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  1. Tan YL, Chen JE, Yiew TH, Habibullah MS
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022 Sep;29(42):63260-63276.
    PMID: 35459997 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20054-y
    South and Southeast Asia is by far the most populous region in Asia, with the greatest number of threatened species. Changes in habitat are a major contributor to biodiversity loss and are more common as a result of land-use changes. As a result, the goal of this study is to use negative binomial regression models to investigate habitat change as one of the important drivers of biodiversity loss in South and Southeast Asian countries from 2013 to 2018. According to the negative binomial estimates, the findings for the habitat change measures are quantitatively similar for the impacts of agricultural land and arable land on biodiversity threats. Agricultural and arable land both have a positive impact on biodiversity loss. We found that, contrary to our expectations, the forest area appears to have an unexpected direct influence on the number of threatened species. A higher number of threatened species is associated with rising per capita income, human population and a low level of corruption control. Finally, the empirical findings are consistent across taxonomic groups, habitat change measures and Poisson-based specifications. Some policy implications that could mitigate biodiversity loss include educating and promoting good governance among the population and increase the conservation effort to sustain green area and national forest parks in each country.
  2. Ong SN, Tan BC, Hanada K, Teo CH
    Gene, 2023 Aug 20;878:147579.
    PMID: 37336274 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147579
    Drought is a major abiotic stress that influences rice production. Although the transcriptomic data of rice against drought is widely available, the regulation of small open reading frames (sORFs) in response to drought stress in rice is yet to be investigated. Different levels of drought stress have different regulatory mechanisms in plants. In this study, drought stress was imposed on four-leaf stage rice, divided into two treatments, 40% and 30% soil moisture content (SMC). The RNAs of the samples were extracted, followed by the RNA sequencing analysis on their sORF expression changes under 40%_SMC and 30%_SMC, and lastly, the expression was validated through NanoString. A total of 122 and 143 sORFs were differentially expressed (DE) in 40%_SMC and 30%_SMC, respectively. In 40%_SMC, 69 sORFs out of 696 (9%) DEGs were found to be upregulated. On the other hand, 69 sORFs out of 449 DEGs (11%) were significantly downregulated. The trend seemed to be higher in 30%_SMC, where 112 (12%) sORFs were found to be upregulated from 928 significantly upregulated DEGs. However, only 8% (31 sORFs out of 385 DEGs) sORFs were downregulated in 30%_SMC. Among the identified sORFs, 110 sORFs with high similarity to rice proteome in the PsORF database were detected in 40%_SMC, while 126 were detected in 30%_SMC. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of DE sORFs revealed their involvement in defense-related biological processes, such as defense response, response to biotic stimulus, and cellular homeostasis, whereas enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways indicated that DE sORFs were associated with tryptophan and phenylalanine metabolisms. Several DE sORFs were identified, including the top five sORFs (OsisORF_3394, OsisORF_0050, OsisORF_3007, OsisORF_6407, and OsisORF_7805), which have yet to be characterised. Since these sORFs were responsive to drought stress, they might hold significant potential as targets for future climate-resilient rice development.
  3. Robillard T, Tan MK, Japir R, Chung AYC
    Zootaxa, 2023 Jul 10;5315(3):231-250.
    PMID: 37518605 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5315.3.2
    Based on material collected during recent fieldwork in eastern Sabah, the males of Nisitrus danum Robillard & Tan and Cardiodactylus variegatus Gorochov & Robillard are described for the first time, along with their calling songs. New locality records of N. danum, N. vittatus (Haan), Falcerminthus sandakan (Tan et al.), Cardiodactylus borneoe Robillard & Gorochov and C. variegatus are also presented. New material of Nisitrus species-N. danum and N. vittatus-allowed us to compare these syntopic species.
  4. Tan MCY, Zakaria MR, Liew KJ, Chong CS
    Arch Microbiol, 2023 Jul 07;205(8):278.
    PMID: 37420023 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03617-6
    Hahella is a genus that has not been well-studied, with only two identified species. The potential of this genus to produce cellulases is yet to be fully explored. The present study isolated Hahella sp. CR1 from mangrove soil in Tanjung Piai National Park, Malaysia, and performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) using NovaSeq 6000. The final assembled genome consists of 62 contigs, 7,106,771 bp, a GC ratio of 53.5%, and encoded for 6,397 genes. The CR1 strain exhibited the highest similarity with Hahella sp. HN01 compared to other available genomes, where the ANI, dDDH, AAI, and POCP were 97.04%, 75.2%, 97.95%, and 91.0%, respectively. In addition, the CAZymes analysis identified 88 GTs, 54 GHs, 11 CEs, 7 AAs, 2 PLs, and 48 CBMs in the genome of strain CR1. Among these proteins, 11 are related to cellulose degradation. The cellulases produced from strain CR1 were characterized and demonstrated optimal activity at 60 ℃, pH 7.0, and 15% (w/v) sodium chloride. The enzyme was activated by K+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Co2+, and Tween 40. Furthermore, cellulases from strain CR1 improved the saccharification efficiency of a commercial cellulase blend on the tested agricultural wastes, including empty fruit bunch, coconut husk, and sugarcane bagasse. This study provides new insights into the cellulases produced by strain CR1 and their potential to be used in lignocellulosic biomass pre-treatment.
  5. Tan MK, Muhammad AA, Wahab RBHA
    Zootaxa, 2023 May 01;5277(1):131-148.
    PMID: 37518327 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.1.6
