitotic index decreased as the concentrations of E. hirta extract increased. A dose-dependent increase of chromosome aberrations was also observed. Abnormalities scored were stickiness, c-mitosis, bridges and vagrant chromosomes. Micronucleated cells were also observed at interphase. Result of this study confirmed that the methanol extracts of E. hirta exerted significant genotoxic and mitodepressive effects at 1,000 µg/mL.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens/toxicity
In vitro genotoxicity tests for polyhydroxybutyrate--a synthetic biomaterial

Ali AQ, Kannan TP, Ahmad A, Samsudin AR

Toxicol In Vitro, 2008 Feb;22(1):57-67.
PMID: 17892925

The aims of this study are to determine the mutagenicity of a locally produced polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using Salmonella mutagenicity test and to find out if PHB altered the expression of p53 and c-myc proto-oncogenes and bcl-xl and bcl-xs anti-apoptotic genes in the human fibroblast cell line, MRC-5. Different concentrations of PHB were incubated with special genotypic variants of Salmonella strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100) carrying mutations in several genes both with and without metabolic activation (S9) and the test was assessed based on the number of revertant colonies. The average number of revertant colonies per plate treated with PHB was less than double as compared to that of negative control. For the gene expression analyses, fibroblast cell lines were treated with PHB at different concentrations and incubated for 1, 12, 24 and 48 h separately. The total RNA was isolated and analysed for the expression of p53, c-myc, bcl-xl and bcl-xs genes. The PHB did not show over or under expression of the genes studied. The above tests indicate that the locally produced PHB is non-genotoxic and does not alter the expression of the proto-oncogenes and anti-apoptotic genes considered in this study.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens/toxicity*
Biomedical Applications of Aromatic Azo Compounds

Ali Y, Hamid SA, Rashid U

Mini Rev Med Chem, 2018;18(18):1548-1558.
PMID: 29792144 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180524113111

Azo dyes are widely used in textile, fiber, cosmetic, leather, paint and printing industries. Besides their characteristic coloring function, azo compounds are reported as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and cytotoxic agents. They have the ability to be used as drug carriers, either by acting as a 'cargo' that entrap therapeutic agents or by prodrug approach. The drug is released by internal or external stimuli in the region of interest, as observed in colon-targeted drug delivery. Besides drug-like and drug carrier properties, a number of azo dyes are used in cellular staining to visualize cellular components and metabolic processes. However, the biological significance of azo compounds, especially in cancer chemotherapy, is still in its infancy. This may be linked to early findings that declared azo compounds as one of the possible causes of cancer and mutagenesis. Currently, researchers are screening the aromatic azo compounds for their potential biomedical use, including cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we highlight the medical applications of azo compounds, particularly related to cancer research. The biomedical significance of cis-trans interchange and negative implications of azo compounds are also discussed in brief.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens/toxicity
Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in the bone marrow of rats exposed to a low dose of paraquat via the dermal route

D'Souza UJ, Zain A, Raju S

Mutat Res, 2005 Mar 7;581(1-2):187-90.
PMID: 15725618

The genotoxic effect of the herbicide paraquat was studied in rat bone-marrow by means of the micronucleus assay. Paraquat at dose levels of 6, 15 and 30 mg/kg body weight was given to rats in a single application via the dermal route. Marrow was collected at 24, 48 and 72 h after the application. The micronucleus assay was done as recommended by standard procedures. Paraquat gave rise to an increase in the number of micronuclei in a dose-dependent manner. The number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes showed a maximum at 48 h and the toxicity was further prolonged, as there was no complete recovery at 72 h. These findings suggest a genotoxic effect of paraquat even after exposure via dermal application.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens/pharmacology*
Fulltext Microbiome and colorectal cancer: an overview and local perspective

