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Fulltext Antimicrobial properties of gynura procumbens (sambung nyawa) leaves in methanolic and acidic extracts

Normah Haron, Hanapi Mat Jusoh

International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 2019;3(2):605-615.
MyJurnal

Gynura procumbens, commonly known as ‘sambung nyawa’ in Malaysia has been used
traditionally as remedies for anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidimic and anti-hyperglycemic. The
purpose of the present study was to qualitatively evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Gynura procumbens extracts. effects of the sample were determined by disc diffusion method against two bacteria and two fungi namely E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae. The results showed that the acidic extract of G. procumbens has positive reactions towards E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans with the presence of zone of inhibition at the concentration of 150 mg/mL. Following the positive reaction, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the acidic extract was then evaluated by broth dilution method. The MIC of E. coli and S. aureus were determined at concentration 37.5 mg/mL and 75 mg/mL for C. albicans. It indicated that acidic extracts at lower concentration could inhibit the bacteria, but high concentration of extracts was required in the inhibition of the fungi. It can be concluded that, the present study proves that there is potential of antimicrobial effects in Gynura procumbens leaves extracts.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans
Fulltext In vitro cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of Erythrina suberosa (Roxb) bark

Ahmed Z, Aziz S, Alauddin S, Mohiuddin SG, Javed A, Ahmed R, et al.

J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 04 10;12(2):210-216.
PMID: 32742121 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_223_19

Background: The study was focused on evaluating cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of Erythrina suberosa (Roxb.) bark through in vitro pharmacological screening.
Materials and Methods: The bark was extracted using different solvents, for example, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous for obtaining the organic fractions. These organic fractions were then evaluated for their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity compared with the standard. Cefixime was used as the standard for antibacterial assay, whereas clotrimazole was used as the standard for antifungal activities. Bacterial strains used were Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), whereas for antifungal activities Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida krusei strains were used.
Results: The organic fractions obtained were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. In cytotoxic assay (Brine shrimp lethality assay), dichloromethane fraction was the most potent with LD50 of 47.63, whereas aqueous, methanol, and ethyl acetate fractions showed LD50 of 121.74, 422.2, and 201.96, respectively. Similarly, for antibacterial assay, dichloromethane fraction showed 32.2mm zone of inhibition against MRSA in comparison with standard cefixime (zone of inhibition, 30.5mm). A minimal zone of inhibition with crude saponins (13.1 and 12.2mm) was observed against C. albicans in comparison to standard (cefixime) with a zone of inhibition of 28.5mm. No prominent results were observed against C. parapsilosis and C. krusei strains.
Conclusion: The study was based on the plant from Indo-Pak origin, and it has shown some prominent cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. Although the results of this study have provided a basic idea about the efficacy of plant extract, still more explanatory and high-scale studies can be beneficial for elaborating the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of this plant.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans
Fulltext Comparative Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy of Five Root Canal Sealers against Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans: A Microbiological Study

Singh S, Srivastava B, Gupta K, Gupta N, Singh R, Singh S

Int J Clin Pediatr Dent, 2020 8 4;13(2):119-123.
PMID: 32742086 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1718

Aim and objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antifungal efficacy of MTA Fillapex, Metapex, zinc oxide eugenol cement, Endomethasone, and Endoflas against Candida albicans.
Materials and methods: Root canal exudates of 30 patients were tested against MTA Fillapex (Angelus), Metapex (BioMed), zinc oxide eugenol (Deepak Enterprise), Endomethasone (Septodont), Endoflas FS (Sanlor Laboratories), MTA (Angelus) (positive control), and glycerine (negative control). Children with failed endodontic cases were included in the study. Tube dilution and agar diffusion methods were used to check the antifungal efficacy of the root canal sealers. In tube dilution method, 24-well culture plates containing freshly mixed material along with Candida albicans were used. Wells containing MTA (Angelus) along with Sabouraud dextrose agar and Candida albicans served as positive control while glycerine along with Sabouraud dextrose agar and Candida albicans served as negative control. All plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Growth of the fungi was monitored after 24 hours by the presence of the turbidity. The samples were recultured to test the experimental material using agar well diffusion method, and the Petri plates were incubated for 24 hours and 72 hours. Zone of inhibition was measured after respective time period. Paired t test was used for the data analysis.
Results: It was seen in tube dilution method Endomethasone showed least turbidity while maximum was shown by Metapex; similar results were seen in case of agar well diffusion method in which largest zone of inhibition was shown by Endomethasone while smallest was by Metapex.
Conclusion: It was concluded that Endomethasone showed maximum efficacy against Candida albicans as compared to Metapex.
How to cite this article: Singh S, Srivastava B, Gupta K, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy of Five Root Canal Sealers against Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans: A Microbiological Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(2):119-123.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans
Fulltext Biofilm architecture of Candida rugosa and effect of amphotericin b, caspofungin, fluconazole and voriconazole on its structure