    The taxonomy of poorly known crickets from the genus Pendleburyella Chopard, 1969 (Gryllidae, Pentacentrinae) is reviewed. The type specimens of described species were re-located and re-examined. Based on more recent collections, we describe two new species: Pendleburyella eirmosa sp. nov. and Pendleburyella pimela sp. nov., from Brunei Darussalam and Singapore respectively. The new material also allowed us to examine the male genitalia and describe the male calling song of the genus for the first time.
  6. Hiu JJ, Fung JKY, Tan HS, Yap MKK
    Sci Rep, 2023 Jul 28;13(1):12271.
    PMID: 37507457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39222-2
    Approximate 70% of cobra venom is composed of cytotoxin (CTX), which is responsible for the dermonecrotic symptoms of cobra envenomation. However, CTX is generally low in immunogenicity, and the antivenom is ineffective in attenuating its in vivo toxicity. Furthermore, little is known about its epitope properties for empirical antivenom therapy. This study aimed to determine the epitope sequences of CTX using the immunoinformatic analyses and epitope-omics profiling. A conserved CTX was used in this study to determine its T-cell and B-cell epitope sequences using immunoinformatic tools and molecular docking simulation with different Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs). The potential T-cell and B-cell epitopes were 'KLVPLFY,' 'CPAGKNLCY,' 'MFMVSTPTK,' and 'DVCPKNSLL.' Molecular docking simulations disclosed that the HLA-B62 supertype exhibited the greatest binding affinity towards cobra venom cytotoxin. The namely L7, G18, K19, N20, M25, K33, V43, C44, K46, N47, and S48 of CTX exhibited prominent intermolecular interactions with HLA-B62. The multi-enzymatic-limited-digestion/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MELD/LC-MS) also revealed three potential epitope sequences as 'LVPLFYK,' 'MFMVS,' and 'TVPVKR'. From different epitope mapping approaches, we concluded four potential epitope sites of CTX as 'KLVPLFYK', 'AGKNL', 'MFMVSTPKVPV' and 'DVCPKNSLL'. Site-directed mutagenesis of these epitopes confirmed their locations at the functional loops of CTX. These epitope sequences are crucial to CTX's structural folding and cytotoxicity. The results concluded the epitopes that resided within the functional loops constituted potential targets to fabricate synthetic epitopes for CTX-targeted antivenom production.
  7. Lim JY, Lim KM, Lee CP, Tan YX
    Neural Netw, 2023 Aug;165:19-30.
    PMID: 37263089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2023.05.037
    Few-shot learning aims to train a model with a limited number of base class samples to classify the novel class samples. However, to attain generalization with a limited number of samples is not a trivial task. This paper proposed a novel few-shot learning approach named Self-supervised Contrastive Learning (SCL) that enriched the model representation with multiple self-supervision objectives. Given the base class samples, the model is trained with the base class loss. Subsequently, contrastive-based self-supervision is introduced to minimize the distance between each training sample with their augmented variants to improve the sample discrimination. To recognize the distant sample, rotation-based self-supervision is proposed to enable the model to learn to recognize the rotation degree of the samples for better sample diversity. The multitask environment is introduced where each training sample is assigned with two class labels: base class label and rotation class label. Complex augmentation is put forth to help the model learn a deeper understanding of the object. The image structure of the training samples are augmented independent of the base class information. The proposed SCL is trained to minimize the base class loss, contrastive distance loss, and rotation class loss simultaneously to learn the generic features and improve the novel class performance. With the multiple self-supervision objectives, the proposed SCL outperforms state-of-the-art few-shot approaches on few-shot image classification benchmark datasets.
  8. Tan HY, Hussein N, Lee YK, Abdul Malik TF
    J Community Genet, 2023 Aug;14(4):361-369.
    PMID: 37393207 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-023-00656-w
    In 2016, a national school-based thalassemia screening programme was implemented in Malaysia. This study aimed to explore the experiences and views of adolescents from an urban school who had undergone the screening programme. We carried out in-depth interviews with 18 participants aged between 18 and 19 years old, with 12 of them identified as carriers during the school screening. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. Three main themes emerged from this study: (1) issues encountered at various levels of the school screening programme: appropriate age for screening, thalassaemia education in school, parental consent and follow-up visit and post-test counselling; (2) experiencing emotional rollercoaster: worry, anxiety, shame, stigma; (3) choosing future partners after carrier status was known-prepared or unprepared? Various issues and screening-related challenges were encountered before, during and after the screening test. Recommendations include improving thalassaemia screening education for both school-going adolescents and parents, and better follow-up care and support for those identified as carriers. These will help stakeholders to be well informed and supportive of thalassaemia screening in schools.
  9. Foong B, Ho S, Tan L, Lee KT, Jegathesan T
    Malays Orthop J, 2023 Jul;17(2):43-48.
    PMID: 37583521 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.2307.007
    INTRODUCTION: Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration (SIRVA) is a group of pathologies defined by pain and stiffness after intramuscular administration of vaccine to the upper arm and has been reported after COVID-19 vaccination. We aim to discuss its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients presenting with adhesive capsulitis within four weeks of administration of COVID-19 vaccine to the affected arm at our tertiary institution from March 2021 to December 2022.