Rahman Jamal

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):4-4.
MyJurnal

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important health problem that is on the rise globally, where it is the fourth most com-mon cause of deaths from cancer. CRC is now the 2nd commonest cancer in men and 3rd commonest in women in Malaysia. Diet, lifestyle, genetics and environmental interaction, together with underlying gut conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease have been reported to contribute to the disease. In addition, the gut microbiome has also been increasingly reported to be associated with CRC development, with dysbiosis of the commensal bacteria ob-served in CRC patients. Bacterial genera such as Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Prevotella are more commonly de-tected in CRC patients compared to healthy individuals. Nevertheless, not much is known about the gut microbiome among Malaysians with different ethnicities. In Malaysia, the Chinese has the highest incidence of CRC, followed by Malays and Indians. The reason behind this difference may be contributed by the differences in the dietary intake that could modulate the gut microbiome and contribute towards the development of CRC. The current knowledge on this field still much depends on reports from individuals of American, European, Chinese, Brazilian and Japanese descendants in origin. The oncogenic potential of bacteria was suggested to include inflammation and the produc-tion of mutagenic toxin. A significant increase in certain intestinal microbiota including the genuses Enteroccus and Streptococcus spp. was detected in the advanced stage of colorectal adenoma. However, there are discrepancies in the previous studies, where some bacteria genera might be over-reported or underestimated. It is likely that the gut microbiome differs between populations. There is also no available data on the gut microbiome of the healthy individuals, colorectal adenoma (pre-cancerous) and colorectal cancer patients in the Malaysian population. Recent advancements in next generation sequencing allow faster and more accurate determination of microbial consortium in various niches of the human body and environment. In particular, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene with specific primers have been reported to allow accurate determination of bacterial orders commonly found in the human gut as well as for those which are not expected in the digestive system. Recent developments in gut microbiome DNA ex-traction also contributed to the robustness of gut microbiome determination and analysis. All the above will contrib-ute towards an accurate and rapid cataloging process of the Malaysian gut microbiome and also enable comparison between healthy individuals, colorectal adenoma and CRC patients of the Malaysian population.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens
Anti-proliferative and mutagenic activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves from Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC (Cactaceae)

Er HM, Cheng EH, Radhakrishnan AK

J Ethnopharmacol, 2007 Sep 25;113(3):448-56.
PMID: 17698306

The anti-proliferative effects of the aqueous and methanol extracts of leaves of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC (Cactaceae) against a mouse mammary cancer cell line (4T1) and a normal mouse fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3) were evaluated under an optimal (in culture medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS)) and a sub-optimal (in culture medium containing 0.5% FBS) conditions. Under the optimal condition, the aqueous extract showed a significant (p<0.05) anti-proliferative effect at 200 microg/mL and 300 microg/mL in 4T1 cells and 300 microg/mL in NIH/3T3 cells, whereas the methanol extract did not show any notable anti-proliferative effect in these cell lines, at any of the concentrations tested. Under the sub-optimal condition, the aqueous extract showed a significant (p<0.05) anti-proliferative effect at 200 microg/mL and 300 microg/mL in NIH/3T3 cells, whilst the methanol extract showed a significant (p<0.05) anti-proliferative effect at 200 microg/mL and 300 microg/mL in both cell lines. An upward trend of apoptosis was observed in both 4T1 and NIH/3T3 cells treated with increasing concentrations of the aqueous extract. The level of apoptosis observed at all the concentrations of the aqueous extract tested was consistently higher than necrosis. There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the level of necrosis observed in the 4T1 cells treated with 300 microg/mL of the methanol extract. Generally, the level of necrosis was noted to be higher than that of apoptosis in the methanol extract-treated cells. The mutagenicity assay performed showed that in the absence of S-9 liver metabolic activation, the extract was not mutagenic up to the concentration of 165 microg/mL . However, in the presence of S-9 liver metabolic activation, the aqueous extract was mutagenic at all the concentrations tested. This study shows that both the aqueous and methanol extracts of the leaves from Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC (Cactaceae) do not have appreciable anti-proliferative effect on the 4T1 and NIH/3T3 cells as the EC(50) values obtained are greater than 50 microg/mL when tested under optimal culture condition. Moreover, the aqueous extract may form mutagenic compound(s) upon the metabolisation by liver enzymes.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens/toxicity*
Evaluation of the genotoxicity of Orthosiphon stamineus aqueous extract