Sri Raja Rajeswari Mahalingam, Priya Madhavan, Chong, Pei Pei

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(102):2-2.
MyJurnal

Introduction: One of the most common aetiology of opportunistic fungal infections in humans is Candida species. The virulence of Candida species is due to repertoire of factors, specifically, the ability to form biofilms. Medical devices such as intravenous catheters, prosthetic heart valves and surgical interventions provide pathogenic microorganisms with a surface to adhere to form biofilm. Fungi present as biofilms are often resistant to antifungal treatment because these biofilms offer a protective barrier that prohibits the drugs to get to the active site of the fungi. The objective of this study is to investigate the biofilm architecture of Candida rugosa (C.rugosa) at different developmental phases and to identify Sessile Minimum Inhibition Concentrations (SMICs) of amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, and voriconazole for the biofilm of C. rugosa. Methods: Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to visualize C. rugosa biofilms at different developmental phases. The antifungal susceptibility test was performed using serial doubling dilution. The growth kinetics of Candida biofilms was quantified using XTT reduction assay and crystal violet assay. Results: From the antifungal susceptibility test, the biofilms had SMIC of >16μg/mL for amphotericin B, 6µg/mL for caspofungin, >64μg/mL for fluconazole and >16μg/ mL for voriconazole. From the SEM micrographs, C. rugosa biofilm have a structure composed of an adherent yeast cells and blastopores with hyphal elements. There were significant alterations in the morphology after exposure to antifungal agents. The quantitative measurement of the matrix thickness of embedded yeast cells were obtained from CLSM micrographs. Conclusion: In conclusion, the ability of C. rugosa to form biofilms may attribute to one of the virulence factors that causes reduced susceptibility to antifungal agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
Candida Skull Base Osteomyelitis: a Case Report and Literature Review

Krishnamoorthy M, Othman NAN, Hassan NEB, Hitam SB

Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove), 2020;63(2):82-85.
PMID: 32771074 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2020.22

Skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) also commonly known as malignant otitis externa was first described by Meltzer and Kelemen in 1959. Prior to the advent of the antibiotic era, this disease carried a poor prognosis with significant morbidity. It often proved fatal with mortality rates as high as 50%. Commonly seen in the immunocompromised patients, diabetes mellitus is an important associated comorbidity in the pathophysiologic development of this disease. Treatment is instituted by medical therapy with surgery having a limited role. Surgical intervention has a limited role, for example, in fungal SBO. Such cases may require local debridement and intraoperative tissue biopsies for histopathologic confirmation. This is to demonstrate fungal invasion into the skull base, as well as to exclude other sinister differential diagnoses like squamous cell carcinoma of temporal bone. In this case report, we present a rare case of candida SBO and the literature review.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
The antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of allicin against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus - A therapeutic potential for denture stomatitis

Zainal M, Mohamad Zain N, Mohd Amin I, Ahmad VN

Saudi Dent J, 2021 Feb;33(2):105-111.
PMID: 33551624 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.01.008

The objective of this study is to determine the therapeutic efficacy of allicin against Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), the common etiological agents for denture stomatitis (DS). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFCs) of allicin were determined by the broth microdilution method followed by checkerboard microdilution method for a synergistic interaction between allicin + nystatin and allicin + CHX. The potential of allicin to eradicate C. albicans and S. aureus biofilms was assessed by treating biofilm formed on self- polymerized acrylic resin with allicin at a sub-MIC concentration for 5 min. The commercial denture cleanser (brand X) was used as a positive control. A Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the post-hoc Mann-Whitney U test was applied (SPSS 20.0), and the level of significance was set at P

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans
Identification of Alkaloid Compounds Arborinine and Graveoline from Ruta angustifolia (L.) Pers for their Antifungal Potential against Isocitrate lyase (ICL1) gene of Candida albicans

Kamal LZM, Adam MAA, Shahpudin SNM, Shuib AN, Sandai R, Hassan NM, et al.