    RESULT: Based on the above criteria, we identified seven cases of adhesive capsulitis, comprising one male and six female patients, with average age of 60 years. We present initial symptoms, signs and the duration from when the vaccine was administered. We have highlighted our treatment strategies as well as the clinical and functional outcomes reported by these patients after treatment. We have reported improvement in both Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and range of motion (ROM) in all our patients after non-surgical management which included physiotherapy and, in some cases, hydrodilatation.

    CONCLUSION: SIRVA related adhesive capsulitis is rare and under-reported with limited information in current literature. This study highlights that adhesive capsulitis is a potential complication arising from improper COVID-19 vaccine administration and reinforces traditional wisdom of administering vaccinations on the non-dominant arm. Conservative treatment strategies appear to be effective, particularly hydrodilatation combined with physiotherapy, and patients are expected to have a good return of function.

  10. Heng WT, Lim HX, Tan KO, Poh CL
    Pharm Res, 2023 Aug;40(8):1999-2025.
    PMID: 37344603 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03540-x
    BACKGROUND: Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease which poses a serious threat to public health globally, causing severe diseases in 3-5 million humans and resulting in 650,000 deaths annually. The current licensed seasonal influenza vaccines lacked cross-reactivity against novel emerging influenza strains as they conferred limited neutralising capabilities. To address the issue, we designed a multi-epitope peptide-based vaccine delivered by the self-adjuvanting PLGA nanoparticles against influenza infections.

    METHODS: A total of six conserved peptides representing B- and T-cell epitopes of Influenza A were identified and they were formulated in either incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing CpG ODN 1826 or being encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles for the evaluation of immunogenicity in BALB/c mice.

    RESULTS: The self-adjuvanting PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating the six conserved peptides were capable of eliciting the highest levels of IgG and IFN- γ producing cells. In addition, the immunogenicity of the six peptides encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles showed greater humoral and cellular mediated immune responses elicited by the mixture of six naked peptides formulated in incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing CpG ODN 1826 in the immunized mice. Peptide 3 from the mixture of six peptides was found to exert necrotic effect on CD3+ T-cells and this finding indicated that peptide 3 should be removed from the nanovaccine formulation.

    CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated the self-adjuvanting properties of the PLGA nanoparticles as a delivery system without the need for incorporation of toxic and costly conventional adjuvants in multi-epitope peptide-based vaccines.

  11. Tan D, Mohamad Salleh SA, Manan HA, Yahya N
    J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol, 2023 Aug;67(5):564-579.
    PMID: 37309680 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13546
    INTRODUCTION: Delta-radiomics models are potentially able to improve the treatment assessment than single-time point features. The purpose of this study is to systematically synthesize the performance of delta-radiomics-based models for radiotherapy (RT)-induced toxicity.

    METHODS: A literature search was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Embase databases in October 2022. Retrospective and prospective studies on the delta-radiomics model for RT-induced toxicity were included based on predefined PICOS criteria. A random-effect meta-analysis of AUC was performed on the performance of delta-radiomics models, and a comparison with non-delta radiomics models was included.

    RESULTS: Of the 563 articles retrieved, 13 selected studies of RT-treated patients on different types of cancer (HNC = 571, NPC = 186, NSCLC = 165, oesophagus = 106, prostate = 33, OPC = 21) were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. Included studies show that morphological and dosimetric features may improve the predictive model performance for the selected toxicity. Four studies that reported both delta and non-delta radiomics features with AUC were included in the meta-analysis. The AUC random effects estimate for delta and non-delta radiomics models were 0.80 and 0.78 with heterogeneity, I2 of 73% and 27% respectively.

    CONCLUSION: Delta-radiomics-based models were found to be promising predictors of predefined end points. Future studies should consider using standardized methods and radiomics features and external validation to the reviewed delta-radiomics model.

  12. Subhas N, Ang JK, Tan KA, Ahmad SNA
    Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract, 2023 Sep;27(3):219-231.
    PMID: 36448673 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2022.2149415
    OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the relations between clinical characteristics and cognitive deficits in adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) from a local outpatient psychiatric clinic in Malaysia.

    METHODS: The present sample included 110 participants aged 20-60 years old. Participants were invited to provide their information on sociodemographic variables (age, gender, and educational level) and clinical characteristics (age at onset of depression and duration of illness) and to complete a series of cognitive performance measures including the Trail Making Tests A (psychomotor speed) and B (executive function), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (attention), and the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (immediate free recall, acquisition phase, and delayed recall). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Version 6.0 was used to confirm the diagnosis of MDD and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale was used to assess illness severity.

    RESULTS: At the bivariate level, relations of age and educational level to all cognitive deficit domains were significant. At the multivariate level, only educational level and illness severity consistently and significantly predicted all cognitive deficits domains.

    CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic modalities should be individualised whilst considering the impacts of cognitive deficits in an attempt to prevent further deterioration in psychosocial functioning of MDD patients.KEY POINTSCognitive deficits are an elemental component of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) persisting during a current major depressive episode or during remission, altering individuals' ability to process information and changes the way they perceive and interact with the environment.Cognitive deficits in MDD are evident among the upper-middle income groups in South-Eastern Asian countries warranting more local research as such deficits could lead to functional decline and work performance such as absenteeism and presenteeism.Therapeutic modalities should be individualised by taking the impacts of cognitive deficits into consideration to promote psychosocial functioning of MDD patients.

  13. Tan FHP, Najimudin N, Watanabe N, Shamsuddin S, Azzam G
    Behav Brain Res, 2023 Aug 24;452:114568.
    PMID: 37414223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114568
    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative condition in civilizations worldwide. The distinctive occurrence of amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation into insoluble fibrils is part of the disease pathophysiology with Aβ42 being the most toxic and aggressive Aβ species. The polyphenol, p-Coumaric acid (pCA), has been known to boost a number of therapeutic benefits. Here, pCA's potential to counteract the negative effects of Aβ42 was investigated. First, pCA was confirmed to reduce Aβ42 fibrillation using an in vitro activity assay. The compound was next examined on Aβ42-exposed PC12 neuronal cells and was found to significantly decrease Aβ42-induced cell mortality. pCA was then examined using an AD Drosophila melanogaster model. Feeding of pCA partially reversed the rough eye phenotype, significantly lengthened AD Drosophila's lifespan, and significantly enhanced the majority of the AD Drosophila's mobility in a sex-dependent manner. The findings of this study suggest that pCA may have therapeutic benefits for AD.
  14. Salwana Kamsan S, Kaur Ajit Singh D, Pin Tan M, Kumar S
    Australas J Ageing, 2021 Mar;40(1):e1-e12.
    PMID: 32881241 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12844
    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review was to determine the contents and parameters of self-management education programs (SMEPs) for older adults with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