Muhammad H, Gomes-Carneiro MR, Poça KS, De-Oliveira AC, Afzan A, Sulaiman SA, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 2011 Jan 27;133(2):647-53.
PMID: 21044879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.055

Orthosiphon stamineus, Benth, also known as Misai Kucing in Malaysia and Java tea in Indonesia, is traditionally used in Southeastern Asia to treat kidney dysfunctions, diabetes, gout and several other illnesses. Recent studies of Orthosiphon stamineus pharmacological profile have revealed antioxidant properties and other potentially useful biological activities thereby lending some scientific support to its use in folk medicine. So far the genotoxicity of Orthosiphon stamineus extracts has not been evaluated. In this study the genotoxic potential of Orthosiphon stamineus aqueous extract was investigated by the Salmonella/microsome mutation assay and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens/toxicity*; Mutagens/chemistry
Toxicological evaluation of some Malaysian locally processed raw food products

Sharif R, Ghazali AR, Rajab NF, Haron H, Osman F

Food Chem Toxicol, 2008 Jan;46(1):368-74.
PMID: 17900779

Malaysian locally processed raw food products are widely used as main ingredients in local cooking. Previous studies showed that these food products have a positive correlation with the incidence of cancer. The cytotoxicity effect was evaluated using MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimetil-2-thiazolil)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) against Chang liver cells at 2000 microg/ml following 72 h incubation. Findings showed all methanol extracts caused a tremendous drop in the percentage of cell viability at 2000 microg/ml (shrimp paste - 41.69+/-3.36%, salted fish - 37.2+/-1.06%, dried shrimp - 40.32+/-1.8%, p<0.05). To detect DNA damage in a single cell, alkaline Comet Assay was used. None of the extracts caused DNA damage to the Chang liver cells at 62.5 microg/ml following 24 h incubation, as compared to the positive control, hydrogen peroxide (tail moment - 9.50+/-1.50; tail intensity - 30.50+/-2.50). Proximate analysis which was used for the evaluation of macronutrients in food showed that shrimp paste did not comply with the protein requirement (<25%) as in Food Act 1983. Salt was found in every sample with the highest percentage being detected in shrimp paste which exceeded 20%. Following heavy metal analysis (arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury), arsenic was found in every sample with dried shrimps showing the highest value as compared to the other samples (6.16 mg/kg). In conclusion, several food extracts showed cytotoxic effect but did not cause DNA damage against Chang liver cells. Salt was found as the main additive and arsenic was present in every sample, which could be the probable cause of the toxicity effects observed.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens/toxicity*
Dermal exposure to the herbicide-paraquat results in genotoxic and cytotoxic damage to germ cells in the male rat

D'Souza UJ, Narayana K, Zain A, Raju S, Nizam HM, Noriah O

Folia Morphol (Warsz), 2006 Feb;65(1):6-10.
PMID: 16783728

The effects of exposure to low doses of paraquat, a herbicide, via the dermal route were studied on the spermatozoa of Sprague-Dawley rats. Paraquat (1, 1'-dimethyl-4, 4'-bipyridinium dichloride) was administered once a day for five days, at intervals of 24 h at 0, 6, 15 and 30 mg/kg, and the rats were sacrificed on days 7, 14, 28, and 42 after the last exposure. The sperm suspensions were obtained by mincing the caudae epididymes and ductus deferens for the purpose of performing a sperm morphology test, sperm count and analysis of sperm mortality and sperm motility, as per the standard procedures. The sperm count was decreased (p < 0.05) only on days 7 and 14 but sperm abnormalities increased on all days (p < 0.05). Sperm mortality increased at higher dose-levels (p < 0.05) except on day 42, and motility was affected by 30 mg/kg only on day 42. In conclusion, paraquat is a genotoxic and cytotoxic agent to germ cells in the male rat.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens/toxicity*
Genotoxicity of heavy metals to the larvae of Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga after short-term exposure