Mycopathologia, 2021 May;186(2):221-236.
PMID: 33550536 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00523-z

Candida albicans has been reported globally as the most widespread pathogenic species contributing candidiasis from superficial to systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Their metabolic adaptation depends on glyoxylate cycle to survive in nutrient-limited host. The long term usage of fungistatic drugs and the lack of cidal drugs frequently result in strains that could resist commonly used antifungals and display multidrug resistance (MDR). In search of potential therapeutic intervention and novel fungicidals, we have explored a plant alkaloids, namely arborinine and graveoline for its antifungal potential. Alkaloids belongs to Rutaceae family have been reported with numerous antimicrobial activities. In this study, we aimed to isolate and identify the antifungal active alkaloids of R. angustifolia and assess antifungal effect targeting C. albicans isocitrate lyase (ICL) gene which regulates isocitrate lyase, key enzyme in glyoxylate cycle contributing to the virulence potential of C. albicans. Alkaloids were extracted by bioassay guided isolation technique which further identified by TLC profile and compared with the standard through HPLC and NMR analysis. The antifungal activities of the extracted alkaloids were quantified by means of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration). The gene expression of the targeted gene upon treatment was analysed using RT-qPCR and western blot. Additionally, this study looked at the drug-likeness and potential toxicity effect of the active alkaloid compounds in silico analysis. Spectroscopic analysis showed that the isolated active alkaloids were characterized as acridone, furoquinoline, 4-quinolone known as arborinine and graveoline. Results showed that each compound significantly inhibited the growth of C. albicans at the dose of 250 to 500 µg/mL which confirm its antifungal activity. Each alkaloid was found to successfully downregulate the expression of both ICL1 gene CaIcl1 protein. Finally, ADMET analysis suggests a good prediction of chemical properties, namely absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) that will contribute in drug discovery and development later on.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans
Fulltext Epidemiology of fungal infections at an infectious disease reference centre in Malaysia

Tzar, M.N., Suhaila, B., Shamsul, A.S., Azizah, M.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2013;12(1):39-42.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Epidemiology of fungal infections in an infectious disease reference centre is different from other institutions. This study aimed to look at the scenario of fungal infections at an infectious disease reference centre in Malaysia. Methods: All positive fungal cultures from an infectious disease reference centre were identified by routine mycology laboratory methods. Patient demographic, laboratory and clinical data were collected and analyzed. Duplicate data were excluded. Results: Middle-aged Malay males were the most common group. However, increased proportions of Chinese, Myanmar and Indonesians reduced the Malay predominance in HIV-positive group. In all patients, Candida species represented 64.1% isolates, followed by Cryptococcus neoformans (14.7%) and Penicillium marneffei (14.7%). Among HIVpositive individuals, C. neoformans (37.9%) was the most common species, followed by P. marneffei (35.6%) and all Candida species (17.2%). In contrast to other non-infectious disease reference centres, common causes of fungaemia included P. marneffei (43.5%), Candida species (25.8%), C. neoformans (24.2%) and H. capsulatum (6.5%). Conclusion: The prevalence of fungal infection at an infectious disease reference centre is different from other non-infectious disease reference centres. This may have an impact on current antifungal practice especially empiric antifungal therapy, patient morbidity and mortality.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
Fulltext Antifungal activity of the bark and leaf oils of Cinnamomum verum J.S. Presl. alone and in combination against various fungi

Moharm, Bushra Abdulkarim, Ibrahim Jantan, Santhanam, Jacinta, Jamia Azdina Jamal