    METHODS: A systematic electronic literature search (Scopus, MEDLINE, ProQuest, CINAHL, Cochrane and a grey literature specific site through Google Scholar) was undertaken between March and May 2018 (search updated in June 2019). Studies were selected based on predetermined criteria. Data relating to the contents and parameters of the SMEP were extracted and collated.

    RESULTS: A total of 11 experimental studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall quality of the selected studies was good. The contents used for SMEP in older adults with KOA were information and management of KOA, healthy lifestyle and additional management strategies for KOA. The parameters used were face-to-face sessions led by health professionals and were chiefly group-based.

    CONCLUSION: This review comprehensively summarises the structure of multifaceted SMEP for people with KOA, which could be used to inform clinical practice and future research.

  15. Chew SC, Tan CP, Lai OM, Nyam KL
    Food Sci Biotechnol, 2018 Jun;27(3):905-914.
    PMID: 30263818 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0295-8
    An optimized refining process for kenaf seed oil was conducted. The 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) contents, triacylglycerol composition, fatty acids composition, bioactive compounds, phosphorus contents, and oxidation indexes of the kenaf seed oil during each stage of the refining process were determined. The results showed that there was no detected 3-MCPD ester in kenaf seed oil throughout the refining process. Deodorization had slightly increased the 2-MCPD ester (9.0 μg/kg) and glycidyl ester (54.8 μg/kg). Oleic (36.53%) and linoleic acids (36.52%) were presented in the largest amount in the refined kenaf seed oil, and triacylglycerols contributed to 99.96% in the oil. There was a removal of 31.6% of phytosterol content and 17.1% of tocopherol and tocotrienol contents in kenaf seed oil after refining. The refining process was totally removed the hydroperoxides, 93% of free fatty acids and 98.8% of phosphorus content in kenaf seed oil.
  16. Tan YC, Yeoh KA, Wong MY, Ho CL
    J Plant Physiol, 2013 Nov 01;170(16):1455-60.
    PMID: 23769496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.05.009
    Basal stem rot (BSR) is a major disease of oil palm caused by a pathogenic fungus, Ganoderma boninense. However, the interaction between the host plant and its pathogen is not well characterized. To better understand the response of oil palm to G. boninense, transcript profiles of eleven putative defence-related genes from oil palm were measured by quantitative reverse-transcription (qRT)-PCR in the roots of oil palms treated with G. boninense from 3 to 12 weeks post infection (wpi). These transcripts encode putative Bowman-Birk serine protease inhibitors (EgBBI1 and 2), defensin (EgDFS), dehydrin (EgDHN), early methionine-labeled polypeptides (EgEMLP1 and 2), glycine-rich RNA binding protein (EgGRRBP), isoflavone reductase (EgIFR), metallothionein-like protein (EgMT), pathogenesis-related-1 protein (EgPRP), and type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (EgT2RIP). The transcript abundance of EgBBI2 increased in G. boninense-treated roots at 3 and 6wpi compared to those of controls; while the transcript abundance of EgBBI1, EgDFS, EgEMLP1, EgMT, and EgT2RIP increased in G. boninense-treated roots at 6 or 12wpi. Meanwhile, the gene expression of EgDHN was up-regulated at all three time points in G. boninense-treated roots. The expression profiles of the eleven transcripts were also studied in leaf samples upon inoculation of G. boninense and Trichoderma harzianum to identify potential biomarkers for early detection of BSR. Two candidate genes (EgEMLP1 and EgMT) that have different profiles in G. boninense-treated leaves compared to those infected by T. harzianum may have the potential to be developed as biomarkers for early detection of G. boninense infection.
  17. Ng LH, Tan JA, Muhamad Ariffin MH
    Cureus, 2023 Aug;15(8):e43259.
    PMID: 37700956 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43259