Al-Shami SA, Rawi CS, Ahmad AH, Nor SA

Toxicol Ind Health, 2012 Sep;28(8):734-9.
PMID: 22025505 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711422729

The genotoxic effects of increasing concentrations (below lethal concentration [LC₅₀]) of cadmium ([Cd] 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L), copper ([Cu] 0.2, 2 and 20 mg/L) and zinc ([Zn] 0.5, 5 and 50 mg/L) on Chironomus kiiensis were evaluated using alkaline comet assay after exposure for 24 h. Both the tail moment and the olive tail moment showed significant differences between the control and different concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.05). The highest concentration of Cd was associated with higher DNA damage to C. kiiensis larvae compared with Cu and Zn. The potential genotoxicity of these metals to C. kiiensis was Cd > Cu > Zn.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens/toxicity*
Fulltext Mutagenicity and antimutagenic activities of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fermented durian (tempoyak)

Asmariah Ahmad, Safura Salik, Yap Wei Boon, Ahmad Rohi Ghazali, Noorhisham Tan Kofli

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(101):23-26.
MyJurnal

Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from the local fermented durian (tempoyak) was determined by Ames test (Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay). Our study also involved pre-incubation assay against Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100 bacterial strain in the presence and absence of metabolic activator S9 system. It was found that the L. plantarum showed no mutagenic activity on both S. typhimurium strain TA 98 and TA 100 in the presence and absence of metabolic activator. Significant antimutagenic activity (p < 0.05) was observed in both cell-free supernatant and bacterial cell suspension of L. plantarum as compared to the mutagenicity induced by 2-Aminoanthracene in the presence of metabolic activator. Meanwhile, in the absence of metabolic activator, only the bacterial cells of L. plantarum showed antimutagenicity acitivity against Sodium Azide and 2-Nitrofluorene. In conclusion, L. plantarum could play a vital role as chemopreventive agent by binding to mutagens and suppressing mutagenesis. Thus, L. plantarum could be consider as a good candidate for functional food development as a supplement product to prevent development of colon cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens
Effects of Perivitelline Fluid Obtained from Horseshoe Crab on The Proliferation and Genotoxicity of Dental Pulp Stem Cells

Musa M, Mohd Ali K, Kannan TP, Azlina A, Omar NS, Chatterji A, et al.

Cell J, 2015;17(2):253-63.
PMID: 26199904

OBJECTIVE: Perivitelline fluid (PVF) of the horseshoe crab embryo has been reported to possess an important role during embryogenesis by promoting cell proliferation. This study aims to evaluate the effect of PVF on the proliferation, chromosome aberration (CA) and mutagenicity of the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an in vitro experimental study. PVF samples were collected from horseshoe crabs from beaches in Malaysia and the crude extract was prepared. DPSCs were treated with different concentrations of PVF crude extract in an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (cytotoxicity test). We choose two inhibitory concentrations (IC50 and IC25) and two PVF concentrations which produced more cell viability compared to a negative control (100%) for further tests. Quantitative analysis of the proliferation activity of PVF was studied using the AlamarBlue®assay for 10 days. Population doubling times (PDTs) of the treatment groups were calculated from this assay. Genotoxicity was evaluated based on the CA and Ames tests. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent t test to calculate significant differences in the PDT and mitotic indices in the CA test between the treatment and negative control groups. Significant differences in the data were P<0.05.
RESULTS: A total of four PVF concentrations retrieved from the MTT assay were 26.887 mg/ml (IC50), 14.093 mg/ml (IC25), 0.278 mg/ml (102% cell viability) and 0.019 mg/ml (102.5% cell viability). According to the AlamarBlue®assay, these PVF groups produced comparable proliferation activities compared to the negative (untreated) control. PDTs between PVF groups and the negative control were insignificantly different (P>0.05). No significant aberrations in chromosomes were observed in the PVF groups and the Ames test on the PVF showed the absence of significant positive results.
CONCLUSION: PVF from horseshoe crabs produced insignificant proliferative activity on treated DPSCs. The PVF was non-genotoxic based on the CA and Ames tests.

Matched MeSH terms: Mutagens

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