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2005;3(1):1-12.
MyJurnal

The leaf and bark oils of Cinnamomum verum J.S. Presl. were examined for their antifungal activity against 6 dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum and M. audouini), one filamentous fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus) and 5 strains of yeasts (Candida albicans, Ca. glabrata, Ca. tropicalis, Ca. parapsilosis and Crytococcus neoformans) by using the broth microdilution method. The antifungal activities of 4 standard compounds (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, linalool and a-terpineol) which were major constituents in the oils were also investigated in an effort to correlate the effectiveness of the oils with those of the components of the oils. The combined antifungal effect of the oils against M. canis, M. gypseum and Cr. neoformans was investigated by the checkerboard assay. Isobolograms were constructed and Fractional Inhibitory Concentrations Index (FICI) were calculated to determine the combination effects between the oils. The chemical composition of the oils was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oils showed strong activity against all the tested fungi with Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.04 to 0.31 mg/ml. Cinnamaldehyde which was the most abundant component of the bark oil of C. verum showed the strongest activity against all the fungi studied. Based on the results of the assay on standard samples, it may be that the high levels of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol in the oils and in combination with the minor components could be responsible for the high antifungal activity of the oils. The antifungal effect of the leaf and bark oils of C. verum in combination against the tested fungi was not synergistic. However, the effect was additive against M. gypseum and antagonistic against Cr. neoformans and M. canis.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans
Fulltext Predominant supragingival plaque microflora in a Malaysian population

Fathilah, A.R., Rahim, Z.H.A., Othman, Y.

Malaysian Dental Journal, 2007;28(2):92-96.
MyJurnal

The tooth provides a non-shedding surface ideal for microbial and plaque accumulation. Despite being exposed to regular environmental perturbations, the microbial composition and proportions in the plaque often remains in homeostasis and is relatively stable over time. Supragingival plaque sampled from various sites on the tooth surface was pooled and conventionally analyzed for its microbial constituent. Classification of microbial isolates was made based on the characteristics exhibited by the growth colonies, Gram-stained cells, as well as biochemical reactions using the API Identification System kit. Observation was also made of the colony forming units on both non-selective and selective agar culture plates. A variety of bacteria, both of the facultative and anaerobic types, were isolated from the supragingival plaque of the Malaysian population. Among those found to predominate the supragingival plaque include the Gram positive and Gram negative cocci and rods from the genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Bacteroides, Veilonella and Lactobacillus. In addition, yeast within the genus Candida was also isolated from the plaque samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
Fulltext In-vitro antidermatophytic activity of methanolic fractions from entada spiralis ridl. Stem bark and its bioautographic profile

Aiza Harun, Siti Zaiton Mat So’ad, Norazian Mohd Hassan, Neni Kartini Che Mohd Ramli

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2014;22(1):113-121.
MyJurnal

This study was performed to evaluate the antifungal activities of methanolic fractions from the stem bark of Entada spiralis Ridl. against human dermatophytes and yeast-like fungus in vitro. Three types of human dermatophyte, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9533, Microsporum gypseum ATCC 24102 and Trichophyton tonsurans ATCC 28942, and one yeast-like fungus, Candida glabrata ATCC 66032, were tested against the methanolic fractions labelled FA1, FA4 and FA5. T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsuran and M. gypseum were susceptible to all tested fractions in a concentration-dependent manner whereas C. glabrata was resistant. Fraction FA1 at a concentration of 400 mg/mL was found to exhibit the highest antifungal activity with the inhibition zone diameter of 22 mm (T. mentagrophytes). This fraction showed a minimum inhibitory concentration MIC of 0.097 mg/mL while the MIC value for the fraction FA4 and fraction FA5 was 3.12 mg/ml and 1.56 mg/ml respectively. Agar overlay bioautography assay results showed that most of the bioactive compounds were found in the fraction FA1. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the stem bark extracts of E. spiralis can be a future source of potent natural antimicrobial drugs for superficial skin diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida glabrata
Fulltext Protein improvement of banana peel through sequential solid state fermentation using mixed-culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Candida utilis