    Patients with myelomeningocele associated with severe kyphoscoliosis usually presented with rigid and angulated gibbus at their back. The condition causes this group of patients to face difficulties in their daily activities, especially in sitting and lying in supine positions. They are also prone to have a pressure sore over the gibbus and encounter the risk of infection. Here the authors would present a case of a four-year-old girl with underlying myelomeningocele who was diagnosed with worsening kyphoscoliosis along her growth. Her whole spine x-ray radiograph revealed a kyphosis angle of 80° between the T11 and L4 levels. The patient underwent a deformity corrective surgery with total kyphectomy in a combination of anterior and posterior spinal instrumentation. In the present case, we were able to obtain sufficient correction of the spinal kyphotic deformity in that patient in a single-stage surgery with satisfactory surgical outcomes at a four years follow-up.
  18. Wong KY, Thoo YY, Tan CP, Siow LF
    Food Chem, 2024 Jan 15;431:137118.
    PMID: 37586229 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137118
    This study aims to evaluate the effect of sucrose replacer mixtures (erythritol, mannitol, or tagatose in combination with inulin or polydextrose) on the crystal morphology, particle size distribution, rheology, melting properties, and fat polymorphism of dark compound chocolate. The result showed that the replacer mixture's hygroscopicity, particle size, and sugar crystal shape might significantly impact dark compound chocolate's rheological and textural properties but had no substantial impact on the melting properties and fat crystallization. Mannitol-containing samples exhibited the highest rheological value, likely related to their high moisture content, small particle size, and elongated crystal shape. Due to the similar specific surface area and comparable D90 value, the sample containing erythritol-polydextrose mixture resulted in a similar (P ≥ 0.05) Casson yield value (46.184 ± 2.45 Pa) compared to the sample containing sucrose (38.348 ± 1.68 Pa). It could be a potential sucrose replacer in the dark compound chocolate.
  19. Tan KF, In LLA, Vijayaraj Kumar P
    ACS Appl Bio Mater, 2023 Aug 21;6(8):2944-2981.
    PMID: 37435615 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00202
    Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have undergone significant research for their use in the treatment of cancer. Numerous researchers have established their potent antitumor properties, which have greatly impacted the treatment of cancer. AuNPs have been used in four primary anticancer treatment modalities, namely radiation, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and chemotherapy. However, the ability of AuNPs to destroy cancer is lacking and can even harm healthy cells without the right direction to transport them to the tumor microenvironment. Consequently, a suitable targeting technique is needed. Based on the distinct features of the human tumor microenvironment, this review discusses four different targeting strategies that target the four key features of the tumor microenvironment, including abnormal vasculature, overexpression of specific receptors, an acidic microenvironment, and a hypoxic microenvironment, to direct surface-functionalized AuNPs to the tumor microenvironment and increase antitumor efficacies. In addition, some current completed or ongoing clinical trials of AuNPs will also be discussed below to further reinforce the concept of using AuNPs in anticancer therapy.
  20. Tan DT, Khor HT, Low WH, Ali A, Gapor A
    Am J Clin Nutr, 1991 04;53(4 Suppl):1027S-1030S.
    PMID: 2012011 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/53.4.1027S
    The effect of a capsulated palm-oil-vitamin E concentrate (palmvitee) on human serum and lipoprotein lipids was assessed. Each palmvitee capsule contains approximately 18, approximately 42, and approximately 240 mg of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and palm olein, respectively. All volunteers took one palmvitee capsule per day for 30 consecutive days. Overnight fasting blood was taken from each volunteer before and after the experiment. Serum lipids and lipoproteins were analyzed by using the enzymatic CHOD-PAP method. Our results showed that palmvitee lowered both serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations in all the volunteers. The magnitude of reduction of serum TC ranged from 5.0% to 35.9% whereas the reduction of LDL-C values ranged from 0.9% to 37.0% when compared with their respective starting values. The effect of palmvitee on triglycerides (TGs) and HDL-C was not consistent. Our results show that the palmvitee has a hypocholesterolemic effect.
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