Olorunnisola KS, Jamal P, Alam MZ

3 Biotech, 2018 Oct;8(10):416.
PMID: 30237963 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1435-4

Banana peel (BP) is a major waste produced by fruit processing industries. Pre-treatment of BP at different temperatures led to 40% reduction in saponin at 100 °C (from 9.5 to 5.7 mg/g). Sequential mixed culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) and Candida utilis (C. utilis) gave highest protein enrichment (88.93 mg/g). There is 26% increase in protein synthesis (from 88.93 to 111.78 mg/g) after media screening. Inclusion of KH2PO4, FeSO4·7H2O, wheat flour and sucrose in the media contributed positively to protein synthesis, while elevated concentration of urea, peptone, K2HPO4, KCl, NH4H2PO4, and MgSO4.7H2O are required to reach optimum protein synthesis. Total soluble sugar (TSS), total reducing sugar (TRS) and total carbohydrate (CHO) consumption varied with respect to protein synthesis in all experimental runs. Optimum protein synthesis required 6 days and inclusion of 5% sucrose, 0.6% NH4H2PO4, 0.4% KCl, and 0.5% MgSO4·7H2O as concentration media constituents to reach 140.95 mg/g protein synthesis equivalent to 300% increase over the raw banana peel protein content (35.0 mg/g).

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
Dermatomycoses in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tzar M, Zetti Z, Ramliza R, Sharifah A, Leelavathi M

Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1737-1742.

Prevalence of dermatomycoses varies from one centre to another due to many factors. Knowledge of local prevalence is useful to aid clinical diagnosis and treatment. Due to lack of data in Malaysia, this study aimed to look at the causes of dermatomycoses in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Dermatological specimens including skin scrapings, hair and nail clippings were collected carefully from clinically suspected cases of dermatomycoses between 2008 and 2010. All cultures of skin, hair and nails that yielded positive fungal growth were included. Any fungal growth outside the streaking area, duplicate and incomplete data were excluded from the study. Three-hundred-fifty-eight patients were included. Male patients were slightly more than females with a ratio of 1.2:1. The median age was 53 years old with interquartile range of 38-64 years. More than half (53.6%) belonged to 20-60 years age group. Rates of culture isolation were 89.0% for nails, 56.2% for hair and 55.6% for skin. Five-hundred-twenty-two fungi were isolated from 358 clinical specimens. Non-dermatophyte moulds (NDMs) represented the largest group (50.5%; mainly Aspergillus species 18.7%), followed by yeasts (41.6%; mainly Candida species 26.8%) and dermatophytes (7.9%; mainly Trichophyton species 7.7%). In conclusion, NDMs and yeasts were more commonly isolated than dermatophytes from dermatological specimens in this centre. Current treatment regime that focuses on dermatophytes may be ineffective to treat dermatomycoses caused by NDMs or yeasts. Antifungal susceptibility study may be needed to guide therapy in recalcitrant cases.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
Common microorganisms causing onychomycosis in tropical climate

Leelavathi M, Tzar M, Adawiah J

Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:697-700.

Onychomycosis is the infection of nail apparatus by dermatophytes, yeasts or non-dermatophyte moulds and is responsible for 50% of all nail disorders. A five year retrospective study was conducted at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia to identify the common pathogens responsible for onychomycosis and to describe the epidemiology of the affected patients. A total of 278 abnormal nails were cultured, out of which 231 were positive for fungus. Females constituted 50.2% (n=116) while males 49.8% (n=115). The majority (51.9%, n=120) were between ages 50-69 years. The Malay ethnic group was most commonly affected (44.2%, n=102) followed by Chinese (33.8%, n=78), Indians (18.2%, n=42) and other ethnic groups (3.8%, n=9). The most common fungal element isolated was non-dermatophyte moulds (45.4%, n=105) followed by yeast (34.6%, n=80) and dermatophytes (1.3%, n=3). Aspergillus spp. was the commonest (59.8%,n=81) non-dermatophyte mould, while Candida spp. was the commonest yeast (74.3%, n=89) isolated. In this study, non-dermatophyte moulds are the most common microorganisms implicated to cause onychomysosis. Treatment for non-dermatophyte mould is challenging as the current available antifungal agents are more effective against dermatophytes and yeasts.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
Fulltext Allium-sativum and bakuchiol combination: A natural alternative to Chlorhexidine for oral infections?

Fahim A, Himratul-Aznita WH, Abdul-Rahman PS

Pak J Med Sci, 2020 2 18;36(2):271-275.
PMID: 32063973 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.36.2.1457

Objective: Chlorhexidine mouthrinses are considered a gold standard as an adjunct treatment of oral infections. However, owing to its toxicity, discoloration of tooth surface and the emerging prevalence of drug-resistant species, attention is being given to exploring natural alternatives to the drug.
Methods: The experiment was carried out in Azra Naheed Center for Research and Development (ANCRD), Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan from September 2018 till May 2019. Biofilms and planktonic cells of C. albicans alone and in combination with streptococci were subjected to chlorhexidine, allium sativum and bakuchiol individually and to allium-bakuchiol combination. Kirby-Bauer test, antifungal susceptibility testing, CFU count and drug synergy assessment was done on planktonic cells. Dynamic biofilms were formed to mimic conditions similar to oral cavity and CFU was determined.
Results: MIC of all three agents was higher against mixed species when compared to single species planktonic cells and biofilm. Allium sativum and bakuchiol demonstrated synergistic effects. The decrease in CFU count and minimum biofilm reduction to salivary pellicle caused by allium sativum-bakuchiol was comparable to that of chlorhexidine.
Conclusion: Thus, allium sativum-bakuchiol combination demonstrated antimicrobial effects similar to chlorhexidine against planktonic cells and dynamic biofilm. It could serve as a possible natural, economical alternative to chlorhexidine mouthrinses usually recommended in dental clinics. However, in vivo studies are required to determine the correct dosage of these agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans
Whole genome sequencing analysis demonstrates therapy-induced echinocandin resistance in Candida auris isolates

Spruijtenburg B, Ahmad S, Asadzadeh M, Alfouzan W, Al-Obaid I, Mokaddas E, et al.

Mycoses, 2023 Dec;66(12):1079-1086.
PMID: 37712885 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13655

Candida auris is an emerging, multidrug-resistant yeast, causing outbreaks in healthcare facilities. Echinocandins are the antifungal drugs of choice to treat candidiasis, as they cause few side effects and resistance is rarely found. Previously, immunocompromised patients from Kuwait with C. auris colonisation or infection were treated with echinocandins, and within days to months, resistance was reported in urine isolates. To determine whether the development of echinocandin resistance was due to independent introductions of resistant strains or resulted from intra-patient resistance development, whole genome sequencing (WGS) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis was performed on susceptible (n = 26) and echinocandin-resistant (n = 6) isolates from seven patients. WGS SNP analysis identified three distinct clusters differing 17-127 SNPs from two patients, and the remaining isolates from five patients, respectively. Sequential isolates within patients had a maximum of 11 SNP differences over a time period of 1-10 months. The majority of isolates with reduced susceptibility displayed unique FKS1 substitutions including a novel FKS1M690V substitution, and nearly all were genetically related, ranging from only three to six SNP differences compared to susceptible isolates from the same patient. Resistant isolates from three patients shared the common FKS1S639F substitution; however, WGS analysis did not suggest a common source. These findings strongly indicate that echinocandin resistance is induced during antifungal treatment. Future studies should determine whether such echinocandin-resistant strains are capable of long-term colonisation, cause subsequent breakthrough candidiasis, have a propensity to cross-infect other patients, or remain viable for longer time periods in the hospital environment.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
Vulvovaginal candidosis: contemporary challenges and the future of prophylactic and therapeutic approaches

Chew SY, Than LT

Mycoses, 2016 May;59(5):262-73.
PMID: 26765516 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12455

Vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) is a common gynaecological disorder that is delineated by the inflammation of vaginal wall and it is caused by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida species. In fact, three out of every four women will experience at least one occasion of VVC during some point in their lives. Although uncomplicated VVC is relatively harmless, the complicated VVC such as recurrent attack often creates restlessness and depression in the patients, thus greatly affects their quality of life. Managements of VVC are usually associated with the use of antimycotic suppositories, topical cream or oral agents. These antimycotic agents are either available over-the-counter or prescribed by the clinicians. In recent decades, the rise of clinical challenges such as the increased prevalence of resistant Candida strains, recurrent VVC infection and adverse effects of multidrug interactions have necessitated the development of novel therapeutic or prophylactic options to combat the complicated VVC in the future. In this review, we discuss the current antimycotic treatments available for Candida vaginitis and the problems that exist in these seemingly effective treatments. Besides, we attempt to contemplate some of the future and prospective strategies surrounding the development of alternative therapeutic and prophylactic options in treating and preventing complicated VVC respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
Fulltext GC-MS Based Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Different Solvent Extracts of Malaysian Plectranthus amboinicus Leaves

Swamy MK, Arumugam G, Kaur R, Ghasemzadeh A, Yusoff MM, Sinniah UR

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2017;2017:1517683.
PMID: 28424737 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1517683

This study evaluates the phytochemistry, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of Plectranthus amboinicus leaves extracted in different solvents. The methanol extract contained the highest total phenolic (94.37 ± 1.24 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid contents (26.90 ± 1.35 mg RE/g) and exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging activity (90.13 ± 3.32%) followed by the acetone extract (80.23 ± 3.26%) at 500 μg/mL concentration. Similarly, the highest ferric ion reduction potential (849.63 ± 30.95 μM of Fe (II)/g dry weight) was exhibited by the methanol extract followed by the acetone extract (695.92 ± 25.44 μM of Fe (II)/g dry weight). The methanol extract showed greater antimicrobial activity against all the tested pathogens (Bacillus subtilis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans). However, both hexane and acetone extracts failed to inhibit E. coli. S. aureus and C. albicans were more susceptible to all the extracts. Further, GC-MS analysis confirmed the occurrence of a total 46 phytocompounds in different solvent extracts. Some of the major compounds included carvacrol (37.7%), tetracontane (16.6%), squalene (15.6%), tetrapentacontane (13.7%), and Phytol (12.9%). In conclusion, extraction solvents influenced the recovery of phytocompounds and the highest pharmacological activities of the methanol extract could be correlated to the presence of additional bioactive compounds.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans
Fulltext Enhanced biocatalytic esterification with lipase-immobilized chitosan/graphene oxide beads

Lau SC, Lim HN, Basri M, Fard Masoumi HR, Ahmad Tajudin A, Huang NM, et al.

PLoS One, 2014;9(8):e104695.
PMID: 25127038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104695

In this work, lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized onto chitosan/graphene oxide beads. This was to provide an enzyme-immobilizing carrier with excellent enzyme immobilization activity for an enzyme group requiring hydrophilicity on the immobilizing carrier. In addition, this work involved a process for the preparation of an enzymatically active product insoluble in a reaction medium consisting of lauric acid and oleyl alcohol as reactants and hexane as a solvent. This product enabled the stability of the enzyme under the working conditions and allowed the enzyme to be readily isolated from the support. In particular, this meant that an enzymatic reaction could be stopped by the simple mechanical separation of the "insoluble" enzyme from the reaction medium. Chitosan was incorporated with graphene oxide because the latter was able to enhance the physical strength of the chitosan beads by its superior mechanical integrity and low thermal conductivity. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the graphene oxide was successfully embedded within the structure of the chitosan. Further, the lipase incorporation on the beads was confirmed by a thermo-gravimetric analysis. The lipase immobilization on the beads involved the functionalization with coupling agents, N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium (NHS) and 1-ethyl-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), and it possessed a high enzyme activity of 64 U. The overall esterification conversion of the prepared product was 78% at 60 °C, and it attained conversions of 98% and 88% with commercially available lipozyme and novozyme, respectively, under similar experimental conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida/enzymology*
Immunoproteomic analysis of antibody response to cell wall-associated proteins of Candida tropicalis

Lee PY, Gam LH, Yong VC, Rosli R, Ng KP, Chong PP

J Appl Microbiol, 2014 Sep;117(3):854-65.
PMID: 24909754 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12562

This study was conducted to identify antigenic proteins of Candida tropicalis that are targeted by the host immune system.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida tropicalis/immunology*

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